62 resultados para Ca2 -related genes
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Ⅰ 虎杖聚酮类化合物生物合成相关基因的克隆及功能分析 虎杖 (Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb. et Zucc) 属于蓼科蓼属多年生草本植物,在中国和日本民间曾被广泛用于动脉粥样硬化、高血压、咳嗽、化脓性皮肤炎以及淋病的治疗,具有祛风利湿、散瘀定痛、止咳化痰等功效。而在现代医学上最令人瞩目和具有发展前景的是其在抗肿瘤、心血管保护、抗氧化方面的作用,相关疗效主要来自于虎杖中结构迥异、种类丰富的聚酮化合物及其衍生物资源。这些聚酮类化合物主要包括蒽醌、大黄素、大黄素-甲醚、大黄酚、芪类以及类黄酮化合物等。其中,大部分聚酮类化合物生物合成途径机制尚不明确,但可以肯定的是植物类型III聚酮合酶type III polyketide synthases (PKSs) 在这些聚酮化合物的生物合成起始反应中行使着关键的作用。因此,除了我们所熟悉的类黄酮化合物、芪类化合物之外,进一步分离和分析虎杖中其它重要聚酮类化合物生物合成所涉及的类型III聚酮合酶基因的是非常值得期待的。 目前,已经有14个植物类型III PKS基因被克隆和功能分析。植物类型III PKS的共同特征包括基因结构、序列相似性、保守的活性中心、酶学性质以及共同的催化机制等。显花植物(裸子植物和被子植物)中,植物类型III PKS的基因结构绝对保守,除了一个早期报道的金鱼草(Antirrhinum majus)查尔酮合酶chalcone synthase (CHS) 含有第二个内含子外,迄今为止所有已知的植物类型III PKS基因均含有一个内含子且该内含子位置保守。有趣的是,在本研究中,两个含有3个内含子的类型III PKS基因从虎杖中被分离,且两个基因3个内含子的位置完全保守,这是三内含子类型III PKS基因首次得到分离。除了新奇的基因结构外,体外功能分析显示上述两个基因还具有特殊的酶学性质和功能。 本论文围绕上述2个三内含子基因开展了以下工作: 虎杖中一个由三内含子基因编码的新型类型III聚酮合酶 一个类型III PKS的cDNA及其相应的基因(PcPKS2)从药用植物虎杖中被克隆。序列分析结果表明,PcPKS2的开放阅读框被3个内含子分隔,这是一个出人意料的发现,因为截至到目前为止,除了金鱼草一个CHS基因外,所有已知的类型III PKS基因均在固定位置上含有一个内含子。除了特殊的基因结构外,PcPKS2显示了一些有趣的特性:(i) CHS“守卫”苯丙氨酸——Phe215和Phe265在PcPKS2中双双缺失,它们分别被亮氨酸和半胱氨酸取代;(ii) 体外功能分析结果表明,当酶促反应体系的pH值为6.5-8.5时,大肠杆菌中过表达的重组PcPKS2高效地合成丁烯酮非环化产物——4-香豆酰甘油酸内酯(4-coumaroyltriacetic acid lactone (CTAL))为主产物,而丙烯酮非环化产物bis-noryangonin (BNY) 以及苯亚甲基丙酮为副产物;而当酶促反应体系的pH值为9.0时,PcPKS2高效地合成苯亚甲基丙酮为主产物,而CTAL、BNY为副产物。另外,除了上述3种产物外,在不同的pH条件下,还有痕量的柚皮素查尔酮能被检测到。此外,在4-香豆酰辅酶A(4-coumaroyl-CoA)的类似化合物中,除了4-香豆酰辅酶A外,只有feruloyl-CoA能够被PcPKS2接受作为起始底物。PcPKS2不接受脂肪酰辅酶A——异丁酰基辅酶A(isobutyryl-CoA)、异戊酰基辅酶A(isovaleryl-CoA)以及乙酰辅酶A(acetyl-CoA)作为起始底物。Southern blot杂交结果表明,在虎杖基因组中存在2-4个PcPKS2基因的拷贝。Northern blot杂交结果表明,在根茎和幼叶中,PcPKS2表达量很高,而在根中无表达。叶中的PcPKS2的表达受病原菌诱导,但不受伤诱导。 虎杖中一个编码双功能类型III聚酮合酶的三内含子基因的鉴定 显花植物中,所有已知的类型III PKS 基因均含有一个内含子且位置绝对保守。本研究中,综合运用PCR技术,从富含聚酮类化合物的植物虎杖中克隆得到一个类型III PKS 基因(PcPKS1)及其cDNA。序列分析结果表明,PcPKS1含有3个内含子。