LPA2蛋白调控PSII组装的分子机理研究

光系统II（PSII）是叶绿体类囊体膜上电子传递链中第一个色素蛋白复合体，由20多个蛋白亚基组成。它催化光驱动的水的裂解和醌的氧化。由于其结构的复杂性，PSII的生物发生和组装是核基因与叶绿体基因编码的蛋白以一定次序多步骤合成、组装的复杂过程，并需要大量的核基因编码的调节组装因子的参与。分离、鉴定拟南芥中这些核基因编码的叶绿体蛋白并研究它们的作用机制有助于我们认识高等植物PSII复合物组装和功能调控的分子机理。因此，我们从T-DNA插入的拟南芥突变体库中筛选到PSII突变体lpa2（low photosystemII accumulation），对LPA2蛋白调控光系统II复合物组装的功能进行了研究，并进一步探讨了LPA2和其他调节因子协同作用参与PSII组装的模式。 突变体lpa2具有高叶绿素荧光表型，与野生型相比生长量、色素含量均显著降低。蛋白免疫印记发现在lpa2突变体中光系统II复合物的累积量明显降低，仅有野生型的30%左右，而其他复合物的含量变化不大。核酸杂交和与多聚核糖体结合的检测表明光系统II亚基在转录及翻译启始水平没有受到影响。拟南芥叶片蛋白标记实验证明在突变体中CP43的合成量明显降低而其他光系统II主要蛋白CP47, D1 和 D2的合成正常，但相对于野生型这些蛋白的周转速率加快。在突变体中，新合成的蛋白亚基可以组装进入光系统II复合物，但新合成的CP43蛋白组装效率降低。以上的结果表明LPA2对光系统II的正常组装起着重要的作用，LPA2的缺失导致CP43不能有效组装进入光系统II，从而引起其他核心蛋白周转加快，光系统 II复合物累积量降低，最终植株光合效率降低。 基因克隆和蛋白定位分析表明LPA2基因编码一个内在的类囊体膜蛋白，但并不是光系统II的亚基组分。进一步采用酵母双杂分析证实了LPA2蛋白与光系统II核心蛋白CP43有相互作用，而与中心蛋白D1和D2没有相互作用。此外实验还表明LPA2蛋白与参与类囊体膜生物发生有关的Alb3蛋白有相互作用。因此LPA2可能是与Alb3形成复合物来协助CP43有效的整合进入光系统II。 另外，我们实验室已鉴定，LPA3，LPA4也是分别特异地参与CP43和D1组装的光系统II分子伴侣。LPA2，LPA3基因共同缺失会使幼苗不能光合自养而致死，因而LPA2和LPA3共同相互作用促进CP43的组装。体内和体外实验证明LPA2，LPA3和LPA4都和Alb3相互作用，而参与D1组装的分子伴侣LPA1不和Alb3以及上述这些伴侣因子作用。因此，Alb3 很有可能与LPA2、LPA3和LPA4形成多蛋白复合物在D1蛋白合成之后的组装过程中起作用。这些结果表明光系统II多亚基复合物组装是多步骤的，并通过一个精确复杂的调控网络确保复合物的有效组装以及功能行使。

Isolation and characterization of photosystem II of Porphyra yezoensis ueda

The thylakoid membranes were isolated and purified from gametophyte of Porphyrayezoensis Ueda (P yezoensis) by sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation. After R yezoensis gametophyte thylakoid membranes were solubilized with SDS, the photosystem 11 (PSII) particles were isolated and purified. The activity of PSII particles was determined with DCIP (2,6-dichloroindophenol) photoreduction reaction. The composition of purified PSII particles was detected by SDS-PAGE. As a result, seven proteins including 55 kD protein, 47 kD protein, 43 kD protein, 33 kD protein, 31 kD protein, 29 kD protein, and 18 kD protein were found. Compared with PSII particles of higher plants and other algae, they were identified as D1/D2 complex, CP47, CP43, 33 kD protein, D1, D2 and cyt c-550 respectively. Besides, other three new proteins of 20 kD, 16 kD and 14 kD respectively were found. Among these extrinsic proteins, the 16 kD and 14 kD proteins had not been reported previously, and the 20 kD protein was found for the first time in multicellular red algae.

Isolation and characterization of photosystem II from the filamentous sporophyte of Porphyra yezoensis

Thylakoid membranes were isolated and purified from diploid filamentous sporophytes of Porphyra yezoensis Ueda using sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation (SDGUC). After thylakoid membranes were solubilized with SDS, the photosystem II (PSII) particles with high 2, 6-dichloroindophenol (DCIP) photoreduction activity were isolated by SDGUC. The absorption and fluorescence spectra, DCIP photoreduction activity and oxygen evolution activity of the thylakoid membranes and PSII particles were determined. The polypeptide composition of purified PSII particles was distinguished by SDS-PAGE. Results showed that PSII particles of sporophytes differed from the gametophytes in spectral properties and polypeptide composition. Apart from 55 kDa D1-D2 heterodimer, CP47, CP43, 33 kDa protein was also detected. However, cyt c-550, 20 kDa, 14 kDa and 16 kDa proteins found in PSII particles from gametophytes were not detected in the sporophytes.

Isolation and characterization of the oxygen-evolving photosystem II complex from the economical red alga Bangia fusco-purpurea

The highly pure and active photosystem II (PSII) complex was isolated from Bangia fusco-purpurea (Dillw) Lyngb., an important economic red alga in China, through two steps of sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation and characterized by the room absorption and fluorescence emission spectra, DCIP (2,6-dichloroindophenol) reduction, and oxygen evolution rates. The PSII complex from B. fusco-purpurea had the characteristic absorption peaks of chlorophyll (Chl) a (436 and 676 nm) and typical fluorescence emission peak at 685 nm (Ex = 436 nm). Moreover, the acquired PSII complex displayed high oxygen evolution (139 mu mol O-2/(mg Chl h) in the presence of 2.5 mM 2,6-dimethybenzoqinone as an artificial acceptor and was active in photoreduction of DCIP (2,6-dichloroindophenol) by DPC (1,5-diphenylcarbazide) at 163 U/(mg Chl a h). SDS-PAGE also suggested that the purified PSII complex contained four intrinsic proteins (D1, D2, CP43, and CP47) and four extrinsic proteins (33-kD protein, 20-kD protein, cyt c-550, and 14-kD protein).