52 resultados para Axiomática de Eo.


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盐胁迫是限制高等植物和藻类生长和产量的主要环境因子之一。PSII对环境胁迫的响应被认为是光合作用适应逆境过程中最重要的一个环节。尽管盐胁迫对PSII的影响已进行了大量的研究,但有关盐胁迫对PSII作用方式和位点的研究仍存在着争议。我们主要研究了盐胁迫对螺旋藻PSII结构和功能的影响,以探讨盐胁迫对PSII的作用方式和位点以及该藻细胞PSII对盐胁迫的适应机理。主要研究结果如下: 1. 用0、0.2、0.4、0.6、0.8M NaCl处理螺旋藻细胞12小时。随盐浓度的增加,螺旋藻细胞的Chla、carotenoid、PC、APC及蛋白含量均呈下降趋势,说明盐胁迫抑制了上述色素及蛋白的合成或加速了它们的降解,从而影响了螺旋藻的光合作用。 2. 随盐浓度的增加,螺旋藻细胞光合放氧活性和PS II电子传递活性显著降低,表明盐胁迫引起藻细胞PS II活性的下降。 3. 通过放氧活性、热致发光(TL)、多相荧光瞬态上升动力学曲线的测定以及Western 杂交,来探讨盐胁迫对螺旋藻细胞PS II供体侧电子传递及OEC33蛋白含量的影响。结果显示:随盐浓度的增加,螺旋藻细胞光合放氧活性和PS II电子传递活性下降;TL B-band和Q-band强度降低,在0-0.6M NaCl下,B-band的周期性振荡清楚,最大值出现在第二次和第六次闪光,而在0.8M NaCl时,S态振荡基本上消失,S 态氧化还原循环受阻;Fm, J、I和P相荧光水平降低。以上结果都表明盐胁迫使PS II的放氧侧受损伤。且随盐浓度的增加,盐分引起螺旋藻细胞外周蛋白OEC33的降解,在蓝藻中首次提出放氧机构的S态循环受阻,放氧活性降低。 4. 通过OJIP曲线的测定以及JIP-test、闪光诱导的可变荧光衰减动力学、热致发光(TL)的分析,我们研究了盐胁迫对螺旋藻细胞PS II受体侧的影响。结果显示: JIP-test的参数Ψo和φEo盐浓度的增加而下降,显示QA-到QB 电子传递受阻;可变荧光衰减动力学快相组分半衰期延长,所占总可变荧光百分比下降,表明QA-到QB 电子转移变慢,中相组分半衰期延长、所占百分比下降,说明空的QB位点对PQ的结合减慢,有可能PQ分子对QB位点的结合能力下降;TL B-band和Q-band的峰温度出现了位移,可能QA、QB的氧化还原电势发生了改变。以上结果表明,盐胁迫伤害了PSII受体侧的电子传递。 5. 首次运用闪光诱导下的叶绿素荧光上升及其衰减动力学来研究盐胁迫对PS II受体侧的影响。 6. 盐胁迫下,PS II供体侧和受体侧电子传递受抑制,有活性的PSII反应中心数量下降,说明盐胁迫对螺旋藻细胞PSII的伤害也可能是多位点的作用方式。此外,盐胁迫下,藻细胞放氧活性的下降快于受体侧QA 到QB电子传递所占百分比的下降,有可能PS II放氧侧先受损伤,然后是反应中心和受体侧。上述结果表明盐胁迫下PSII活性的降低是由于PSII供体侧和受体侧电子传递的抑制,有活性的PSII反应中心的减少。 7. 借助螺旋藻类囊体膜的Western杂交分析,来研究盐胁迫对螺旋藻类囊体膜PSII相关蛋白的影响。结果表明,上述PSII活性的抑制是由于类囊体膜蛋白的损失。主要与PSII反应中心CP43、CP47和OEC33蛋白含量的下降有关。 8. PS II机构对盐胁迫的适应涉及以下几个方面:降低吸收横截面,(PC/chla,APC/chla比值的降低);光系统II光化学反应的改变,通过关闭的PS II反应中心比例的增加,使得PS II机构免于过多激发能的伤害而得以保护;提高了剩余的有活性反应中心的耗能效率(DIo/RC增加);保持有活性反应中心高的激发能转化效率,比如,TRo/RC保持不变;另外,随盐浓度的增加,由藻胆体向光系统I的能量传递增加,避免过量激发能对 PSII的伤害,使螺旋藻细胞适应盐胁迫环境。

