熊虫

熊虫是缓步动物门的俗称，是生活在多种生境里的微型后生动物，有一明显的头节和四个不明显的躯干“体节”，两侧有四对具爪的腿。主要分为异缓步纲和真缓步纲，前者根据体表不同形状和数量的角皮甲板以及头部成对的触须分类，后者根据吸咽板状物的数量和排列、腿末端爪的形态以及卵壳壁上的花纹分类。

鳖类疾病及其防治对策(下)

<正> 3鳖病的预防和治疗 对于鳖病的防治,一定要贯彻“全面预防、积极治疗”的方针。3.1预防措施3.1.1池塘消毒:养鳖土池、水泥池,不论发过病与否都有病原体存在。对土池通常用生石灰100—150ppm或漂白粉20ppm全池遍洒消毒。水泥地用漂白粉10ppm全池遍洒消毒即可。3.1.2工具消毒:小型工具如小手网、面盆、木桶、塘瓷桶等应在硫酸铜10ppm溶液中浸泡5—10分钟,方可杀灭各种病原体。大型用具和网具可在阳光下曝晒,必须晒干后再使用。3.1.3饲料消毒:自行配制或购买的鳖用人工配合饲料都经过加工

茭草叶饲养草鱼效果

<正> 茭草又称野菰(Zizania latifolia),广泛分布于我国内陆水体,在湖北省洪湖中,茭草是沿岸呈环带状分布的优势挺水植物。由于该湖年平均水深仅1.35米,底泥肥沃,适于茭草生长繁殖,群落面积已达22.7万亩,占该湖总面积的42％。每年生产茎叶干物质达15万吨以上,但绝大部分废弃分解还湖,未被充分利用。根据洪湖大水面水体生物生产力综合开发利用研究计划,我们对茭草不同器官化学成分分析的结果证明,茭草乃优质饲料,茭草叶含粗蛋白16.8—18.7％,其必需氨基酸组成比例与草鱼肌

红娘华腸寄生蛐屬(Retortamonas)鞭毛虫一新种

红娘华蛐的身体结构,一般与Mackinnon所述的R.(Embadomonas) agilis和Corradetti所述的R.grillotalpae相似,特别近似Geiman所述的R.caudacus(图15,16)。但红娘华蛐有大约等於体长2/3的大胞口,和长於或等於体长的针状尾巴,而且无论在生活时或固定染色後,头部均向背後扭曲(此较图1和15)。这些特性,显然与过去文獻中所记载的种类不同,故(氵夬)定为蛐属——新种。

Extraction of genomic DNA using a new amino silica monolithic column

A new amino silica monolithic column was developed for DNA extraction in a miniaturized format. The monolithic column was prepared in situ by polymerization of tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) and N-(beta-aminoethyl)-gamma-aminopropylmethyldimethoxysilane (AEAPMDMS). DNA was loaded in 50 mM tris(hydroxylmethyl)aminomethane-EDTA buffer at pH 7.0 and eluted with 300 mM potassium phosphate solution at pH 10.0. Under optimal condition, a 6.0-cm monolithic column provided a capacity of 56 ng DNA with an extraction efficiency of 71 +/- 5.2% (X +/- RSD). When the amino silica monolithic column was applied to extract genomic DNA from the whole blood of crucian carp, an extraction efficiency of 52 +/- 5.6% (X +/- SD) was obtained by three extractions. Since the chaotropic-based sample loading and organic solvent wash steps were avoided in this procedure, the purified DNA was suitable for downstream processes such as PCR. This amino silica monolithic column was demonstrated to allow rapid and efficient DNA purification in microscale.

半导体科学与技术

本书是在国家自然科学基金委员会信息科学部的支持下，邀请了三十余位工作在半导体研究领域第一线的知名专家撰写而成的。本书系统介绍了当前国际、国内半导体科学和技术各个领域，包括半导体材料的生长、物理问题、重要实验和理论结果、器件结构和应用等方面的基础知识、研究现状、发展趋势和有待解决的关键问题。 本书适合从事半导体研究和教学的大学教师、科技工作者、工程技术人员、研究生、本科生以及科技管理部门有关工作人员和管理专家阅读和参考。

海洋能利用的前景与开发策略建议

海洋能利用的前景与开发策略建议ProspectsforUsageofMarineEnergyandItsDevelopmentalStrategy余志（中国科学院广州能源研究所，研究员广州510070）国内外现状及发展趋势海洋能源是指海洋中的可再生自...

