煤油-氢双燃料超音速燃烧研究

本课题进行了“煤油一氢”双燃料超音速燃烧的实验研究，采用一维近似计算程序对实验数据进行处理，对此一维程序所用模型也作了说明。实验采用“煤油一氢”双燃料超音速燃烧方案，即利用少量的氢与来流空气自然形成引导火焰与煤油进行混合燃烧。实验是在超单速燃烧实验台上进行的，实验空气总温1800K左右、总压17atm左右，燃烧室进口M为2.5，可以模拟飞行M数为7的超燃冲压发动机中的燃烧工况。在没有附加点火的情况下，能实现煤油一氢双燃料自点火并维持稳定燃烧的条件包括：氢的最小当量比、燃料的喷注方式与燃烧室几何形状等。因此，本实验进行了四方面的研究内容：（1）氢气当量比对点火极限的影响；（2）煤油驱动气压力对点火极限的影响；（3）不同凹槽形火焰稳定器对燃烧的影响，包括改变凹槽形状和改变喷油孔的位置；（4）实验空气总温对燃烧的影响。用一维超音速燃烧程序对实验数据进行了处理，实验结果表明，通过合理地控制氢气当量比、煤油当量比，在一定的总温总压条件下，利用合适的火焰稳定器，采用煤油一氢双燃料超音速燃烧方案实施煤油的超单速燃烧是可行的，其中凹槽形火焰稳定器对点火与燃烧有重要的作用。本实验研究表明，氢气当量比的最低极限为0.09左右，来流总温最低生在1710K时煤油仍能点燃。实验结果说明，煤油一氢双燃料超音速燃料超烯冲压发动机来说，煤油一氢双燃料超音速燃烧的氢量可以控制在较低的范围，并且来流温度要求不是很高，因此对于碳氢燃料超燃冲压发动机来说，煤油一氢双燃料超音速燃烧方案具有较为实用的价值。

释热分布对超燃冲压发动机性能的影响及优化

为了改进燃烧室、尾喷管的设计和优化燃料在燃烧室内的释热方案.建立了广义一维流动/释热分析方法,对超燃冲压模型发动机的主要性能参数进行了研究.通过与单凹腔模型发动机实验结果的对比,着重分析了燃料在燃烧室内不同的释热分布对模型发动机推力性能的影响,同时采用模拟退火优化算法对发动机燃烧室内释热分布和内流道作了优化,结果表明,在燃烧室内采用多阶段分散释热方案对模型发动机推力性能有较大的提高.

Heat Transfer of Aviation Kerosene at Supercritical Conditions

The heat transfer characteristics of China no. 3 kerosene were investigated experimentally and analytically under conditions relevant to a regenerative cooling system for scramjet applications. A test facility developed for the present study can handle kerosene in a temperature range of 300-1000 K, a pressure range of 2.6-5 MPa, and a mass How rate range of 10-100 g/s. In addition, the test section was uniquely designed such that both the wall temperature and the bulk fuel temperature were measured at the same location along the flowpath. The measured temperature distributions were then used to analytically deduce the local heat transfer characteristics. A 10-component kerosene surrogate was proposed and employed to calculate the fuel thermodynamic and transport properties that were required in the heat transfer analysis. Results revealed drastic changes in the fuel flow properties and heat transfer characteristics when kerosene approached its critical state. Convective heat transfer enhancement was also found as kerosene became supercritical. The heat transfer correlation in the relatively low-fuel-temperature region yielded a similar result to other commonly used jet fuels, such as JP-7 and JP-8, at compressed liquid states. In the high-fuel-temperature region, near and beyond the critical temperature, heat transfer enhancement was observed; hence, the associated correlation showed a more significant Reynolds number dependency.

Design and Operation of A 5.5 MWe Biomass Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle Demonstration Plant

The design and operation of a 5.5 MWe biomass integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) demonstration plant, which is located in Xinghua, Jiangsu Province of China, are introduced. It is the largest complete biomass gasification power plant that uses rice husk and other agricultural wastes as fuel in Asia. It mainly consists of a 20 MWt atmospheric circulating fluidized-bed gasifier, a gas-purifying system, 10 sets of 450 kW(e) gas engines, a waste heat boiler, a 1.5 MWe steam turbine, a wastewater treatment system, etc. The demonstration plant has been operating since the end of 2005, and its overall efficiency reaches 26-28%. Its capital cost is less than 1200 USD/kW, and its running cost is about 0.079 USD/kWh based on the biomass price of 35.7 USD/ton. There is a 20% increment on capital cost and 35% decrease on the fuel consumption compared to that of a 1 MW system without a combined cycle. Because only part of the project has been performed, many of the tests still remain and, accordingly, must be reported at a later opportunity.

Upgrading bio-oil over different solid catalysts

Solid acid 40SiO(2)/TiO2-SO42- and solid base 30K(2)CO(3)/Al2O3-NaOH were prepared and compared with catalytic esterification activity according to the model reaction. Upgrading bio-oil by solid acid and solid base catalysts in the conditioned experiment was investigated, in which dynamic viscosities of bio-oil was lowered markedly, although 8 months of aging did not show much viscosity to improve its fluidity and enhance its stability positively. Even the dehydration by 3A molecular sieve still kept the fluidity well. The density of upgraded bio-oil was reduced from 1.24 to 0.96 kg/m(3), and the gross calorific value increased by 50.7 and 51.8%, respectively. The acidity of upgraded bio-oil was alleviated by the solid base catalyst but intensified by the solid acid catalyst for its strong acidification. The results of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis showed that the ester reaction in the bio-oil was promoted by both solid acid and solid base catalysts and that the solid acid catalyst converted volatile and nonvolatile organic acids into esters and raised their amount by 20-fold. Besides the catalytic esterification, the solid acid catalyst carried out the carbonyl addition of alcohol to acetals. Some components of bio-oil undertook the isomerization over the solid base catalyst.