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从八肋游仆虫中克隆到两类释放因子基因Eo eRF1和Eo eRF3。在Eo eRF3基因的阅读框中有 3个通用的终止密码子UGA ,在此编码半胱氨酸。为了研究两类释放因子的相互作用 ,用PCR的方法对 3个位点进行了定点突变 ,将UGA突变为通用的编码半胱氨酸的密码子UGU。突变结果经测序确认后 ,在大肠杆菌中获得全长Eo eRF3的正确表达。在此基础上 ,构建酵母双杂交重组质粒 ,用该系统检测了游仆虫两类释放因子的相互作用。结果显示 ,两类释放因子在生物体内形成复合体 ,从而在较原始的真核生物中 ,证实

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Novel guest nonlinear optical (NLO) chromophore molecules (4-nitrobenzene)-3-azo-9-ethylcarbazole (NAEC) were doped in poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) host with a concentration of approximately 15% by weight. For a useful macroscopic electro-optic (EO) effect, these NLO molecules NAEC were arranged in a noncentrosymmetric structure in the host polymer by corona-onset poling at elevated temperature (COPET). For applying NAEC-PMMA polymer in optical devices such as EO switch, its optical properties have been investigated. The UV/Visible absorption spectra for the unpoled and poled polymer film were determined. The refractive index of the film was also determined from measurements of the coupling angles with the reflective intensity at 632.8 nm wavelength. Using the simple reflection technique, the EO coefficient 33 value was measured as 60 pm/V at 632.8 nm wavelength. The second-order nonlinear coefficient d(33) was characterized by the second-harmonic-generation (SHG) experimental setup and the calculated d(33) value reached 18.4 pm/V at 1064 nm wavelength. The relation between the second-order nonlinear coefficients d(33) and d(13) for the poled polymer film was also discussed in detail and the ratio d(33)/d(13) value was obtained as 3.3. (C) 2002 Kluwer Academic Publishers.

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The polyetherketone (PEK-c) guest-host polymer films doped with (4'-nitro)-3-azo-9-ethyl-carbazole (NAEC) were prepared. The films were poled by corona-onset poling at elevated temperature (COPET). The orientational order parameter of the chromophores NAEC in poled polymer film was determined by measuring the absorption spectra of the films before and after being poled. By using the two-level model, the measured dispersion of the refractive index of the polymer film, and the dispersion of the first hyperpolarizability of chromophore NAEC, the dispersion of the macroscopic second-order nonlinear optical (NLO) and linear electrooptic (EO) coefficients was evaluated for the NAEC/PEK-c guest-host polymer film. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

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The polyetherketone (PEK-c) guest-host system thin films in which the range of the weight percent of 3-(1,1-dicyanothenyl)-1-phenyl-4, 5- dihydro-1H-pryazole (DCNP) is from 20% to 50% were prepared. The predicted high value of electro-optical (EO) coefficient gamma(33) = 48.8 pm/V by using two-level model was obtained when the weight percent of DCNP in the polymer system is 40%, whereas EO coefficients are attenuated at higher chromophore loading then 40%. The temporal stability of the EO activity of the guest-host polymer was evaluated by probing the decay of the orientational order of the chromophores in the polymer system.

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The simple reflection technique is usually used to measure the linear electro-optic (EO) coefficient (Pockels coefficient) in the development of EO polymer thin films. But there are some problems in some articles in the determination of the phase shift between the s and p light modes of a laser beam waveguided into the polymer film while a modulating voltage is applied across the electrodes, and different expressions for the linear EO coefficient measured have been given in these articles. In our research, more accurate expression of the linear EO coefficient was deduced by suitable considering the phase shift between the s and p light modes. The linear EO coefficients of several polymer thin films were measured by reflection technique, and the results of the Linear EO coefficient calculated by different expressions were compared. The limit of the simple reflection technique for measuring the linear EO coefficient of the polymer thin films was discussed.

