32 resultados para Acartia danae, c5


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Three low bandgap conjugated polymers, i.e., PDTPBT-C8, PDTPBT-C6 and PDTPBT-C5, which consist of alternating N-alkyl dithieno[3,2-b: 2',3'-d] pyrrole and 2,1,3-benzothiadiazole units and carry 1-octylnonyl, 1-hexylheptyl and 1-pentylhexyl as side chains, respectively, were synthesized. These polymers show strong absorption in the wavelength range of 600-900 nm with enhanced absorption coefficient as the length of alkyl chain decreases. The film morphology of the polymers and 1-(3-methoxycarbonyl) propyl-1-phenyl-[6,6]-C-61 (PCBM) blends is also dependent on the alkyl chain length. As the length decreases, the film becomes more uniform and the domian size decreases from 400-900 nm for PDTPBT-C8 to similar to 50 nm for PDTPBT-C5.

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The formation of fullerooxazoles from C61HPh3- has been examined in benzonitrile (PhCN), m-methoxybenzonitrile (m-OCH3PhCN), m-tolunitrile (m-CH3PhCN), and o-tolunitrile (o-CH3PhCN), where cis-1 bisadducts wit h Ph-, m-OCH3Ph-, m-CH3Ph-, and o-CH3Ph-substituted cyclic imidate next to the phenylmethano are formed its evidenced by various characterizations. Interestingly, only regioisomers 2a-d with the oxygen atom bonded to C4/C5 and the nitrogen atom bonded to C3/C6 are generated its demonstrated by heteronuclear multiple bond coherence (HMBC) NMR, while the alternative regioisomers 3a-d, which have the oxygen and nitrogen atoms at C3/C6 and C4/C5, respectively, are not formed from the reactions, even though the DFT (density functional theory) calculations have predicted that the energy differences between the two types of regioisomers are very small, with regioisomers 3a-d actually having lower energies than 2a-d The results are rationalized by the charge distributions Of C61HPh3-, where computational calculations have shown that the negative charges on C4 and C5 are greater than those on C3 and C6, indicating that the exhibited site selectivity of heteroatoms is a result of the charge-directed addition process

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一种小晶粒含锆ZSM-5分子筛催化剂的百分重量组成为SiO2:Al2O3:NaO2:锆=70-95:1-4:1-2:0.05-3,平均晶粒度为0.2-0.5μm总酸量为0.8-1.1毫摩尔/克分子筛,其平均晶粒度为0.2-0.5μm。本发明具有由合成气经甲醇/二甲醚制汽油反应中,甲醇/二甲醚转化率100%,汽油馏分(C5↑[+])选择性高,且产物油品烯烃含量<10%,更具有环保性,且催化剂抗积碳性能强,单程寿命可达1000小时以上的。

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制备了以超细 Zr O2 为载体的 WO3/ Zr O2 、 SO42 - / Zr O2 、 Mo O3/ Zr O2 固体强酸催化剂 ,并用 XRD、 DTA-TG、 H2 - TPR、 NH3- TPD等方法表征了其晶型结构、表面状态和酸性 .结果表明 ,超细 Zr O2 及其催化剂均主要以 T-晶相存在 ,与通常以 Zr(OH) 4为载体制备的同类催化剂相比 ,Zr O2 中的 T-晶相所占比例虽有所下降 ,但具有更大的比表面积、酸强度和对金属氧化物的负载能力 ,且酸强度随焙烧温度升高而增强 ,表明其表面状态亦有较大变化 .研究了以超细 Zr O2 为载体的固体强酸催化剂上 ,异丁烷 -丁烯的烷基化反应 ,与通常以 Zr(OH) 4为载体制得的催化剂相比 ,其具有更好的烯烃转化率 ,在烷基化产物中 ,C5 ~ C7裂解产物较多 ,使 C80的选择性有所下降