系统发育分析结果表明,PcPKS1与其它植物的CHSs归为一类。然而,体外功能分析结果表明,当酶促反应体系pH值为7.0时,大肠杆菌中过表达的重组PcPKS1高效地合成柚皮素查尔酮(naringenin)为单一产物;而当pH值为9.0时,苯亚甲基丙酮(p-hydroxybenzalacetone)几乎为重组PcPKS1的唯一产物。后续的研究表明,与典型的CHSs相比,PcPKS1具有另外一些不同的特点:在pH值为9.0时(PcPKS1的苯亚甲基丙酮合成活性最适pH值),在4-香豆酰辅酶A的类似化合物中,只有feruloyl-CoA能够被PcPKS1接受作为起始底物。与CHSs展现出的对脂肪酰辅酶A宽泛的底物特异性不同,在不同的pH条件下,PcPKS1不接受异丁酰基辅酶A(isobutyryl-CoA)、异戊酰基辅酶A(isovaleryl-CoA)以及乙酰辅酶A(acetyl-CoA)作为起始底物。以上数据指出重组PcPKS1是一个具有查尔酮合酶(CHS)和苯亚甲基丙酮合酶(BAS)活性的双功能酶。Southern blot杂交结果表明,在虎杖基因组中存在2-4个PcPKS1基因的拷贝。Northern blot杂交结果表明,PcPKS1可能在防御病原菌和草食动物方面起着重要作用。PcPKS1和PcPKS2共同从虎杖中被分离的事实极有可能暗示了苯丁烷类化合物(phenylbutanoid)及其衍生物存在于虎杖中。 Ⅱ 高山红景天酪醇生物合成代谢途径机制研究 高山红景天(Rhodiola sachalinensis A. Bor)是景天科(Crassulaceae)红景天属多年生草本植物,作为一种适应原性中草药在中国的应用史已经超过800年。最近红景天提取物作为一种重要的商业药用制剂资源,其应用遍及欧洲、亚洲和美国,其主要治疗范围包括抗变应性和消炎,提高心理机敏性等。目前已经非常明确,红景天甙(salidroside)和甙元酪醇(tyrosol)是红景天属植物的主要功效成分,主要分布于这类植物的根中并且具有抗缺氧、抗疲劳、延缓衰老、预防紫外线辐射伤害等功效。红景天甙为酪醇8-O-β-D葡萄糖甙,是酪醇在葡萄糖基转移酶UDP-glucosyltransferase (UGT) 的催化下糖基化后形成的,可以认为是酪醇在植物体内的贮存形式。酪醇作为一种重要的活性分子,同样存在于橄榄树和葡萄酒中。 虽然已经非常明确酪醇来自于莽草酸代谢途径,然而其具体的生物合成途径及其调控仍不明确。总结以往的报道,在酪醇的生物合成上主要存在两种观点:一是酪醇可能来自于苯丙烷代谢途径产生的4-香豆酸(4-coumaric acid)前体;二是来自于酪氨酸的酪胺(tyramine)可能是酪醇生物合成的直接前体。我们的工作兴趣主要围绕着鉴别高山红景天中的酪醇生物合成途径展开: 高山红景天内源苯丙氨酸解氨酶PALrs1的过表达对红景天甙积累的影响 红景天甙是来自于药用植物高山红景天的一种适应原性新型药物,其生物合成途径可能起始于苯丙氨酸或酪氨酸。由于高山红景天野生植物资源的匮乏和相对含量很低,阐明红景天甙的生物合成途径对于增加红景天甙的供给至关重要。在我们以前的工作中,运用cDNA末端快速扩增技术(RACE),一个编码苯丙氨酸解氨酶phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL)的cDNA从高山红景天中被克隆,命名为PALrs1。在本研究中,PALrs1置于35S启动子+Ω增强子序列的控制下通过农杆菌(Agrobacterium tumefaciens)介导法转化回高山红景天。PCR 和 PCR–Southern blot分析结果表明,PALrs1已经整合到了转基因植物的基因组上。Northern blot杂交结果表明,PALrs1已经获得在转录水平上的高水平表达。与预期的结果相同,高效液相色谱High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)测定结果显示PALrs1的过表达引起4-香豆酸含量增长3.3倍。然而,与之相反的是,酪醇和红景天甙含量与对照相比反而分别下降4.7和7.7倍。此外,我们发现PALrs1的过表达造成酪氨酸含量下降2.6倍。这些数据暗示着PALrs1的过表达和4-香豆酸的积累并不能促进酪醇的生物合成。酪醇,作为一种苯乙烷类衍生物并非来自苯丙氨酸,而酪氨酸含量的下降则极有可能是酪醇生物合成和红景天甙积累大规模下降的直接原因。