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We present a comprehensive study of the one-dimensional modulation instability of broad optical beams in biased photo refractive-photovoltaic crystals under steady-state conditions. We obtain the one-dimensional modulation instability growth rate by globally treating the space-charge field and by considering distinction between values of Eo in nonlocal effects and local effects in the space-charge field, where Eo is the field constant correlated with terms in the space-charge field, which depends on the external bias field, the bulk photovoltaic effect, and the ratio of the optical beam's intensity to that of the dark irradiance. The one-dimensional modulation instability growth rate in local effects can be determined from that in nonlocal effects. When the bulk photovoltaic effect is neglectable, irrespective of distinction between values of Eo in nonlocal effects and local effects in the space-charge field, the one-dimensional modulation instability growth rates in nonlocal effects and local effects are those of broad optical beams studied previously in biased photorefractive-nonphotovoltaic crystals. When the external bias field is absent, the one-dimensional modulation instability growth rates in nonlocal effects and local effects predict those of broad optical beams in open- and closed-circuit photorefractive-photovoltaic crystals. (c) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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生物降解高分子在环境保护以及组织工程、药物控制释放、骨固定等医药领域有着广泛的应用。特别是以聚丙交酷(PLA)、聚乙交酯(PGA)、聚。一己内酯(PCL)以及它们的共聚物为代表的化学合成生物降解高分子材料,由于具有优异的性能、可以大规模生产、成本较低等优点,得到了人们广泛的关注。作为生物医用材料,对无毒性的要求很严。而现在所用的脂肪族聚酯大都是用金属盐、金属有机化合物等作为催化剂合成出来的,不可避免残留一些催化剂所用的金属元素。研究表明,即使是已经获得美国FDA批准的,现在用得最普遍的辛酸亚锡所残留的锡也可能引起一些细胞毒性。因此对毒性小且活性高的催化剂的研究是非常有意义。钙离子对人体是没有毒性的,因而这几年已引起了人们的兴趣,但文献中报道的钙催化剂,如CaHZ等,催化活性尚不够让人满意。本文对高效的钙催化剂在生物降解脂肪族聚酯中的应用进行详细的研究,得到了一些有意义的结论:1、用EOPO处理的有机氨钙催化剂(Ca/EOCa/PO)聚合了CL和LLA。发现CL聚合速度很快,M/I=650时70℃反应3h后收率已达到90%以上,LLA的聚合速度比CL要慢,M/I=650、70℃反应10h后收率才达到90%以上。以上聚合反应有明显的活性聚合的特点:反应初期Mv和收率和聚合时间呈线性关系;Mv在一定范围内和M/I成线性关系。2、用红外、原子吸收和核磁共振等分析手段阐明了有机氨钙催化剂的结构:结构,而且这两个催化剂的活性中心分别是均是Ca-O键。CL和LLA的开环聚合可能是以配位一插入的机理进行的。3、用C。/PO催化剂聚合LLA时有一定程度的消旋化反应发生,曳NMR研究表明相当于88%的LLA和12%外消旋以共聚。提高反应温度到110℃时比旋光度只有-125℃说明消旋化反应比较严重。4、用C。/PO催化剂先聚合CL再聚合LLA的方法合成了PCL-PLA两嵌段共聚物,并用泊NMR,13C NMR,GPC,DSC,WAXD进行了表征。其绝对和相对分子量可以通过M/I和投料比进行控制。定量碳谱图表明有较严重的消旋化反应发生,相当于84%的LLA和16%外消旋LA共聚。DSC和似XD分析表明,PLA段的分子量小时PLA段不结晶,当PLA段的分子量达到一定程度(3000以上)后PCL一PLA嵌段共聚物有相分离现象发生。5、以各种分子量的PEG为引发剂用氨钙催化剂和开环聚合CL,合成了一系列PCL-PEG-PCL三嵌段共聚物,并用妞NMR,laCNMR,GPC,DSC,做XD进行了表征。聚合物的结构可以通过改变PEG的分子量和CL/PEG投料比来调整。从DSC和wAXD分析可以得出以下几个结论:PCL-PEG-PCL嵌段共聚物有相分离现象发生,形成PCL和PEG微相区域;PEG段的结晶行为受先结晶的PCL段的影响;PCL段的分子量越大PEG段的Tc和Tm越低,其结晶度越低。6、以各种分子量的PEG为引发剂用氨钙催化剂80℃下开环聚合LLA24小时,合成了一系列PLA-PEG-PLA三嵌段共聚物,和别的催化剂比起来温度低得多,反应时间也短得多。可以通过改变PEG的分子量和CL/PEG投料比来调整聚合物的结构。DSC和WAXD分析表明,PLA-PEG-PLA三嵌段共聚物中PEG段的结晶能力受PLA段的影响非常大:当PEG段的分子量很小时(如1000)很难结晶;即使当PEG段的分子量较大时如果PLA段的分子量达到一定程度时PEG段同样也不结晶;而且PLA段的结晶行为受本身分子量的影响比较大,其Tc和伽随着分子量增加有较大的提高。7、合成了MPEG-PLA两嵌段共聚物,发现合成PLA段的分子量大的聚合物比较困难,MPEG-PCL两嵌段共聚物很难合成。DsC和WAXD分析表明,PLA段对MPEG段结晶有一定程度的影响,但是比三嵌段共聚物的影响要小得多。8、用荧光光谱和IHNMR研究了上面合成出的几个样品的胶束行为。发现cmc由大到小的顺序为MPEG(5000)-PLA(5100),PLA(3050)-PEG(4600)-PLA(3050),PCL(2270)-PEG(5000)-PCL(2270),PCL(4600)-PEG(4600)-PCL(4600)。PCL-PEG-PCL三嵌段共聚物在水中形成了具有核一壳结构的胶束。9、以苯甲醇处理的有机氨钙催化剂开环聚合了CL。泊NMR谱图表明得到的聚合物具有苯端基。这一结果为用硝苯基乙醇代替苯甲醇制备催化剂,然后开环聚合CL或LA得到硝基苯端基的脂肪族聚酯打下了实验基础。