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以环戊二烯与 1 2 钼硅杂多四丁基铵为原料 ,采用光化学法合成了一种新型电荷转移盐 (Bu4N) 4(C5 H6 ) [HSiMoVI11MoVO40 ]。用元素分析、IR、CV、固体漫反射电子光谱、ESR进行了表征。X 射线晶体结构测定其晶体属三斜晶系 ,空间群P1 ,晶胞参数a =1 4.347(3) ,b =1 4.42 3(3) ,c =2 7.1 5 8(5 ) ,α =96 .90 (3) ,β =1 0 4.1 8(3) ,γ =98.2 0 (3)° ,V =5 32 2 (2 ) 3,Z =2 ,Mr=2 85 5 .30 ,Dc=1 .782 g·cm-3,F(0 0 0 ) =2 86 0 ,R =0 .0 71 9,wR =0 .1 983。标题化合物由 1个环戊二烯、4个Bu4N+阳离子和 1个 [SiMoVI11MoVO40 ]4 -阴离子构成。

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探讨了茂金属催化剂 Cpt2 MCl2 ( Cpt=t Bu C5 H4,M=Ti,Zr,Hf)的合成以及用于聚合丁烯 -1的研究 ,研究了几种不同的茂金属催化剂和不同聚合条件下的催化行为 ,并通过 IR、1 H NMR、EI-MS、DSC、粘度法测分子量和正庚烷抽提等测试手段对催化剂和聚合物进行了表征 .结果表明 ,叔丁基取代的茂金属催化剂催化丁烯 -1聚合具有较高的催化活性 ,叔丁基的引入提高了聚合物的等规度和分子量

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本文用~(13)C NMR方法研究了水溶液中三价顺磁性稀土离子Ho~(3+)和Yb~(3+)与二肽甘氨酰替亮氨酸之间的相互作用。对稀土诱导位移中的接触位移和偶极位移进行了分离。实验表明,与羧基相连的碳核所受的接触作用很大,因此不能把镱诱导的位移直接用于肽的构象分析。在水溶液中,肽通过羧基与稀土离子配位,在弱酸性条件下肽键和氨基均不参与配位。根据结构因子确定了肽在溶液中的构象,结果表明,分子片段C1-C2-C5-C6,C2-N-C3-C4和C2-C5-C6-C8为反式,而C2-C5-C6-C7和C1-C2-N-C3成旁式。

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Thioester-containing proteins are a family of proteins characterized by the unique intrachain beta-cysteinyl-gamma-glutamyl thioester, which play important roles in innate immune responses. The cDNA of Zhikong scallop Chlamys farreri thioester-containing protein (designated as CfTEP) was cloned by expressed sequence tag (EST) and rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) approaches. The full-length cDNA of CfTEP was of 4616 bp, consisting of a 5 '-terminal untranslated region (UTR) of 30 bp and a 3 ' UTR of 140 bp with a polyadenylation signal sequence AATAAA and a poly(A) tail. The CfTEP cDNA encoded a polypeptide of 1481 amino acids with the theoretical isoelectric point of 5.98 and the predicted molecular weight of 161.4 kDa. The deduced amino acid sequence of CfTEP contained the canonical thioester motif GCGEQ, nine potential N-glycosylation sites and a C-terminal distinctive cysteine signature. It also contained a presumed catalytic histidine and proteolytic cleavage sites that were similar to C3 molecules. The high similarity of CfTEP with the thioester-containing proteins in other organisms, such as the TEPs from insects, the complement component C3, C4, C5 and the protease inhibitor alpha(2)-macroglobulin indicated that CfTEP should be a member of TEP family. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that CfTEP was closely related to TEPs from mollusc, nematodes and insects, and they formed a separate branch apart from the branches of complements factors and alpha(2)-macroglobulins. The spatial expression of CfTEP transcripts in healthy and bacterial challenged scallops was examined by semi-quantitative RT-PCR. The CfTEP transcripts were mainly detected in the tissues of hepatopancreas and gonad, and remarkably up-regulated by Microbial challenge, which suggested that CfTEP was a constitutive and inducible acute-phase protein involved in immune defense. These results provided new insights into the role of CfTEP in scallop immune responses, as well as the evolutionary origin of this important, widespread and functionally diversified family of proteins. (c) 2007 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