Flying lemurs – The 'flying tree shrews'? Molecular cytogenetic evidence for a Scandentia-Dermoptera sister clade

Background: Flying lemurs or Colugos (order Dermoptera) represent an ancient mammalian lineage that contains only two extant species. Although molecular evidence strongly supports that the orders Dermoptera, Scandentia, Lagomorpha, Rodentia and Primates form a superordinal clade called Supraprimates (or Euarchontoglires), the phylogenetic placement of Dermoptera within Supraprimates remains ambiguous. Results: To search for cytogenetic signatures that could help to clarify the evolutionary affinities within this superordinal group, we have established a genome-wide comparative map between human and the Malayan flying lemur (Galeopterus variegatus) by reciprocal chromosome painting using both human and G. variegatus chromosome-specific probes. The 22 human autosomal paints and the X chromosome paint defined 44 homologous segments in the G. variegatus genome. A putative inversion on GVA 11 was revealed by the hybridization patterns of human chromosome probes 16 and 19. Fifteen associations of human chromosome segments (HSA) were detected in the G. variegatus genome: HSA1/3, 1/10, 2/21, 3/ 21, 4/8, 4/18, 7/15, 7/16, 7/19, 10/16, 12/22 (twice), 14/15, 16/19 (twice). Reverse painting of G. variegatus chromosome-specific paints onto human chromosomes confirmed the above results, and defined the origin of the homologous human chromosomal segments in these associations. In total, G. variegatus paints revealed 49 homologous chromosomal segments in the HSA genome. Conclusion: Comparative analysis of our map with published maps from representative species of other placental orders, including Scandentia, Primates, Lagomorpha and Rodentia, suggests a signature rearrangement (HSA2q/21 association) that links Scandentia and Dermoptera to one sister clade. Our results thus provide new evidence for the hypothesis that Scandentia and Dermoptera have a closer phylogenetic relationship to each other than either of them has to Primates.

掩埋结构激光器的生长研究

于2010-11-23批量导入

城市土-水界面污染流条件下典型污染物生态毒理效应及其机理

人工合成麝香作为一种新型污染物，其生态行为及生态效应已经越来越受到关注。城市土-水界面污染流是除农业面源污染以外第二大面源污染，其成分复杂，采用常规的理化监测方法很难对其生态安全性加以评价。本研究在水生生态毒理实验基础之上，利用城市标识污染物-重金属镉(Cd)、铅（Pb）、佳乐麝香（HHCB）和城市土壤模拟城市土-水界面污染流，并以斑马鱼、草鱼为对象，以超氧化物岐化酶（SOD），过氧化物酶（POD），过氧化氢酶（CAT），丙二醛（MDA），可溶性蛋白（SP）为生物标志物，对其急性和亚急性生态毒理过程进行模拟研究，并通过对联合毒性实验的开展，系统研究了Cd、Pb和HHCB的单一与联合毒性效应、机理和过程。主要结论如下： HHCB和Cd均为中等毒性污染物，Cd和HHCB对斑马鱼的96h-LC50值分别为30.33和4.45 mg/L；在HHCB和Cd的等毒性复合急性实验中，联合作用类型随暴露时间的延长从联合变为拮抗，HHCB是复合污染中的主要污染物。 对水体中总浓度0.95-15.16 mg/L 的Cd和0.14-2.22mg/L的HHCB7天急性毒性机理实验显示，暴露于单一Cd污染斑马鱼体内抗氧化酶活性升高，暴露4天后，其体内MDA含量升高；而在HHCB胁迫2-4天后抗氧化酶活性和MDA含量均降低；联合作用中Cd在暴露的前1-4天对抗氧化酶的变化起主要作用，而之后HHCB开始起主导作用；斑马鱼急性胁迫下，抗氧化系统的诱导是斑马鱼对Cd胁迫的最初反应之一，而对于受HHCB胁迫的斑马鱼，蛋白含量的降低相对于抗氧化系统来说是斑马鱼受到损害的更重要原因。 对水体中总浓度0.005-0.05mg/L的Cd、0.5-4mg/L的Pb和0.01-0.2mg/L的HHCB对草鱼不同器官的14天亚急性毒性机理研究显示：肝脏受污染物的毒性作用最为显著，体内生物标志物也最为敏感；在Cd和Pb胁迫下，肝脏和肾脏内抗氧化酶随浓度的升高被显著抑制，而HHCB对各器官SOD和CAT活性产生诱导作用； MDA在重金属胁迫下其含量变化均不明显，SP含量轻微降低，而在HHCB胁迫下却分别呈现显著的升高和降低的趋势，所以MDA和SP含量可以作为检测HHCB的生物标志物；复合作用下HHCB的加入能使草鱼各器官中抗氧化酶的活性有所升高， MDA含量显著大幅度升高，SP含量显著大幅度降低，HHCB和Cd表现出很强的协同作用，而且HHCB在复合污染中起主导作用。