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固体电解质是全塑固态电池不可缺少的一个组成部分,近年来得到了迅速的发展。高分子固体电解质由于质量轻,可塑性强,并具且良好的力学性能和机械加工性能,在固体电解质领域内越来越受到人们的重视和关注。高分子固体电解质一般是由聚醚类的高分子主体物和无机盐形成的复合物。聚氧化乙烯(PEO是高分子主体物中比较优秀的代表,其盐复合物在高温(100 ℃)时电导率可达2 * 10~(-3)Scm~(-1),但由于结晶,其室温电导率很低(10~(-8) ~ 10~(-7)Scm~(-1)),远远满足不了室温电池的要求。本工作的目的是利用接技和共聚对PEO行改性,提高复合物室温电导率。主要工作和结论有下列几点:(1)采用二步法合成了列三种单体:CH_2-CH CH_2O(CH_2CH_2O)_nCH_3 (n = 0,1,2),通过改进反应条件,提高了产物收率。(2)考察了不同烷基铝多元催化剂对上述单体聚合的催化性能,发现只有Al(i-Bu)_3-Zn(acac)_2-H_2O和AlEt_3-Hacac-H_2O对单体聚合的催化效果较好。(3)DSC分析的结果表明,上述单体的均聚物不易结晶;聚合物玻璃化温度分别为-64 ℃(n = 0),-75 ℃ (n = 1)和-86 ℃(n = 2),都比PEO(Tg = -57 ℃)低,这对提高复合物电导率应该是有利的。(4)利用环氧丙烷(Po)与环氧烷(Eo共聚,大幅度降低了聚合物的结晶性,当共聚物中Po含量达到40%时,聚合物几乎是完全非晶的。(5)利用DSC、X-射线衍射、偏光显微镜等手段对均聚物和共聚物的 NaScN和LiClO_4复合物的聚集态结构进行了研究,发现复合物中没有结晶络合物相存在,这与PEO系是不同的。复合物结晶度随聚合物结构和盐含量的不同而变化。(6)共聚改性是提高复合物室温电导率的有效手段。共聚物与NaScN和LiClO_4复合物在25 ℃时的电导率分别达到了5 * 10~(-5)Scm~(-1)和1.1 * 10~(-4)Scm~(-1),与PEO系相比提高了2 ~ 3个数量级。(7)梳状均聚物虽然结晶度和玻璃化温度都很低,但其盐复合物的室温电导率不高,只有10~(-6)Scm~(-1)数量级,这与我们预期的结果不一致。(8)聚合物一盐复合物的电导率随聚合结构以及盐的种类和含量的变化而不同。对于无机盐来说,阴离子相同时,复合物电导率随阳离子半径的增大而增大,随着盐浓度的变化,复合物电导率出现一个极大值。另外,成膜溶剂、水份等都对复合物电尼率有很大的影响。(9)考察了复合物电导率随温度的变化情况。高温(~100 ℃)时,复合物电导率都比PEO系低,说明为提高复合物室温电导率而对PEO行的改性是以牺牲其高温电导率为代价的。