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植物激素乙烯作为一种信使分子调节控制果实完熟。ACC合成酶是植物体内乙烯生物合成途径的限速酶,其反义RNA的表达将能有效地抑制乙烯的生物合成而延缓果实完熟,利用反转录PCR技术克隆获得了ACC合成酶多基因家族成员之一LE-ACC2阅读框架约1.7kb的cDNA,经酶切图谱和序列分析鉴定无误后,反向连入植物表达载体pBin437中构建成组成型表达ACC合成酶反义RNA的双元载体。经农杆菌途径转化番茄“丽春”品种,获得了60株抗卡那再生杭株,PCR检测证明有6株为转基因植株,Southern杂交和Northern杂交分析进一步确证了外源基因的插入及其转录活性。反义番茄果实的乙烯释放受到明显抑制,表现出更好的耐储保鲜特性,并且与对照相比,在果实品质上没有明显差别。大田培育Fl和F2代转化番茄植株,反义番茄纯合品系的筛选工作正在进行之中。 同时,本研究利用已经获得的ACC合成酶和PG的cDNA克隆,构建了两个嵌合转化基因载体pPGACC1、pPGACC10,它包括1300bp的ACC合成酶cDNA编码序列,并分别含有反向与正向的250bp的5’端PG基因片断。酶切图谱和序列分析鉴定无误后,以pBin437为植物表达载体构建了双元载体pBPGACC1和pBPGACC10,分别表达PG正义RNA和反义RNA,并均表达ACC合成酶反义RNA。经农杆菌转化番茄子叶,植株的再生培育有待进行。通过对转基因植物的分析,我们期望阐明用单一嵌合基因表达载体通过反义抑制与抑制作用实现对内源两同源基因——PG和ACC合成酶下降调节的可能性,并可望得到具有更好耐储效果且品质优良的番茄品系。
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This paper reviews a large number of genes under positive Darwinian selection in modern human populations, such as brain development genes, immunity genes, reproductive related genes, perception receptors. The research on the evolutionary property of thes
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We investigated memory impairment in newly hatched chicks following in ovo exposure to a 50-Hz magnetic field (MF) of 2 mT (60 min/day) on embryonic days 12-18. Isolated and paired chicks were used to test the effect of stress during training, and memory retention was tested at 10, 30, and 120 min, following exposure to a bitter-tasting bead (100% methylanthranilate). Results showed that memory was intact at 10 min in both isolated and paired chicks with or without MF exposure. However, while isolated chicks had good memory retention levels at 30 and 120 min, those exposed to MF did not. The results suggest a potential disruption of memory formation following in ovo exposure to MF, with this effect only evident in the more stressed, isolated chicks. Bioelectromagnetics 31:150-155, 2010. (C) 2009 Wiley-Liss. Inc.
