198 resultados para Achnanthes cf. longipes


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A theoretical model is proposed to describe the microscopic processes involved in the ablation in fused silica induced by femtosecond-laser pulse. Conduction-band electron (CBE) can absorb laser energy, the rate is calculated by quantum mechanical method and classical method. CBE is produced via photoionization (PI) and impact ionization (II). The PI and II rates are calculated by using the Keldysh theory and double-flux model, respectively. Besides the CBE production, we investigate laser energy deposition and its distribution. The equation of energy diffusion in physical space is resolved numerically. Taking energy density E-dep=54 kJ/cm(3) as the criterion, we calculate damage threshold, ablation depth, and ablation volumes. It is found that if energy diffusion is considered, energy density near sample surface is reduced to 1/10, damage threshold is enhanced more than 30%, ablation depth is increased by a factor of 10. Our theoretical results agree well with experimental measurements. Several ultrafast phenomena in fused silica are also discussed. (C) 2004 American Institute of Physics.

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A set of exact one-dimensional solutions to coupled nonlinear equations describing the propagation of a relativistic ultrashort circularly polarized laser pulse in a cold collisionless and bounded plasma where electrons have an initial velocity in the laser propagating direction is presented. The solutions investigated here are in the form of quickly moving envelop solitons at a propagation velocity comparable to the light speed. The features of solitons in both underdense and overdense plasmas with electrons having different given initial velocities in the laser propagating direction are described. It is found that the amplitude of solitons is larger and soliton width shorter in plasmas where electrons have a larger initial velocity. In overdense plasmas, soliton duration is shorter, the amplitude higher than that in underdense plasmas where electrons have the same initial velocity.

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A theoretical investigation on the nonlinear pulse propagation and dispersive wave generation in the anomalous dispersion region of a microstructured fiber is presented. By simulating the dispersive wave generation under different conditions. it is found that the generation mechanism of the dispersive wave is mainly due to the pulse trapping across the zero-dispersion wavelength. By varying the initial pulse chirp, the output spectrum can be broadened and the intensity of the dispersive wave can be obviously enhanced. In particular, there exists an optimal positive chirp which maximizes the intensity of the dispersive wave. This effect can be explained by the energy transfer from the Raman soliton to the dispersive wave due to the effect of the pulse trapping and the effect of the higher-order dispersion. From the phase aspect, the explanation of this effect is also included. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy with the combining of confocal and CARS techniques is a remarkable alternative for imaging chemical or biological specimens that neither fluoresce nor tolerate labeling. The CARS is a nonlinear optical process, the imaging properties of CARS microscopy will be very different from the conventional confocal microscopy. In this paper, we calculated the propagation of CARS signals by using the wave equation in medium and the slowly varying envelope approximation (SVEA), and find that the intensity angular distributions vary considerably with the different experimental configurations and the different specimen shapes. So the conventional description of microscopy (e.g.. the point spread function) will fail to descript the imaging properties of CARS microscopy. (c) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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We report on the damage threshold in CaF2 crystals induced by femtosecond laser at wavelengths of 800 nm and 400 nm, respectively. The dependences of ablation depths and ablation volumes on laser fluences are also presented. We investigate theoretically the coupling constants between phonon and conduction band electrons (CBE), and calculate the rates of CBE absorbing laser energy. A theoretical model including CBE production, laser energy deposition, and CBE diffusion is applied to study the damage mechanisms. Our results indicate that energy diffusion greatly influences damage threshold and ablation depth.

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This paper studies the correlation properties of the speckles in the deep Fresnel diffraction region produced by the scattering of rough self-affine fractal surfaces. The autocorrelation function of the speckle intensities is formulated by the combination of the light scattering theory of Kirchhoff approximation and the principles of speckle statistics. We propose a method for extracting the three surface parameters, i.e. the roughness w, the lateral correlation length xi and the roughness exponent alpha, from the autocorrelation functions of speckles. This method is verified by simulating the speckle intensities and calculating the speckle autocorrelation function. We also find the phenomenon that for rough surfaces with alpha = 1, the structure of the speckles resembles that of the surface heights, which results from the effect of the peak and the valley parts of the surface, acting as micro-lenses converging and diverging the light waves.

