Degradation of tropical forest in Hainan, China, 1991-2008: Conservation implications for Hainan Gibbon (Nomascus hainanus)

The Hainan gibbon (Nomascus hainanus) is one of the most endangered primates in the world, confined to mature natural forest in Hainan Island, China. We assessed changes in habitat condition on the island between 1991 and 2008, using vegetation maps generated by remote-sensing images. We defined forest suitable for gibbons based on composition, tree size and canopy cover. During the 17-year period, the area of suitable gibbon forest decreased by 540 km(2) (35%) across the whole island, and by 6.3 km(2) (7%) in the locality of the sole remaining gibbon population at Bawangling National Nature Reserve. The forest patches large enough (>1 km(2)) to support a gibbon group decreased from 754 km(2) to 316 km(2) in total area, and from 92 to 64 in number. Suitable natural forest was mainly replaced by plantations below 760 m, or degraded by logging, grazing and planting of pines above 760 m. Meanwhile, forests in former confirmed gibbon areas became more fragmented: mean area of patches decreased by 53%. We mapped the patches of natural forest in good condition which could potentially support gibbons. We recommend a freeze on further expansion of plantations between core patches at Bawangling, Jiaxi-Houmiling and Yinggeling Nature Reserves in accordance with forest protection regulations; establishment of nature reserves in currently unprotected natural forest patches elsewhere in line with the local government's nature reserve expansion policy; and active natural-forest restoration between remaining fragments at Bawangling. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

光间受体视黄类物质结合蛋白（IRBP）的研究概况

光间受体视黄类物质结合蛋白 (ＩＲＢＰ)是一种仅在脊椎动物视网膜的光间受体基质 (ＩＰＭ)中发现 ,并由光受体细胞合成并分泌的较大的单亚基糖酯类蛋白 .由于它能够结合各种异构形式和化学形式的视黄类物质和脂酸 ,因而在视循环中作为转移视黄类物质和脂酸的主要运输工具 ,同时也具有保护视黄类物质免于降解和减少视黄类物质潜在的细胞毒性等作用 .除了上述功能外 ,ＩＲＢＰ在调控视黄类物质定位、新陈代谢以及各方面活性等方面也都有不同的特异性功能 ,因而是一种重要的蛋白质成分 .目前对此蛋白质基因结构的研究表明 ,ＩＲＢＰ基因是不包括任何高度重复或中度重复序列的单拷贝基因 .牛及人类等大多数哺乳动物及两栖类的ＩＲＢＰ基因都是由四个外显子和三个内含子组成 ,进而编码形成含有四倍重复结构且大小约为 140ｋｕ的ＩＲＢＰ .之所以存在此种结构特征的原因及意义还不清楚 ,可能与ＩＲＢＰ结合视黄类物质和脂类有关 .大多数的报道中 ,都认为ＩＲＢＰ具有两个结合视黄类物质的位点即每个ＩＲＢＰ分子可以结合两个分子的视黄类物质 ,而Ｓｈａｗ和Ｎｏｙ等最近提出ＩＲＢＰ包括 3个视黄类物质结合位点 ,由于每个ＩＲＢＰ分子包括 4个重复结构 .

A paradigm for virus-host coevolution: Sequential counter-adaptations between endogenous and exogenous retroviruses

Endogenous retroviruses ( ERVs) are remnants of ancient retroviral infections of the host germline transmitted vertically from generation to generation. It is hypothesized that some ERVs are used by the host as restriction factors to block the infection o

Revealing the History of Sheep Domestication Using Retrovirus Integrations

The domestication of livestock represented a crucial step in human history. By using endogenous retroviruses as genetic markers, we found that sheep differentiated on the basis of their "retrotype" and morphological traits dispersed across Eurasia and Afr

森林认证与系统思想

森林认证是缓解全球森林退化、实现可持续发展战略的重要手段之一。它包括森林经营认证和森林产品认证。森林认证将影响到世界森林资源、各国林业发展以及生态、经济和社会。森林认证是一项复杂的系统工程,涉及国家政策和国民经济的方方面面。只有利用系统理论,才能更好分析论证在中国特定条件下的森林认证系统;在系统思想指导下,找出我国森林认证的关键要素、主要子系统和最优结构,才能发挥森林认证体系的最佳功能。

三聚氰胺对吉富罗非鱼的急性毒性研究

采用接触、腹腔注射及口服3种致毒方式,对吉富罗非鱼(GIFT Oreochromis niloticus)进行三聚氰胺的急性毒性研究.口服急性毒性实验中,在饲料中添加不同浓度的三聚氰胺,进行21 d的吉富罗非鱼摄食养殖实验,实验鱼初体重为(55.00±0.05)g.实验结果表明:三聚氰胺溶解度较低,在接触实验中其水溶液没有表现出毒性,96LC50>3500 mg/L;而在腹腔注射致毒方式下,三聚氰胺对吉富罗非鱼的半致死剂量LD50=1311.90 mg/kg;LD5095%可信限为1169.06~1472