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Brain structure and function experience dramatic changes from embryonic to postnatal development. Microarray analyses have detected differential gene expression at different stages and in disease models, but gene expression information during early brain development is limited. We have generated >27 million reads to identify mRNAs from the mouse cortex for>16,000 genes at either embryonic day 18 (E18) or postnatal day 7 (P7), a period of significant synapto-genesis for neural circuit formation. In addition, we devised strategies to detect alternative splice forms and uncovered more splice variants. We observed differential expression of 3,758 genes between the 2 stages, many with known functions or predicted to be important for neural development. Neurogenesis-related genes, such as those encoding Sox4, Sox11, and zinc-finger proteins, were more highly expressed at E18 than at P7. In contrast, the genes encoding synaptic proteins such as synaptotagmin, complexin 2, and syntaxin were up-regulated from E18 to P7. We also found that several neurological disorder-related genes were highly expressed at E18. Our transcriptome analysis may serve as a blueprint for gene expression pattern and provide functional clues of previously unknown genes and disease-related genes during early brain development.
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Previous studies have shown that gonads were the second target organ of microcystins (MCs), and that MCs exposure exerted obvious toxic effects on male reproductive system of mammals. However, relevant molecular evidences are still lacking. Fas-signaling pathway plays a key role in toxicant-induced germ cell apoptosis. This study was to evaluate the responses of Fas/FasL system related genes and proteins in testes of rats injected intravenously with MCs. Enhanced apoptosis of germ cells in the testes of MCs-treated rats was detected by the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxy-UTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) associated with up-regulation of the Fas/FasL system. Both Fas and FasL protein expression were induced evidently from I h post-injection, and this high expression level maintained throughout the experiment. In addition, the activation of caspase-8 and caspase-3 protein was also observed, which were indicators of apoptosis. These results suggested the likely involvement of Fas/FasL system in the MCs-induced germ cell apoptosis. It is also suggested that MCs can cause damage to Sertoli cells directly. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) is the most frequently studied cyclic heptatoxin produced by cyanobacteria, which has tremendous negative impacts on fish, while its molecular mechanism behind remained unclear at present. Here, Affymetrix Zebrafish GeneChip was used to identify alterations in gene expression of zebrafish (Danio rerio) after MC-LR exposure. Among the 14,900 transcripts in the microarray, 273 genes were differentially expressed, in which 243 genes were elevated and 30 were decreased. According to GOstat analysis, MC-LR mainly influenced the cell cycle and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) signaling pathways. In addition, many immune-related genes were also influenced. These data suggest that MC-LR could promote tumorigenesis and cause immunotoxicity in fish. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is one of the most significant viral pathogens causing high mortality and economic damage in shrimp aquaculture. Although intensive efforts were undertaken to detect and characterize WSSV infection in shrimp during the last decade, we still lack methods either to prevent or cure white spot disease. Most of the studies on neutralizing antibodies from sera have been performed using in vivo assays. For the first time, we report use of an in vitro screening method to obtain a neutralizing scFv antibody against WSSV from a previously constructed anti-WSSV single chain fragment variable region (scFv) antibody phage display library. From clones that were positive for WSSV by ELISA, 1 neutralizing scFv antibody was identified using an in vitro screening method based on shrimp primary lymphoid cell cultures. The availability of a neutralizing antibody against the virus should accelerate identification of infection-related genes and the host cell receptor, and may also enable new approaches to the prevention and cure of white spot disease.