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Based on the rigorous formulation of integral equations for the propagations of light waves at the medium interface, we carry out the numerical solutions of the random light field scattered from self-affine fractal surface samples. The light intensities produced by the same surface samples are also calculated in Kirchhoff's approximation, and their comparisons with the corresponding rigorous results show directly the degree of the accuracy of the approximation. It is indicated that Kirchhoff's approximation is of good accuracy for random surfaces with small roughness value w and large roughness exponent alpha. For random surfaces with larger w and smaller alpha, the approximation results in considerable errors, and detailed calculations show that the inaccuracy comes from the simplification that the transmitted light field is proportional to the incident field and from the neglect of light field derivative at the interface.

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We have proposed a new confocal readout system which is based on the combination of two N-zone circular phase-only transverse superresolving pupils to improve transverse superresolution. The procedure for designing such an improved system is presented. Results of comparisons between the performance of the proposed system and the transverse superresolving pupils indicate that with the same Strehl ratio the former has much higher transverse superresolution capacity and significantly lower sidelobe intensity. (c) 2005 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers.

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We have proposed a new confocal readout system which is based on the combination of two N-zone circular phase-only transverse superresolving pupils to improve transverse superresolution. The procedure for designing such an improved system is presented. Results of comparisons between the performance of the proposed system and the transverse superresolving pupils indicate that with the same Strehl ratio the former has much higher transverse superresolution capacity and significantly lower sidelobe intensity. (c) 2005 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers.

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本论文为申请理学博士学位论文。文章以种子(胚珠)为线索,详细描述8种不同类型的种子。其中之一与叶,叶轴和含有原位花粉的花粉器官连接,因此作为整体化石植物描述。 七种脱落的种子分属不同的器官属。其中,五种是新发现的,它们是;—个新属种一太原类紫杉(Parataxospermum taiyuanense gen.et sp.now.);二个新种—小肥籽(pachytesta parva sp.nov)和小柄肉籽(Ssr-cospermum petiolulatum sp.nov.);一个比较种—瘦冠籽(Stephanospemum cf. akenioides);一个未定种—双籽(Diplotesta ap.)。此外,订正了二个种—薄角籽(Cornucarpus tenucupsis(Halle))和小心籽(Cardiocarpus(?)minor(wang)) 同其它器官连接的种子,作为整体植物定命为,原始隐羽羊齿(新属、种)(Cryptogigantonoclea primitivagen.et sp.nov.)并根据其叶和叶脉类型该属归到大羽羊齿目(Gigantonomiales (= Gigantopterjdaies)。 根据描述,文章对上述各种植物的分类和系统发育分别进行了讨论。在这些讨论中作者祥细地阐述了分类的依据,评价了各种有关的系统发育的观点•并提出了一些新的见解。 为了深入地进行研究,作者改进了一些旧的研究手段,采用了某些新的研究方法.其中包括:1)利用计算机技术进行三维重建,复原了原始隐羽羊齿的小羽片和大部分种子的形态,此外还有少数种子的内部结构也被复原:2)用分支系统分析和图论方法对肥籽属的系统发育进行了重新,探讨:3)把扫描电镜和光学显微镜结合起来观察大孢子膜和花粉的结构,过去这些结构通常需要采用的超薄切片和透射电镜才能观察;4)改用无毒溶剂进行快速撕片,以避免损害人体;5)初步探索了一套制作定厚连续切片的方法。此外,文章还就大羽羊齿的系统位置,种子的分类,华夏植物群和其它植物群的比较,以及某些新技术的优劣进行了讨论。论文原文为英文,全文约合36万印刷符号,附有四十幅图版。 此外还有三个附录: 1)插图8幅;2)表9个.3)同图论分析有关的计算公式,原始数据和许算机计算结果。为了得到连续的三雏形象,还有一组由计算机复原的隐羊齿种子的连续旋转图象。本节译由英文翻译而成,但有些部分按中文习惯作了增删。