高原鳅属Triplophysa鱼类的分子系统发育和生物地理学研究

高原鳅属Triplophysa鱼类广泛分布于亚洲中部的高原地区,是青藏高原鱼类区系重要的组成部分．它们对高原环境表现出极强的适应性,是已知世界上分布海拔最高的鱼类,采用线粒体DNA细胞色素凸基因序列分析了青藏高原及其邻近地区13个水系30个地点22种高原鳅属鱼类的分子系统发育关系．结果表明高原鳅属鱼类不是一个单系群,赫氏鳅亚属Hedinich- thys的种类嵌入到其他条鳅亚科鱼类分支中,而依据第二性征划分的高原鳅亚属Triplophysa是一个单系群．在高原鳅亚属中,最先发生分歧的是分布于黄河上游的似鲶

斜带石斑鱼囊胚期胚胎和尾芽期胚胎差异表达基因的筛选及克隆

以斜带石斑鱼囊胚期胚胎和尾芽期胚胎分别作为检验组和驱动组,构建了石斑鱼囊胚期胚胎和尾芽期胚胎的抑制性差减杂交cDNA文库。以α-tubulin作为检测指标,显示差减效率分别高达28和27。分别取囊胚期胚胎和尾芽期胚胎各192和960个PCR阳性克隆进行斑点杂交,得到15个囊胚期和131个尾芽期的斑点杂交阳性克隆。测序和数据库比对分析表明,囊胚期15个阳性克隆中有11个已知基因的cDNA片段和没有同源性的4个cDNA片段;而在尾芽期的131个阳性克隆中,有123个已知基因的cDNA片段和8个没有同源性的cD

浅水湖泊内源磷负荷季节变化的生物驱动机制

由于磷是重要的生源要素,过量的磷促进浮游植物(包括有毒蓝藻)的生长而使水质恶化,水一泥界面的磷交换机制受到广泛关注。一般认为沉积物的磷释放模式在浅水湖泊和深水湖泊之间有很大的差异。在探讨沉积物中磷释放机制时,人们一直最关注的要素为铁和氧及其相关的环境因子(如扰动、分解),但是浅水湖泊中磷含量变化的大部分结果仍然无法解释。通过对欧洲温带浅水湖泊和亚热带气候的长江中下游浅水湖泊中有关沉积物磷释放模式的野外和实验研究结果的分析,认为在浅水湖泊内源磷负荷季节变动模式的驱动因子中,pH可能比溶氧更为重要,即浮游藻类

Elevated ability to compete for limited food resources by 'all-fish' growth hormone transgenic common carp Cyprinus carpio

Food consumption, number of movements and feeding hierarchy of juvenile transgenic common carp Cyprinus carpio and their size-matched non-transgenic conspecifics were measured under conditions of limited food supply. Transgenic fish exhibited 73 center dot 3% more movements as well as a higher feeding order, and consumed 1 center dot 86 times as many food pellets as their non-transgenic counterparts. After the 10 day experiment, transgenic C. carpio had still not realized their higher growth potential, which may be partly explained by the higher frequency of movements of transgenics and the 'sneaky' feeding strategy used by the non-transgenics. The results indicate that these transgenic fish possess an elevated ability to compete for limited food resources, which could be advantageous after an escape into the wild. It may be that other factors in the natural environment (i.e. predation risk and food distribution), however, would offset this advantage. Thus, these results need to be assessed with caution.

Influence of spacer layer thickness on the current-voltage characteristics of pseudomorphic AlAs/In0.53Ga0.47As/InAs resonant tunnelling diodes

This paper investigates the dependence of current-voltage characteristics of AlAs/In0.53Ga0.47As/InAs resonant tunnelling diodes (RTDs) on spacer layer thickness. It finds that the peak and the valley current density J in the negative differential resistance (NDR) region depends strongly on the thickness of the spacer layer. The measured peak to valley current ratio of RTDs studied here is shown to improve while the current density through RTDs decreases with increasing spacer layer thickness below a critical value.

Performance analysis of very-small-aperture lasers

The fabrication of very-small-aperture lasers is demonstrated, and their performance is analyzed. Because of strong optical feedback caused by a gold film on the front facet of the laser, its behavior changes: The threshold current decreases, the density of light inside the laser diode and the redshift effect of the spectra are enhanced, and the laser diode's lifetime is shorter than that of common laser diodes with large driving current. (c) 2005 Optical Society of America

WG-like modes selectivity in a square cavity with posts

We investigate the characteristics of Whispering-Gallery(WG)-like modes in a square cavity with posts by employing the two-dimentional (2D) finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) technique combined with the effective index method. The results indicate that the posts can result in mode selection in the WG-like modes. The WG-like modes with odd mode numbers are not much sensitive to the sizes of the posts. However, the quality factor (i.e. Q-factor) of the WG-like modes with even mode numbers decreases sharply with the increasing size of the posts. The decreasing Q-factor is attributed to mode leakage and scattering loss due to the presence of the post. The mode selection increases with the mode spacing of square cavity twice in an optimized strucure.