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本文研究了胶州湾内1988年5月至1989年5月,小拟哲水蚤[Paracalanus parvus(Claus)]、双刺纺锤水蚤[Acartia bifilosa (Giesbrecht)]、太平洋纺锤水蚤(A. pacifica steuer)和1982年5月至1983年4月中华哲水蚤(Calanus sinicus Brodsky)的种群结构和种群数量的季节变化。双剌纺锤水蚤和太平纺锤水蚤在胶州湾是季节性出现的种类,它们能产生休眠卵,本文对其休眠卵数量的季节变化以及影响休眠卵产生和孵化的因素进行了初步的探讨。本文还研究了体长的季节变化以及温度和食物条件对体长的影响。

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浮游动物是河口生态系统的重要组成部分,在食物网中,浮游动物是浮游植物捕食者,对浮游植物有摄食压力,所以控制浮游植物数量的增长。同时,浮游动物还是鱼类的饵料,从而影响渔业资源的数量。长江口是各种经济鱼、虾和蟹的重要产卵场、索饵场和洄游场。长江口各个分汊的分流量的差异较大,导致不同分汊的水文环境明显不同,其中最为明显就是北港和北支水域。然而以往对浮游动物的研究仅限于某一水域,没有对整体水域进行研究,本文选择最具代表性的北港和北支水域,对两水域浮游动物的群落生态特征进行比较研究。 本论文的数据来源于2004年5、8、11月和2005年2月在长江口北港和北支水域4个航次的海洋综合调查资料。通过采用优势度和优势种贡献率等生态学指标,同时结合逐步回归分析,讨论了温、盐与浮游动物总丰度变化的关系。结果表明,就四季而言,浮游动物总丰度和盐度呈显著正相关,和温度负相关。而就单个季节而言,除了5月和2月落潮,总丰度和盐度均呈显著正相关,与温度相关关系不显著。调查水域优势种主要为河口半咸水种或近海种。北港的盐度约为0-5, 表现为长江淡水特征;北支的盐度约为12-28,表现为长江径流和外海水团混合水团的特征。上述优势种的盐度适应和水团分布特征决定了长江口浮游动物分布的时空变化,即盐度较高的水域往往有较高的丰度,北支的总丰度和生物量均大于北港。此外,在长江口口内水域,水温较低的枯水期,浮游动物丰度高于水温较高的丰水期,温度的季节波动,以及主要优势种中华华哲水蚤(Sinocalanus sinensis)对低温环境的适应,是调查水域浮游动物总丰度季节变化的重要因素。 另一方面,本论文通过物种多样性、累积优势度曲线等群落水平的指标和相似性检验分析(ANOSIM),对长江口北港和北支浮游动物群落及其主要优势种的差异,以及主要生态因子对浮游动物群落的影响进行了分析。结果表明,北港主要由潮汐影响的淡水和低盐水组成,北支由中、高盐水组成。春季,北港浮游动物丰度和多样性均低于北支,主要优势种为中华华哲水蚤;北支优势种种数较多,主要是真刺唇角水蚤(Labidocera euchaeta)。夏季,北港和北支的多样性较接近,但是种类组成差别较大,北港以中华华哲水蚤和太平洋纺锤水蚤(Acartia pacifica)为主构成河口半咸水群落,北支以由火腿许水蚤(Schmackeria poplesia)、虫肢歪水蚤(Tortanus vermiculus)和太平洋纺锤水蚤等构成河口低盐群落。秋季,北港的丰度和多样性均低于北支,两个水域的群落差异明显,北港主要由中华华哲水蚤构成,北支由小拟哲水蚤(Paracalanus parvus)、针刺拟哲水蚤(Paracalanus aculeatus)、真刺唇角水蚤和中华哲水蚤(Calanus sinicus)等近岸和外海种组成。冬季,两个水域种数和多样性均较低,群落差别达四季最小,中华华哲水蚤占绝对优势。温度和盐度及其相互作用是决定长江口浮游动物群落特征的最主要因素。其中温度是造成研究水域浮游动物群落季节变化的主要因素,而由径流和外海水之间的消长引起的盐度变化是造成北港和北支浮游动物群落区域变化的决定因素。