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本论文研究了我国云南龙陵大坝和镇安、昌宁红星晚上新世以及楚雄洲吕合晚中新世191个化石木标本,鉴定出7种化石木类型,其中越桔型木属为新属,越桔型木、常绿杜鹃型木和龙陵杜鹃型木为新种。并利用化石木的现存种或现存亲缘种的生态环境对化石产地的气候和环境进行了讨论。 木材种类的特征如下: 华山松(Pinus armandii Franchet):生长轮明显,早材至晚材渐变。交叉场纹孔主为窗格型。木射线具单列射线和纺锤状射线。射线管胞内壁平滑或微锯齿状。具正常轴向和径向树脂道,由薄壁泌脂细胞组成。 云南铁杉(Tsuga dumosa Eicher):生长轮明显,早材至晚材略急变至渐变。管胞径壁具缘纹孔单列;具缘纹孔膜上明显具棒状延伸;纹孔膜下具缘纹孔外表面具明显的瘤状层,瘤状突起大小相近。交叉场纹孔式柏木型。木射线主为单列;由射线薄壁细胞和射线管胞组成;射线细胞水平壁厚,纹孔明显,数多;端壁节状加厚明显。轴向木薄壁组织细胞数少,轮界状;其端壁节状加厚明显。 柳杉型木(Taxodioxylon cryptomeripsoides Schonfeld):生长轮明显,早材至晚材略急变。管胞径壁纹孔1列,偶尔成疏松排列的2列;晚材弦壁纹孔明显可见。交叉场具1-4枚杉木型纹孔。轴向木薄壁组织细胞数多,星散状或有时成短弦线状;端壁节状不明显或略现。木射线单列,全由射线薄壁细胞组成;射线细胞水平壁薄,纹孔缺乏,端壁平滑。 杉木型木(Taxodioxylon cunninghamioides Watari):生长轮明显,早材至晚材渐变。管胞径壁纹孔1-2列;晚材弦壁纹孔明显可见。交叉场1-4枚杉木型纹孔。轴向木薄壁组织丰富,星散状或有时成短弦线状;端壁节状不明显或略现。木射线单列全由射线薄壁细胞组成;射线细胞水平壁薄;端壁薄,平滑。 龙陵杜鹃型木(新种)(Ericaceoxylon longlingense sp. nov.):生长轮明显,散孔材。导管横切面为多角形,单管孔,散生。螺纹加厚仅出现导管分子尾端。梯状穿孔为主。管间纹孔式为对列或梯状对列。轴向薄壁组织量少,疏环管状。纤维分子细胞壁厚度中等。射线宽1-6细胞。多列射线的中部多为横卧细胞,边缘有1-4(6)行直立和/或方形细胞。射线导管间纹孔式梯状对列,类似导管间纹孔式。 常绿杜鹃型木(新种)(Ericaceoxylon hymenanthesoides sp. nov.):生长轮明显,半环孔材。导管横切面为多角形,单管孔,散生。螺纹加厚出现整个导管分子壁上。复穿孔,梯状穿孔为主。管间纹孔式为互列。轴向薄壁组织量少,疏环管状;端壁节状加厚不明显。纤维分子细胞壁厚度中等;径壁和弦壁均具有具缘纹孔。射线宽1-4细胞;多列射线的中部多为横卧细胞,边缘有1-9行直立和/或方形细胞。射线导管间纹孔式互列,类似导管间纹孔式。 常绿杜鹃型木(相似种)(Ericaceoxylon cf. hymenanthesoides):生长轮明显,半环孔材。单管孔;导管散生。梯状穿孔板;管间纹孔式为互列;射线导管间纹孔式多对列,类似导管间纹孔式。螺纹加厚出现在导管分子壁上。木纤维细胞壁中等厚度。射线宽1-3细胞。 越桔型木(新种)(Vacciniaceoxylon vacciniumoides sp. nov.):生长轮略明显,散孔材。单管孔,散生;整个导管分子上具螺纹加厚。网状和梯状穿孔。轴向薄壁组织量少,星散状或疏环管状。纤维分子径壁和弦壁都具有具缘纹孔。射线多列和单列射线组成,两种大小,1-4细胞宽。射线导管间纹孔式互列,纹孔有明显的纹孔缘。 化石木植物群及其所反映的古植被和古气候如下: 楚雄吕合化石木植物群4个标本中鉴定出两种木材类型—柳杉型木和杉木型木。由于化石标本少,不足以反映植被面貌,两种杉科植物的出现反映其生长地为亚热带温暖湿润环境。 龙陵大坝和镇安化石木植物群95个标本中鉴定出四种木材类型:华山松、常绿杜鹃型木、越桔型木和龙陵杜鹃型木。他们反映的古植被为针阔混交林,生长于亚热带温凉湿润的山地气候环境中,当时当地的海拔高度在1800-3000米之间。 昌宁红星化石木植物群92个标本中鉴定出三种木材类型:华山松、云南铁杉、常绿杜鹃型木(相似种)。他们反映的古植被为针阔混交林,生长于亚热带温凉湿润的山地气候环境中,当时当地的海拔在2200-3000米之间。