石油污染土壤堆腐清洁技术研究

本项研究利用自行设计的国内首创的生物堆腐池对污染土壤中的石油降解条件进行研究，并优化其运行工艺参数。本研究采用三株真菌进行堆腐败石油污染土壤的实验。堆腐池为：长 * 宽 * 高 = 118.5 * 65.5 * 12.5 = 0.097M~3，通气、养分、水分等调控在好氧条件下进行。本实验设计了5个处理组，进行了室内小试实验和室外中试实验，探讨了污染土壤中石油的净化效果，为此技术推广应用奠定了基础。研究结果如下：1 室内模拟实验表明，P菌能有效地降解污染土壤的石油。在50天的时间，达到66.1%的降解率，比次位的土著F菌61.8%，高出近5个的百分点。说明，其可以高效降解污染土壤的石油，可以用于石油污染土壤的生物修复处理。2 通气的调控是本实验中微生物生长好坏的一个非常重要的指标。利用生物泥浆反应器进行室内堆腐实验的模拟。设计了6个处理的比较实验，反应容积为4710cm~3，在50天的实验过程中得出，通气为每立方米土，22.37m~3/min(通气10分），是最佳通气条件。3 在微生物降解污染土壤中，设计正交实验，确立了土壤生物修复的调控因子，表明，温度对实验过程的影响最大，养分次之，pH和温度作为调控因子，对实验过程的影响较小。最后确立条件：温度25 ℃,湿度20%（W/W），pH6-8，C:N:P为100:10:1。4 处理的污染土样组分，进行了GC/MS的谱图分析。表明，污染土壤中含有14，15，16，17，18烷，菲，萘等，还有烯烃和环烷烃，而且本底很高，说明本污染土壤是一个复杂的混合物。5 通过设计不同浓度，不同温度，进行了土壤中组分的挥发性实验。得出，在浓度一定时，温度高的挥发率大于温度低的；在温度一定时，低浓度挥发率高于高浓度的。而原始污染土壤中的挥发率则很低，可以忽略。6 通过室外堆腐实验中的呼吸强度，耗氧变化，油降解能力之间的实验观察，发现三者之间成正相关，调控前二者之间的变化，就可以促进油的降解，为该工艺的应用提供了技术参数。7 在二年度室外实验过程中，得出，白腐真菌P菌为一株良好的石油降解菌，在200天时间内，初始浓度为5.8%的石油污染土壤，石油降解率能达到79.1%，在其后，降解曲线上升平缓，其原因还需今后进一步研究。8 通过对温主观气体CH_4和N_2O二种温室气体的实验观测，研究了污染土壤在生物修复过程中的温室气体的排队放通量。结果表明，N_2O, CH_4通量较小，本实验堆腐过程中不是温室气体的一个源。

Fabrication of Novel Superhydrophobic Surfaces and Water Droplet Bouncing Behavior - Part 1: Stable ZnO-PDMS Superhydrophobic Surface with Low Hysteresis Constructed Using ZnO Nanoparticles

A superhydrophobic surface has many advantages in micro/nanomechanical applications, such as low adhesion, low friction and high restitution coefficient, etc. In this paper, we introduce a novel and simple route to fabricate superhydrophobic surfaces using ZnO nanocrystals. First, tetrapod-like ZnO nanocrystals were prepared via a one-step, direct chemical vapor deposition (CVD) approach. The nanostructured ZnO material was characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) and the surface functionalized by aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APS) was found to be hydrophobic. Then the superhydrophobic surface was constructed by depositing uniformly ZnO hydrophobic nanoparticles (HNPs) on the Poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) film substrate. Water wettability study revealed a contact angle of 155.4 +/- 2 degrees for the superhydrophobic surface while about 110 degrees for pure smooth PDMS films. The hysteresis was quite low, only 3.1 +/- 0.3 degrees. Microscopic observations showed that the surface was covered by micro- and nano-scale ZnO particles. Compared to other approaches, this method is rather convenient and can be used to obtain a large area superhydrophobic surface. The high contact angle and low hysteresis could be attributed to the micro/nano structures of ZnO material; besides, the superhydrophobic property of the as-constructed ZnO-PDMS surface could be maintained for at least 6 months. (C) Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, 2010

EFFECT OF STRUCTURAL RELAXATION ON THE DEFORMATION BEHAVIOR OF A Zr64.13Cu15.75Ni10.12Al10 BULK METALLIC GLASS UNDER NANOINDENTATION

Structural relaxation by isothermal annealing below the glass transition temperature is conducted on a Zr64.13Cu15.75Ni10.12Al10 bulk metallic glass. The effect of structural relaxation on thermal and mechanical properties was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry and instrumented nanoindentation. The recovery of the enthalpy in the DSC curves indicates that thermally unstable defects were annihilated through structural relaxation. During nanoindentation, the structural relaxation did not have a significant influence on the serrated plastic flow behavior. However, Structural relaxation shows an obvious effect in increasing both the hardness and elastic modulus, which is attributed to the annihilation of thermally unstable defects that resulted from the relaxation.

Thermal effects on Rayleigh-Marangoni-Benard instability in a system of superposed fluid and porous layers

Thermal effects of the heat transfer at free surface (represented by Biot number) on the Rayleigh-Marangoni-Benard instability in a system of liquid-porous layers with top free surface are investigated numerically. The results indicate that this thermal effect can evidently lead to the mode transition of convection, which is overlooked in previous works. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.