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小型桡足类在生态系统中的重要作用近年来得到了广泛的关注,在近岸生态系统中,小型桡足类起着相当重要的作用。但关于小型桡足类种群动力学的研究在国内还处于起步阶段,因此我们选取了国内沿岸海域常见优势种小拟哲水蚤、双刺纺锤水蚤、太平洋纺锤水蚤及强额拟哲水蚤等四种小型桡足类为研究对象,探讨其种群动力学相关方面的变动机制。本文在2005年10月-2006年9月选取胶州湾为主要的研究海域,进行了一周年的小型桡足类的采样和培养实验研究。在胶州湾,小拟哲水蚤(Paracalanus parvus)全年出现,其种群数量变动呈现双峰型,在夏季(6月和8月)达数量高值,在冬季(1月)有一个小的高峰。种群数量在4月达全年最低值,在7月份数量也有一个明显的数量降低。从空间分布上来讲,该水蚤在冬季主要以CV期桡足幼体存在于湾南和湾外区域,湾北数量很少;从春末开始,各期幼体开始在各海区广泛分布。小拟哲水蚤在胶州湾几乎全年产卵(2月份除外),但较高的产卵率主要集中在春末到秋初,最大产卵率出现在5月,达27.9 eggs female-1d-1。总体来讲,在胶州湾小拟哲水蚤的产卵率与温度、叶绿素及体长均呈显著正相关,但与盐度呈负相关关系。从不同的区域来看,胶州湾湾北区域小拟哲水蚤产卵率较高,最高值出现在湾北6月份,产卵率达到了60.8 eggs female-1d-1。大于10 eggs female-1d-1的产卵率在湾北持续了6个月(4-9月),在湾口持续了5个月(4-8月),而在湾外只持续了3个月(5-7月)。小拟哲水蚤生物量在6月份达到最高值(6.15 mg C m-3),在4月达到全年最低值(0.028 mg C m-3)。次级生产的变动从4月到9月与生物量的变动趋势完全相似,但冬季生物量的高峰并没有伴随次级生产的高峰值,分析其原因是由于冬季低的生长率所致。小拟哲水蚤在整个胶州湾平均的年次级生产为158.41 mg C.m-3yr -1。强额拟哲水蚤(Paracalanus crassirostris)在胶州湾只在夏末到秋季出现,最大数量出现在8月份。从强额拟哲水蚤的分布区域来看,从湾内到湾外有递减趋势。在2006年9月份,只有湾北有部分种群,其他区域几乎没有该种出现。该种最大产卵率出现在8月,达11.2 eggs female-1d-1。强额拟哲水蚤生物量的变动与次级生产的变动趋势相似,最大值也都出现在8月份。该水蚤在胶州湾平均年次级生产仅为2.12 mg C m-3yr-1。双刺纺锤水蚤(Acartia bifilosa)在胶州湾是全年出现,其种群数量在5-6月份突发性增加达全年最高值(>8000 ind. m-3),之后又急剧下降。从该种的区域分布来看,5-6月份数量的高峰主要出现在湾北区域,7月份虽然各区域数量均下降,但大部分种群集中在湾外区域。双刺纺锤水蚤在胶州湾几乎全年产卵(1-2月除外),产卵率的最高值出现在4月,达16.5 eggs female-1d-1。4月份雌体高的产卵率为5月份种群数量的大量增加提供了补充。双刺纺锤水蚤生物量与次级生产的变动趋势一致,在5-6月份达到高值,在秋冬季次级生产较低。双刺纺锤水蚤在整个胶州湾平均的年次级生产为114.61 mg C m-3yr-1。太平洋纺锤水蚤(Acartia pacifica)在胶州湾季节性出现,在冬春季节消失,从夏季开始出现。该种在5月零星出现,种群数量在6月份开始增多,到7月份达到最高值2356 ind. m-3,之后在8月数量锐减至196 ind. m-3。从区域分布来看,该水蚤在胶州湾只出现在湾北和湾南区域,湾外区域几乎没有,而且呈现湾北到湾南递减的趋势。6月份数量大部分出现在湾北区域,到7月份才有一部份在湾南出现。太平洋纺锤水蚤在其出现季节均产卵,最大产卵率出现在6月份,达37.17 eggs female-1 d-1,部分补充了7月份太平洋纺锤水蚤种群数量的大量增加。太平洋纺锤水蚤生物量与次级生产的变动趋势相似,在7月份达到了最高值,在11月达到最低值。太平洋纺锤水蚤在胶州湾平均的年次级生产为45.63 mg C m-3yr-1。胶州湾四种小型桡足类总的年次级生产为~320 mg C m-3 yr-1。