脉冲爆轰发动机的系统性能分析

采用简化的脉冲爆轰推进装置模型, 利用热循环效率分析方法, 推导了包含进气道总压恢复系数的热循环效率公式, 并在特定来流条件下, 考察了一个爆轰循环中进气道总压恢复系数和燃烧室初始温度对热循环效率和比冲的影响, 研究发现, 降低来流总压损失有助于提高热循环效率, 而提高燃烧室初始温度能更有效地提高热循环效率, 据此, 提出了多级重起爆脉冲爆轰发动机概念, 利用在突扩截面上解耦的爆轰波的前导激波去再次压缩工质, 进一步提高工质的热力学参数, 从而提高脉冲爆轰装置的热循环效率, 推导了此种构型PDE的热循环效率计算公式, 并对多级重起爆脉冲爆轰发动机进行了原理性论证, 研究结果表明, 多级重起爆方法提高了燃烧室的爆前温度, 从而有效地提高脉冲爆轰发动机热循环效率.最后, 关于出口工质的非完全膨胀的情况, 做了定性的阐述, 认为只有降低工质的出口压力, 才能更有效增加工质的出口动能, 从而提高热循环效率

冲压发动机尾喷管实验新方法

阐述冲压发动机尾喷管地面模拟实验的新方法.采用双爆轰技术产生稳定的高焓燃气模拟高马赫数飞行条件下冲压发动机的燃烧气体;利用皮托管测量尾喷管推力,并对测量误差进行了分析;为研究催化复合效应增大推力提供实验基础

Interface delamination of the thermal barrier coating subjected to local heating

To investigate the possible failure modes of the thermal barrier coating (TBC) used to protect the scramjet combustion chamber, the local heating via laser beam irradiation was utilized to simulate the service condition of high thermal flux and high temperature gradient. Firstly, the experimental method and process were described and the typical fracture morphology of the TBC under test were provided. Then, the theoretical and finite element modeling were carried out to study the temperature, deformation and stresses of the specimen when the top ceramic coat was subjected to local heating, and to demonstrate the mechanism on the failure of the TBC. It is revealed that the interface delamination shall appear and ultimately lead to the failure of the TBC under such thermal loading of local quick heating. According to the outcome of this study, the driving force of the interface delamination is influenced greatly by the key structural parameters and performance matching. Moreover, by utilizing the rules of the effects of these parameters on the fracture driving force, there is some possibility for the designer to optimize the performances of the TBC.

Numerical simulation of thermal loading produced by shaped high power laser onto engine parts

Recently a new method for simulating the thermal loading on pistons of diesel engines was reported. The spatially shaped high power laser is employed as the heat source, and some preliminary experimental and numerical work was carried out. In this paper, a further effort was made to extend this simulation method to some other important engine parts such as cylinder heads. The incident Gaussian beam was transformed into concentric multi-circular patterns of specific intensity distributions, with the aid of diffractive optical elements (DOEs). By incorporating the appropriate repetitive laser pulses, the designed transient temperature fields and thermal loadings in the engine parts could be simulated. Thermal-structural numerical models for pistons and cylinder heads were built to predict the transient temperature and thermal stress. The models were also employed to find the optimal intensity distributions of the transformed laser beam that could produce the target transient temperature fields. Comparison of experimental and numerical results demonstrated that this systematic approach is effective in simulating the thermal loading on the engine parts. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Application of rare earths in thermal barrier coating materials

Rare earths are a series of minerals with special properties that make them essential for applications including miniaturized electronics, computer hard disks, display panels, missile guidance, pollution controlling catalysts, H-2-storage and other advanced materials. The use of thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) has the potential to extend the working temperature and the life of a gas turbine by providing a layer of thermal insulation between the metallic substrate and the hot gas. Yttria (Y2O3), as one of the most important rare earth oxides, has already been used in the typical TBC material YSZ (yttria stabilized zirconia). In the development of the TBC materials, especially in the latest ten years, rare earths have been found to be more and more important. All the new candidates of TBC materials contain a large quantity of rare earths, such as R2Zr2O7 (R=La, Ce, Nd, Gd), CeO2-YSZ, RMeAl11O19 (R=La, Nd; Me=Mg, Ca, Sr) and LaPO4. The concept of double-ceramic-layer coatings based on the rare earth materials and YSZ is effective for the improvement of the thermal shock life of TBCs at high temperature.

Ceramic materials for thermal barrier coatings

This paper summarizes the basic properties of ceramic materials for thermal barrier coatings. Ceramics, in contrast to metals, are often more resistant to oxidation, corrosion and wear, as well as being better thermal insulators. Except yttria stabilized zirconia, other materials such as lanthanum zirconate and rare earth oxides are also promising materials for thermal barrier coatings.

Near-Space Wide-Swath Radar Imaging With Multiaperture Antenna

Near-space, defined as the altitude region between 20 and 100 km, offers many capabilities that are not accessible for low Earth-orbit (LEO) satellites or airplanes because it is above storm and not constrained by orbital mechanics and high fuel consumption. Hence, a high flying speed can be obtained for the maneuvering vehicles operating in near-space. This offers a promising solution to simultaneous high-resolution and wide-swath synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging. As such, one near-space wide-swath SAR imaging technique is presented in this letter. The system configuration, signal model, and imaging scheme are described. An example near-space SAR system is designed, and its imaging performance is analyzed. Simulation results show that near-space maneuvering vehicle SAR indeed seems to be a promising solution to wide-swath SAR imaging.