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聚合物固体电解质是近几年来引起人们高度重视的一种新型功能材料。由于质轻、可塑性强,可加工成溥膜等特点,使它在固体电池,燃料电池,电化学元件和分离膜等方面的应用上显示了很大的优越性,尤其在全固态高能密锂电池的应用上已成为强有力的竞争者。聚合物固体电解质是一类由聚醚类主体聚合物与无机盐形成的络合物。目前研究的大多是以取环氧乙烷(PEO为主体聚合物的各种碱金属盐络合物。研究表明,PEO迄今为止所发现的络合能力最强的主体聚合物,与无机盐络合后高温电导率可达2 * 10~(-3)scm~(-1),但室温下由于PEO高结晶性阻碍了离子的迁移,电导率只有10~(-8)-10~(-7)scm~(-1),从而使其应用范围受到局限,本工作采用共聚、交联及添加低分子增塑剂的方法制得了既具有较高室温电导率又具有良好机械加工性能的聚合物电解质。主要工作及结论如下:1、选择了带有双键的烯丙基缩水甘油醚这一单体与环氧乙烷共聚,制得了P(EO-AGE)二元共聚物。讨论了不同催化剂对产物结构和性能的影响,发现AlEt_3-H_2O-acac的催化效果较好。DSC和X-射线衍射结果表明,共聚使PEO结晶受阻,其结晶度随着AGE含量的增大而减小。共聚物的玻璃化转变温度及溶点均较纯PEO低。由二元共聚物和LiClO_4组成的P(EO-AGE)-LiClO_4络合物室温电导率达2*10~(-5)scm~(-1),较纯PEO-LiClO_4体系高2-3个数量级。2、在二元共聚物的研究基础上,合成了(环氧乙烷-环氧丙烷-烯丙基缩水甘油醚)三元共聚物,P(EO-PO-AGE)。结果表明,三元共聚物具有更低的玻璃化转变温度和更多的无定形结构。P(EO-PO-AGE)-LiClO_4络合物的室温电导率达5 * 10~(-5)scm~(-1)。3、对P(EO-AGE)-LiClO_4和P(EO-PO-AGE)-LiClO_4络合物结构的研究发现,络合物在L:/O=0.20-0.125(mol)范围内呈现完全无定形的结构,当L:/O分别为0.33和0.25(mol)时,在X-射线衍射图上出现了新的结晶衍射峰。证实了组成分别为O/Li=3和O/Li=4的结晶络合物的存在。4、对P(EO-AGE)-LiClO_4和P(EO-PO-AGE)-LiClO_4络合物电导的研究表明,电导对温度的依赖性服从VTF方程:σ=AT~(-1/2)e~(-B/(T-To)),呈现典型的非晶电解质电导行为,但在50-70 ℃范围内lg(σT~(1/2)~1/(T-To)曲线出现转折。络合物电导与盐浓度的关系表现出与理论相一致的结果,即在某一盐浓度下存在一极大值,对P(EO-AGE)-LiClO_4和P(EO-PO-AGE)-LiClO_4体系,电导极大值都出现在O/Li=20处。此处,还讨论了共聚物组成,阴离子,阳离子种类及离子对对络合物电导率的影响。5、采用添加低分子增塑剂聚乙二醇(PEG400)的方法不仅提高了聚合物电解质柔顺性,使分子链段活动性增加,而且增加了体系的无定形区,为离子迁移提供了新的导电通递。增塑P(EO-PO-AGE)-LiClO_4络合物的电导随着增塑剂含量的增大而升高,60%(vol)PEG400增塑的P(EO-PO-AGE)-LiClO_4聚合物电解质膜的电导率可达10~(-4)scm~(-1)(25 ℃)。增塑的电解质膜不仅具有较高的室温电导率,而且具有良好的热稳定性,在700 ℃下无相分离;于干燥气氛下放置一年无蠕变流动现象,电导亦无变化。6、采用硫化和辐射交联法制得具有网络结构的聚合物电解质膜。交联后的电解质膜尺寸稳定性增加,拉伸强度和断裂伸长均成倍增加,抗溶剂性能提高,具有良好的可加工性。硫化交联所得的P(EO-AGE)-LiClO_4和P(EO-PO-AGE)-LiClO_4网络电解质膜的室温电导率仍可达10~(-5)scm~(-1),而经辐射交联所得的PEG400增塑的P(EO-PO-AGE)-LiClO_4电解质膜的室温电导率可达10~(-4)scm~(-1)。交联电解质膜具有与未交联电解质膜相似的电导行为。