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中华哲水蚤是黄、东海浮游动物关键种,连接初级生产与较高营养级,在海洋生态系统中占据核心地位。在以往研究基础上,依据2006年3月至2007年8月黄海9个航次、胶州湾11个航次现场调查数据以及大量室内实验数据,本文研究了中华哲水蚤的繁殖、种群补充以及油脂积累的季节变化,期望初步阐明中华哲水蚤在黄海的种群动态及驱动因素、并构建其生活史概念模型。 3、4月份,黄海与胶州湾中华哲水蚤的生殖腺普遍发育成熟、产卵率较高,中华哲水蚤种群进入繁殖、种群补充的活跃期,恰好可以利用此时较好的食物条件。5、6月份,中华哲水蚤在黄海近岸海区仍表现出较高的产卵率,而陆架海区的中华哲水蚤生殖腺成熟度、产卵率逐渐降低,种群逐渐表现出度夏特征—C5占优势、积累大量脂类。整个夏季,中华哲水蚤的繁殖率、种群补充率在整个黄海都较低,尤其在黄海冷水团区:中华哲水蚤生殖腺停滞于未成熟的GS1-GS2期,产卵率为零。10月,中华哲水蚤在冷水团边缘潮汐锋区的繁殖、种群补充活跃,或许可以解释秋、冬季近岸种群的恢复。11月之后,随着垂直混合的加强,黄海冷水团逐渐消失,此时陆架区的中华哲水蚤种群结束度夏过程,并以较低的繁殖率进行种群补充,直到次年3、4月份食物环境转好,中华哲水蚤种群出现新一轮繁殖、补充高峰。本文依据中华哲水蚤雌体密度、产卵率、孵化率等计算了中华哲水蚤的种群潜在补充率,我们发现,陆架区种群仅在3、4月份出现较强补充以及冬季的微弱补充,而近岸海区除夏季外,于各个季节均可进行比较活跃的种群补充,其中春季种群补充规模、强度最大;整体来看,春季是黄海中华哲水蚤种群补充的最重要时期。 本文详细研究了中华哲水蚤的繁殖与各种环境、雌体自身因素之间的关系:1、统计结果表明,中华哲水蚤的产卵率与海区食物条件(浮游植物生物量、纤毛虫丰度)之间具有紧密联系,而与油囊体积无关;在饥饿培养条件下,中华哲水蚤只能维持3-6天的产卵,而添加食物2-7天内,即可逐渐恢复产卵;体内积累油脂在饥饿过程中有所消耗,不过仍然不能阻止产卵率的下降;这些结果表明中华哲水蚤繁殖的能量所需主要来自于近期摄食,而体内储存脂类可能主要用于代谢所需,是应对不利条件的一种能量缓冲。2、统计分析表明:产卵率与雌体前体长间具有一定的正相关性,这可能由于体长较长的雌体往往具有较高的怀卵量;产卵率与温度之间没有显著的统计关系,温度可能通过调节中华哲水蚤的代谢率、体长等间接影响到产卵率。3、值得一提的是,本文发现中华哲水蚤的产卵率与其生殖腺成熟度之间具有非常紧密的统计关系,这为通过保存样品估算产卵率以及长期历史样品、数据间的比较提供了可能。 春季硅藻水华是黄海及其邻近海域的重要季节性特征。本文针对硅藻水华与中华哲水蚤繁殖的关系进行了多次现场研究,我们发现,硅藻水华因其发生海区、硅藻优势种类不同而对中华哲水蚤繁殖具有复杂多样的影响。2006年3月,胶州湾东部海区发生中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum)水华,中华哲水蚤的产卵率显著增高,但其孵化率相对较低(50%左右);2007年2月,胶州湾东部发生环纹劳德藻(Landeria annulata)水华,中华哲水蚤卵的孵化率在各种处理下均接近100%;2006年4月,黄海东北部发生太平洋海链藻(Thalassiosira pacifica)水华,产卵率与孵化率均处于调查海区的中等水平;2007年4月,黄海中部海区发生中肋骨条藻水华,中华哲水蚤在此次调查海区平均产卵率高达27.8 卵/雌体/天,远远高于以往同时期的调查结果,孵化率、幼体存活率也普遍较高;此次硅藻水华对于黄海陆架区中华哲水蚤的种群补充具有积极的促进作用。综上,硅藻水华对中华哲水蚤繁殖的影响表现出种类、海区特异性,其具体机理仍需进一步研究。 本文研究了黄海中华哲水蚤C5期油脂积累的区域、季节变化,并探讨了油脂积累对中华哲水蚤的生理、生活史的可能作用。黄海近岸区的C5期油囊体积常年较小,而陆架区则表现出明显的季节差异。