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Interferon (IFN) can induce an antiviral state via interferon-regulatory transcription factors (IRFs), which bind to and control genes directed by the interferon-stimulated response element (ISRE). Here we describe a fish IRF, termed CaIRF7, cloned from a subtractive cDNA library which is constructed with mRNAs obtained from crucian carp (Carassius auratus L.) blastulae embryonic (CAB) cells infected by UV-inactivated GCHV and mock-infected cells. CaIRF7 cDNA was found to be 1816 bp in length, with a 42 bp 5' UTR and a 508 bp 3' UTR. The open reading frame translates into 421 amino acids in which a DNA-binding domain (DBD) containing the repeated tryptophan motif and IRFs association domain have been identified. Like chicken GgIRF3, CaIRF7 was most similar to mammalian IRF7 with 27 to 30% identity overall and some 37% identity in their DBDs. A single transcript of 1.9 kb was detected in virally induced CAB cells by virtual Northern blotting. RT-PCR analysis revealed a wide tissue distribution of CaIRF7 constitutive expression, with detectable transcript in non-infected CAB cells and various tissues of healthy crucian carp. In addition, CaIRF7 expression was differentially increased by stimulation of the CAB cells with active GCHV, UV-inactivated GCHV or CAB IFN, indicating that the activation of CaIRF7 was directly regulated by IFN. (C) 2003 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
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人是生命演化的产物。然而由于具有一个超级大的大脑和高级的认知能力, 人类在自然界中又显得十分与众不同。在灵长类进化过程中,脑容量大小和认知 能力高低可以明显的分成几个等级,由高到低依次为人类、大猿和其它灵长类。 现在一般认为,人类超级大的大脑的形成是适应性选择(达尔文正选择)的结果。 但人类高级认知的起源一直还是个未解之谜。随着分子进化理论和比较基因组学 的发展,人们有可能从分子进化的角度去探讨高级认知的起源问题,并揭示其遗 传学机制。 本文从两个不同的角度入手,通过对认知相关的候选基因的分子进化研究来 探索高级认知起源的遗传学机制。1. 从表型出发,发现microcephalin 基因跟小 脑症相关。我们推测,该基因可能在人类起源过程中发生一些突变,导致脑容量 增大。2. 比较基因组学方法发现垂体腺苷酸环化酶激活肽(PACAP)前体基因在人 类支系中存在正选择。这类受正选择的神经相关基因可能在进化过程中对认知能 力的提高发挥重要作用。 Microcephalin 基因在人脑的发育过程中起重要作用。导致该基因蛋白质翻译 提前终止的突变,会引起人类小脑症,患者脑容量回复到早期原始人的大小。我 们对人群和12 个非人灵长类物种的microcephalin 基因编码区进行测序。所测的 非人灵长类物种包括大猿、小猿、旧大陆猴和新大陆猴。结果显示,microcephalin 基因在人群中具有较高的多态性。在人群中编码区有22 个多态位点,其中有15 个是错义突变位点。中性检验结果显示,microcephalin 基因的高多态性是人类群 体扩张和达尔文正选择共同作用的结果。灵长类各支系的进化分析表明, microcephalin 基因在大猿的起源过程中受到较强的正选择信号。这正好和小猿向 大猿进化过程中大脑容量急剧增大,认知能力大幅度提高的事实相符。单个氨基 酸编码位点检验显示,microcephalin 基因有五个氨基酸位点在灵长类的进化过程中存在正选择信号。