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A polarization-maintaining (PM) fiber Mach-Zehnder (MZ) interferometer has been established to measure the EO effect of very thin film materials with optical anisotropy. Unlike a common MZ interferometer,all the components are connected via polarization-maintaining fibers. At the same time, a polarized DFB laser with a maximum power output of 10mW is adopted as the light source to induce a large extinction ratio. Here, we take it to determine the electro-optical coefficients of a very thin superlattice structure with GaAs, KTP, and GaN as comparative samples. The measured EO coefficients show good comparability with the others.

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The comparison of aggregation behaviors between the branched block polyether T1107 (polyether A) and linear polyether (EO)(60)(PO)(40)(EO)(60) (polyether B) in aqueous solution are investigated by the MesoDyn simulation. Polyether A forms micelles at lower concentration and has a smaller aggregation number than B. Both the polyethers show the time-dependent micellar growth behaviors. The spherical micelles appear and then change to rod-like micelles with time evolution in the 10 vol% solution of polyether A. The micellar cluster appears and changes to pseudo-spherical micelles with time evolution in the 20 vol% solution of polyether A. However, the spherical micelles appear and change to micellar cluster with time evolution in the 20 vol% polyether B solution. The shear can induce the micellar transition of both block polyethers. When the shear rate is 1x10(5) s(-1), the shear can induce the sphere-to-rod transition of both polyethers at the concentration of 10 and 20 vol%. When the shear rate is lower than 1x10(5) s(-1), the huge micelles and micellar clusters can be formed in the 10 and 20 vol% polyether A systems under the shear, while the huge micelles are formed and then disaggregated with the time evolution in the 20 vol% polyether B system.

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This work reports on the design and performance evaluation of a miniature direct methanol fuel cell(DMFC)integrated with an electro_osmotic(EO)pump for methanol delivery.Electro-osmotic pumps require minimal parasitic power while boasting no moving parts and simple fuel cell integration.Here ,aneletro-osmotic pump is realized from a commercially available porous glass frit.We characterize a custom-fabricated DMFC with a free convection cathode and coupled to an extennal electro-osmotic pump operated at applied potentials of 4.0,7.0,and 10V.Maximum gross power density of our free convection DMFC(operated at 50°)is 55 mW/cm2 using 4.0 mol/L concentration methanol solution supplied by the EO pump.Experimental results show that electro-osmotic pumps can deliver 2.0,4.0 and 8.0mol/L methanol/water mixtures to DMFCs while utilizing ~5.0% of the fuel cell power.Furthermore ,we discuss pertinent design considerations when using electro-osmotic pumps with DMFCs and areas of further study.

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应用植物油淋洗可去除土壤中高浓度多环芳烃,为进一步去除多环芳烃,采用高级氧化(臭氧氧化、过氧化氢和紫外线联合氧化)对两种含多环芳烃植物油进行处理,并考察了运行参数对多环芳烃去除效果的影响.结果表明臭氧具有氧化植物油中多环芳烃的能力,对蒽和荧蒽的氧化能力强于菲.用紫外线、10%过氧化氢,在pH=3的条件下处理MO植物油,总多环芳烃的去除率最高,为81%;按此条件对含高浓度多环芳烃EO物油处理8 h,总多环芳烃去除率为76.5%,达到良好效果.