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位于我国西南边陲的云南省今天以丰富的植物种类、复杂的植被类型,被誉为“绿色明珠”和“植物王国”,其现今格局的形成无疑是长期历史演化的结晶。探讨其植物区系成分的由来、植被演替的规律及其与环境的关系已经成为研究的热点问题。 新生代是云南植物王国形成和环境演变过程中的关键地质时期。本论文以新生代晚第三纪中新世吕合地区植物群为研究的切入点,对其中的木贼属(Equisetum L.)化石做了深入研究。 木贼属为早期陆地维管植物楔叶类唯一的现存代表,过去报道和研究的化石记录多集中在古生代和中生代,新生代的较少。 本文首次报道云南吕合中新世地层中发现的以地下根状茎和块茎形式保存的木贼属草问荆比较种(E. cf. pratense Ehrhart)。化石根状茎分明显的节和节间, 节部簇生1-4 串串珠状的块茎(每串块茎数目2-4 个),单个块茎椭圆形、圆球形、卵形或纺锤形,通常位于串珠末端的块茎顶端较尖。 木贼属现存两亚属:问荆亚属(8 个种,气孔与表皮齐平,地上茎一年生, 通常分枝,孢子囊穗顶端钝)和木贼亚属(7 个种,气孔凹陷于表皮,地上茎宿存,通常不分枝,孢子囊穗顶端尖)。问荆亚属中,除溪木贼(E. fluviatile L.) 和E. bogotense Kunth 外,其余6 个种都有块茎,而从未在木贼亚属中发现过块茎。具块茎的问荆亚属6 个种中,仅发现草问荆有2-3 个串联的块茎,其余种均为单个块茎。鉴于吕合发现的化石根状茎上着生块茎之特征和现代草问荆的情形一致,表明二者之间亲缘相近,故将吕合化石标本鉴定为草问荆比较种。 前人在北美、欧洲和亚洲的早白垩世到第三纪地层中,报道过14 种具根状茎和块茎的木贼类化石,其中具串珠状块茎的仅5 种。这些化石种与吕合标本有明显区别,如美国怀俄明州始新世的E. haydenii Lesquereux 根状茎的节部收缩,块茎有分枝。美国蒙大纳州渐新世至中新世的E. cf. arcticum Heer 和中国吉林始新世的E. hunchunense Guo 块茎在根状茎节上轮生。尽管据报道加拿大白垩纪E. perlaevigatum Cockerell 和辽宁北票早白垩世Equisetites longevaginatus Wu 有串珠状块茎结构,但原文提供的照片显示却只有单个块茎。 根据将今论古的原理,似可将化石的现存最近亲缘种草问荆的生境和物候调查结论,推演到发现草问荆比较种的云南吕合中新世地点及相应层位上。这样,不仅可以推测当时环境湿润,而且化石沉积的时间应为块茎形成的秋冬季节。结合前人在该产地发现喜热的亚热带成分壳斗科青冈属、栲属、金缕梅科枫香属等花粉和喜湿的桦木科桤木属花粉、杉科落羽杉型木以及红杉属的枝叶和球果,表明云南吕合中新世植被类型为常绿落叶阔叶混交林,气候类型为温暖湿润的亚热带气候。