这几个位点可能在灵长类进化和人类起源过程中,对脑容量 的增大和认知能力的提高起到了重要的作用。 PACAP 是一个神经系统中高表达的神经肽,与神经发生和神经信号传导有 关。该基因的氨基酸序列在脊椎动物的进化过程中非常保守,表明PACAP 前体 基因在这一进化历程中受到强烈的功能限制。然而比较序列分析显示,自从人与 黑猩猩分歧以后,人类支系中PACAP 前体基因有明显的加速进化。由于存在强 烈的正选择作用,人类支系的氨基酸替换速率是其它哺乳动物支系的至少7 倍。 PACAP 前体基因中有7 个人类特异的氨基酸改变,而这些氨基酸在从鼠类到大 猿的所有物种中都是保守的。蛋白质结构分析结果显示,人类起源过程中,PACAP 前体基因可能编码一个新的神经肽,并在人脑中具有功能。因此,在人类起源过 程中,PACAP 前体基因发生了适应性的改变,可能对人类认知能力的产生起到 了重要作用。这个新神经肽是否存在及其功能还有待于进一步功能实验的验证。 总之,本文通过分子进化分析,发现了两个在灵长类进化过程中对认知能力 的提高起关键作用的基因(Microcephalin 基因、PACAP 前体基因)。Microcephalin 基因,在1400-1800 万年前,从小猿向大猿的进化过程中,可能对脑容量的增大 和认知能力的提高发挥了重要的作用。PACAP 前体基因则在最近的几百万年内, 现代人的起源过程中,对人脑的形成以及人类高级认知能力的产生可能发挥了重 要的作用。
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本论文结合功能研究和进化遗传学方法对动物天然免疫(innate immunity)相关分子的进化历程进行深入研究。受体对病原微生物的识别是天然免疫系统发挥功能的基础。作为模式识别受体(pattern recognition receptor, PRR),果蝇肽聚糖识别蛋白SD(PGRP-SD)在识别革兰氏阳性细菌的过程中发挥了重要作用。针对已有的黑腹果蝇(Drosophila melanogaster)群体数据,我们发现PGRP-SD在群体中存在2类高频的等位基因(分别为等位基因1和等位基因2)。以D. simulans为外群,我们追溯了黑腹果蝇2类等位基因上氨基酸的变化。这些氨基酸的结构特征和在蛋白质上所处的位置提示这2类等位基因在功能方面可能存在分化。通过功能研究的方法,我们发现在黑腹果蝇中该基因功能方面发生了显著的变化。等位基因2在有微生物时能激活天然免疫反应,但等位基因1的转基因果蝇成虫只要有外伤即便没有微生物的情况下即能激发天然免疫反应,而带有等位基因2果蝇成虫则不具有该功能。这一结果提示我们,发生在该等位基因上的氨基酸变化导致了其识别功能的变化。与推导的祖先基因相比,等位基因1发生了一个氨基酸的变化,因此导致其功能从识别细菌细胞壁组分肽聚糖转变为一未知的自身组分,即从病原相关分子模式(pathogen-associated molecular pattern,PAMP)识别受体转变为损伤相关识别模式(damage-associated molecular pattern, DAMP)识别受体。通过这一功能变化, 果蝇成虫可以通过仅识别自身损伤即可激活相应的免疫反应,对后续可能侵入的微生物进行杀伤。已有研究结果显示,微生物在进化过程中已经形成针对DAMP和PAMP规避策略。上述2类等位基因的同时存在能使黑腹果蝇同时具备两个机制,更加充分地抵抗病原微生物的入侵。结合功能研究和针对自然群体的群体遗传学分析,我们认为在黑腹果蝇群体中以高频共存的2类PGRP-SD等位基因可能可能受到了平衡选择(balancing selection)作用。上述工作主要研究了天然免疫系统识别受体的进化。而本论文的另一部分则主要针对天然免疫系统的效应分子(effector)进行了研究。作为重要的效应分子,抗菌肽在杀菌方面发挥着最为直接的作用。因此,研究抗菌肽的进化对于探索天然免疫系统的进化具有重要意义。本研究以两栖类动物大蹼铃蟾抗菌肽基因家族为例,通过对分别来自2个大蹼铃蟾个体的皮肤cDNA文库进行测序,我们鉴别出56个不同的抗菌肽cDNA序列。每一个cDNA均编码2个不同的抗菌肽,maximin 和maximin H。基于针对这些cDNA序列的分析,我们发现2类抗菌肽编码序列的非同义替代率均高于同义替代率,呈现高度分化的特征。但是,在信号肽和其它非抗菌肽编码区域并没有发现这种情况。这一结果提示抗菌肽可能受到超显性选择(overdominent selection, 即平衡选择)的影响。同时,我们分别从皮肤和肝脏克隆基因了7个抗菌肽的基因组编码序列并进行了测序。这些从不同组织获得的抗菌肽在各个编码序列中均存在序列的差异的同时呈现了相同的结构。这一结果提示不同抗菌肽间的差异不太可能来自于体细胞突变而是快速序列进化的结果。通过构建来自于同一个体的抗菌肽的不同编码区的基因树,我们发现结构域重排(domain shuffling)和/或基因转换(gene conversion)在这些抗菌肽的进化历程中发挥作用。