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本研究以河北围场县广发永化石点早中新世地层中的球果和果实、浙江宁海县杜岙化石点早上新世地层中的半矿化化石木、云南寻甸县金所和先锋化石点晚上新世地层中的丝炭和褐煤化木材为研究对象,对这三个化石点数百个植物大化石的形态或解剖结构进行了详细研究,鉴定出6个新的化石种,4个新记录种,7个未定种;其中2个化石属为我国新记录。根据其结构特征探讨这些化石类群与相关化石和现代植物的系统关系。并依据其现代亲缘种生长的生态和气候范围,对化石点沉积时期的植被和气候类型进行了推测。 果实中含有多种有价值的分类和系统发育的信息,对于种子植物的演化和系统发育研究具有重要的意义。在河北围场县发现大量保存较好的松科球果和姜科化石,为我们进一步研究松科植物和姜科植物解剖结构,以及探讨其系统演化提供难得的机会和直接的证据,同时为该化石地的植被演替和地层对比研究提供更多的植物学证据。对河北围场县广发永化石点球果和果实的形态研究,鉴定出三种松科球果化石种和一种姜科植物。分别为围场松(Pinus weichangensis sp. nov.)、围场云杉(Picea weichangensis sp. nov.)、围场铁杉(Tsuga weichangensis sp. nov.)以及化石Spirematospermum属未定种。其中围场云杉、围场铁杉球果在形态上与相应现代类群具有明显的差异,可能代表已灭绝的种类。Spirematospermum属未定种为一绝灭类型,是该属在我国的首次记录。这四种化石类群发现,反映早中新世化石该化石点气候与现代完全不同,为湿润的暖温带和亚热带气候。 浙江省在地质结构上位于东亚大陆边缘,是环太平洋岩浆活动带的重要组成部分。宁海县属于浙东南区属华南地层区,其第三纪地层嵊县群在该区分布广泛,其古植物研究仅限于孢粉和叶化石。本报告中首次对该层铜岭祝组的木化石进行了报道。对浙江宁海杜岙化石点早上新世地层中化石木样品的解剖研究,鉴定出三种木材类型,为史马库栎型木Quercus shimakurae、Liqumdambar cf. hisauchi和蔷薇科未定种。前者与现代栎属槲栎类、后者与枫香树属分别具有密切的亲缘关系,是我国首次报道栎属和枫香树属化石木。 云南现今复杂的地势地貌,独特的气候,丰富的植物种类和多样的植被类型是经历了长达数百万年的地质构造运动和自然环境演变的结果。第三纪时期由于大陆板块运动导致印度板块与亚洲板块的对接和碰撞,其地壳构造运动异常活跃。其第三系陆相地层广泛分布于古生代褶皱区的200多个互不相连的中、小型盆地及中、新生代断陷和拗陷型山间盆地中,并蕴涵了丰富的植物化石,为我们研究植被和植物演化提供了众多的证据。本次研究基于云南中部寻甸县金所煤矿和先锋煤矿的大量褐煤化和丝炭化材料,为进一步恢复云南晚第三纪气候和植被提供更多的依据,尤其是丝炭材料保存了木材精细而真实的结构,为木材准确鉴定和演化提供了可靠的依据。根据对云南金所和先锋化石点晚上新世沉积中褐煤化材料和丝炭样品解剖结构的研究,鉴定出8种化石木,包括2种裸子植物,5种双子叶植物和1种单子叶植物;分属5科7属。化石类群包括松属(Pinus)五针松组未定种Section Cembra sp.、云杉属未定种Picea sp、寻甸含笑Michelia xundianensis sp. nov.、多角含笑 Michelia angulata sp. nov.、Lithocarpoxylon cf. radiporosum、Castanoradix sp.、寻甸珍珠花Lyonia xundianensis sp. nov.、竹亚科未定种Bambusoideae sp。根据现今这些化石对应类群的生长和分布的气候区域,沉积时期的气候与现代气候较为接近。

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本文报道了在中国山西太原晚石炭世煤核中发现的两种不同类型种子:小类心籽(新命名)Nucellangium minor nom. nov. 和波缘靓籽(比较种)Callospermarion cf. undulatum, 它们分别属于心籽目(Cardiocarpales)的类心籽属(Nucellangium)和靓籽属(Callospermarion)。 小类心籽为科达类植物种子,两侧对称,厚心形,主切面长约4-6mm,宽3-4mm,次切面厚约2.5-3.0mm。成熟种子的珠被由肉质层、硬质层组成,内表层由7-10层大型薄壁细胞组成,只存在于未成熟种子。肉质层外有一角质层和表皮层,肉质层分为两个亚层;外层细胞扁长,有深色内含物,内层无内含物,由薄壁细胞组成,越往内越小,硬质层外缘光滑无刺突,分为两个纤维细胞亚层,外层细胞壁厚直径小,内层细胞直径增大细胞壁变薄,沿纵切方向伸长。珠心除基部外游离于珠被。双维管系统由分布在肉质层的珠被维管束和呈套状分布的珠心维管束组成,组成珠心维管束的管胞为梯纹状加厚。文章对类心籽属的特征作了修正,并以小类心籽的形态、大小和珠被结构等特征为依据,就它的个体发育进行了探讨,证明晚出同名的小心籽(Cardiocarpus minor Wang 1987)为当前小类心籽个体发育的早期阶段。 波缘靓籽(比较种)(Callospermarion cf. undulatum)为靓羊齿植物(Callistophytales)种子,两侧对称,三层珠被,肉质层占据珠被的大部分,有分泌腔分布,肉质层外缘呈波缘状。珠心除了在基部外,游离于珠被。维管束分布在翼部肉质层内侧。首次在太原的靓籽属种子中发现了具有重要意义的特征性结构——分泌腔。还就山西太原发现的波缘靓籽所代表的个体发育阶段进行了讨论。 文中还分别讨论了这两类种子各自的亲缘关系。