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土壤重金属污染问题已成为影响我国持续农业和生态环境质量的重要因素,引起了人们的广泛关注。由于传统污染诊断方法的缺点,急需建立土壤污染生态毒理学诊断方法,生物标记物技术则是其中的研究热点之一。本文采用营养液培养的方法,以模式植物拟南芥为试材,采用半定量反转录聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCR)技术,结合传统分析方法研究了Cd、Cu在不同胁迫水平下对拟南芥幼苗的形态、生理及分子水平的毒性效应,并在此基础上,比较和分析不同测试指标对Cd、Cu胁迫响应的敏感性,进而筛选对Cd、Cu胁迫响应敏感的生物标记物。主要结果如下: 1 不同浓度Cd和Cu污染胁迫下,拟南芥幼苗生长均受到不同程度的影响 幼苗初生根伸长均受到明显抑制,而地上部叶片数、地上部鲜重却没有显著的变化。重金属首先作用于植物的根系,根系的生长对胁迫响应的敏感性高于地上部。 2 幼苗地上部的可溶性蛋白含量受到不同程度干扰,而在不同浓度的Cd、 Cu处理下,叶绿素含量变化不明显,表明幼苗地上部可溶性蛋白质含量对胁迫的敏感性高于叶绿素含量的变化。 3 幼苗地上部错配修复(MMR)和增殖细胞核抗原(PCNA)基因都明显 地出现了表达诱导或表达抑制,表明MMR和PCNA基因表达的变化对Cd、Cu胁迫表现出较高的敏感性。 4 幼苗地上部的可溶性蛋白质含量及幼苗地上部MMR和PCNA基因表达 均对Cd和Cu污染胁迫具有较高的敏感性,两者均可用于指示Cd和Cu污染的敏感生物标记物。基因表达变化图谱虽然对污染胁迫响应比较敏感,是一种污染胁迫响应敏感的生物标记物,但其在生态毒理诊断中的应用还需进一步的实验对其予以证明。
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土壤重金属污染是影响农业可持续发展和生态环境的重要问题,而通过生物标记物方式对污染土壤进行早期诊断已成为环境科学领域的研究热点。本文以M&S营养液为培养介质,以拟南芥为供试材料,以错配修复基因MutS 2 homolog (atMSH2),atMSH3,atMSH7,细胞增殖核抗原1 和2 (atPCNA1和atPCNA2)为检测目的基因,分别采用半定量反转录-聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCR)技术、克隆及测序技术研究了Cd在不同胁迫水平(0,0.125,0.25,1.0,3.0 mg•L-1 )上对上述错配修复相关基因表达和atMSH2基因突变的影响,并与拟南芥幼苗形态、生理指标的毒性效应进行比较分析,筛选出对Cd污染胁迫敏感的生物标记物。主要结果如下: 1. 不同浓度(0,0.125,0.25,1.0,3.0 mg•L-1 )Cd处理7天后,拟南芥幼苗叶片数、地上部鲜重变化与对照相比差异均不显著;而根长随Cd胁迫强度的增加明显降低; 2. 不同浓度(0,0.125,0.25,1.0,3.0 mg•L-1 )Cd处理7天后,叶绿素含量变化与对照相比差异均不显著; 地上部可溶性蛋白含量随Cd浓度的增加变化明显,0.125 mg•L-1 Cd处理下,地上部可溶性蛋白含量显著增加,而在0.25,1.0和3.0 mg•L-1 Cd时降低,但仍高于对照; 3. 地上部atMSH2,atPCNA1,atPCNA2基因表达量的变化与Cd胁迫浓度呈明显的倒U字型关系,分别在0.125mg•L-1,0.25mg•L-1和0.125mg•L-1 Cd时达到最大值。地上部可溶性蛋白含量变化趋势与atMSH2,atPCNA1,atPCNA2基因表达量的变化相似,均可作为对Cd污染胁迫敏感的潜在生物标记物。 4. 对不同浓度(0,0.125,0.25,1.0,3.0 mg•L-1 )Cd处理7天后,拟南芥atMSH2基因PCR后的扩增产物进行回收、纯化、克隆和测序。测序结果表明,0.25 mg•L-1 Cd处理拟南芥atMSH2基因在第8个和第9个外显子之间的内含子有一个碱基转换;在1.0 mg•L-1 Cd处理下,拟南芥在第10个外显子有一个碱基转换。
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Background: In recent years data from both mouse models and human tumors suggest that loss of one allele of genes involved in DNA repair pathways may play a central role in genomic instability and carcinogenesis. Additionally several examples in mouse models confirmed that loss of one allele of two functionally related genes may have an additive effect on tumor development. To understand some of the mechanisms involved, we examined the role of monoallelic loss or Atm and Brca1 on cell transformation and apoptosis induced by radiation. Methods: Cell transformation and apoptosis were measured in mouse embryo fibroblasts (MEF) and