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土壤氮素矿化是陆地生态系统氮素转化的重要组成部分。不同的土地利用(管理)方式会改变土壤氮素转化过程,影响土壤肥力的保持,进而可能造成土壤内氮素渗漏流失。为系统了解内蒙古农牧交错区土壤氮素转化的特点,本实验采用原位培养顶盖埋管法进行野外培养,每间隔一个月定期取样,于2004年7月-2006年10月在植物所恢复生态学实验站进行了两个试验,1:选择农牧交错区四种有代表性的土地类型(围封样地:FS,放牧样地:GS,弃耕地:AF,和农田:CF,比较土地利用方式之间氮素矿化的异同;2:在施肥样地通过不同施肥处理(F0: 1g N m-2, F1: 1g N m-2, F2: 2g N m-2, F3: 4g N m-2, F4: 8g N m-2, F5: 16g N m-2, F6: 32g N m-2, F7: 64g N m-2) 的土壤氮素转化动态,确定过度放牧的典型草原围封禁牧后,植被恢复过程中最适宜的施肥量。主要结论如下: 1. 与试验初期相比,整个非生长季围封样地、弃耕地和农田的铵态氮和无机氮含量逐渐降低,培养结束时铵态氮含量分别减少了67.04%,77.31%和70.54%,而放牧地的含量增加1.63%。围封样地、放牧地、弃耕地和农田的硝态氮含量分别增加了61.61%,376.43%,199.75%和133.16%。非生长季四种土地类型的土壤氮素转化速率主要受温度影响。围封样地、放牧地、弃耕地和农田非生长季矿化速率均值分别为-0.016,0.0429,-0.0051和-0.0030 μg g-1 d-1。硝化速率均值变幅为-0.43-0.17 μg g-1d-1。 2. 与没有冷冻而融化的土壤相比,冻融显著影响土壤无机氮含量的变化。只有在较低的土壤温度条件下冷冻以后,融化才会促进土壤氮素矿化。不同的冷冻时间长度下融化均会促进土壤硝化速率。土壤温度、土壤含水量变化是影响氮素转化速率的重要因子。 3. 四种土地类型的年日均矿化速率为放牧样地>农田>弃耕地>围封样地,分别为0.25,0.11,0.10,0.06μg g-1d-1,其年平均速率分别为11.65,5.50,5.00和2.46g m-2 y-1,而年日平均硝化速率分别为0.27,0.095,0.097和0.05μg g-1d-1。其中生长季日均矿化速率和日均硝化速率均为其年日均速率的两倍。因此,生长季形成的矿化氮是全年的93%,而形成的硝态氮占全年的86%。四种土地类型年均矿化氮的累积量平均为615.04 kg ha-1,而硝化作用的累积量变幅为230.44-1218.86 kg ha-1。四种土地类型的矿化速率和硝化速率的季节动态变化与气候因子的变化一致。 4. 不同施肥处理对典型草原土壤氮素转化均有显著影响。与对照相比,少量施肥(F1,F2)土壤铵态氮,硝态氮和无机氮含量分别减少20.57%,11.18%和17.18%。当施肥量大于F4(8g N m-2)时,随施肥量增加土壤铵态氮,硝态氮和无机氮含量增加18%-1191%。除F5(16g N m-2)外,与对照相比,随施肥量增加,土壤矿化速率增加了5-21倍。4 g N m-2 (F3)左右是典型草原生态系统比较合适的施肥量。 5. 氨气挥发速率的季节动态特征与气象因子的变化一致,其速率变幅为17.65 - 1228.39µg m-2 d-1,其中7月挥发量占全年的37%。与对照相比,少量施肥氨气挥发速率降低了1-2%,施肥量大于F3 (4g N m-2),速率增加了1-4倍。实验期间总的流失量变幅为23.76-84.91mg m-2,而且通过氨气挥发流失量低于土壤全氮的3%。氨气挥发不是典型草原过量氮素流失的主要方式。 6. 氮素限制的典型草原,植被恢复过程中外源氮素添加阈值为:4 g N m-2 (F3)。与对照相比,短期施肥(3年)不会显著影响根系碳储量和土壤碳氮储量。施肥处理的土壤硝态氮和无机氮含量显著增加,说明施肥显著刺激硝化作用。典型草原60%植物根系主要分布在地下0-10cm,这里的碳储量占地下储量(0-50cm)的63%以上。随土壤深度增加,土壤全氮,全碳,无机氮储量降低。而铵态氮储量和可利用的无机氮含量随土壤深度增加,说明植物根系主要吸收利用上层可利用氮素,而且下层氮素矿化速率降低。