thymocytes respectively. Combinations of wild type and hemizygous genotypes for ATM and BRCA1 were tested in various comparisons. Results: Haploinsufficiency of either ATM or BRCA1 resulted in an increase in the incidence of radiation-induced transformation of MEF and a corresponding decrease in the proportion of thymocytes dying an apoptotic death, compared with cells from wild-type animals. Combined haploinsufficiency for both genes resulted in an even larger effect on apoptosis. Conclusions: Under stress, the efficiency and capacity for DNA repair mediated by the ATM/BRCA1 cell signalling network depends on the expression levels of both proteins.
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Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) is a virus-associated molecular pattern which induces antiviral innate immune responses and RNA interference (RNAi) in mammals. In invertebrates, RNAi phenomenon has been widely studied, but dsRNA-induced innate immune response is seldom reported. In the present study, two different dsRNAs specific for green fluorescent protein (GFP) and the putative D1 protein of photosystem II (NoPSD) from Nannochloropsis oculata, were employed to challenge Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis. The temporal changes of phenoloxidase (PO), acid phosphatase (ACP), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) content, as well as the mRNA expression of some immune-related genes were examined in order to estimate the effect of dsRNAs on the innate immunity of E. sinensis. The activities of PO, ACP and SOD significantly increased after dsRNA treatment, whereas malondialdehyde (MDA) content did not change significantly. Among the examined genes, only the mRNA expression of EsALF, an antibacterial peptide in E. sinensis, was significantly up-regulated (about 5 fold, P < 0.05) at 12 h after dsRNA treatment, while no significant expression changes were observed among the other immune genes. The increase of PO, ACP and SOD activities, and mRNA expression level of EsALF after dsRNA stimulation indicate that phenoloxidase, hydrolytic enzyme, antioxidation and EsALF were involved in dsRNA-induced innate immunity, suggesting that broad-spectrum immune responses could be induced by dsRNA in E. sinensis. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.