在陆架区,C5期是中华哲水蚤度夏种群的主要组成部分,其油囊体积与度夏过程有密切联系:最大油囊体积(可占前体部体积的30%以上)出现于度夏准备期(5、6月),随着度夏过程的进行,油囊体积因代谢而不断消耗,至12月时,油囊体积降低到与近岸种群无异。次年4月以后,油脂积累可能随食物条件转好而再次开始积累。我们认为黄海中华哲水蚤所积累油脂除了可以为休眠提供能量以克服较长时期食物缺乏之外,还可能是休眠的诱导因素,对其生活史具有重要意义。 黄海近岸海区与陆架海区在水团特征、中华哲水蚤种群丰度与结构、繁殖特征、种群补充、油脂储存策略等方面具有显著差异,因此,本文分别讨论了这两个区域中华哲水蚤的生活史。黄海陆架海区中华哲水蚤在全年共有4-5个世代:11月末,中华哲水蚤结束度夏过程,种群中占优势的C5期个体开始蜕皮为成体、逐渐成熟、繁殖,由此产下的子代可称之为G0,此世代在食物条件较差的冬季发育成熟后可以产下G1;G1于3月初发育成熟,恰逢春季较好的食物条件,于是在3月初-5月中旬很可能发育G2、G3两个世代;假若陆架区食物环境适宜,5月中旬后很可能产生新的世代—G4;G3与G4两个世代的混合种群共同进入度夏过程,期间,一小部分C5蜕皮为成体,大部分C5保持滞育状态;至12月冷水团消退后,G3、G4世代C5蜕皮、成熟,开始新的生活周期。中华哲水蚤生殖腺成熟度、油囊体积的季节变化与上述概念模型具有较好的对应关系,另外,这两个参数简单易用、对环境变化敏感,可以尝试应用于气候变化与桡足类关系等长期研究中。 以往的研究更多的关注于黄海陆架区的中华哲水蚤种群,对近岸种群的关注较少,本文初步探讨了近岸种群的种群补充、世代情况。相对于陆架区,黄海近岸区中华哲水蚤的生活史更为复杂,区域差异较大。近岸海区中华哲水蚤产卵率、种群周转率较高;同时,近岸海区是多种鱼类的产卵场、索饵场,该区域的各营养级间的能量流动对黄海海洋生态系统的结构功能至关重要。因此,在将来的研究中,近岸海区中华哲水蚤种群的生态学、生活史应该受到同样的重视。

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During spring (April/May 1999) and autumn (September/October 1998) cruises in the Bohai Sea, China, copepods were the dominant components of mesozooplankton, the most abundant species being Calanus sinicus, Centropages mcmurrichi, Paracalanus parvus, Acartia bifilosa and Oithona similis. Pigment ingestion rates by three size classes of copepods (200-500, 500-1000 and > 1000 mum) were measured. In the south of the investigation area, gut pigment content (GPC), individual pigment-specific ingestion rates and grazing impacts on phytoplankton were lower in spring than in autumn. In the central area, GPC and individual pigment-specific ingestion rates were higher in spring than in autumn. The grazing impact on phytoplankton by the copepod assemblages was lower in spring than in autumn, however, because of the relatively smaller biomass in spring. In the western area where the Bohai Sea joins the Yellow Sea, GPC, individual pigment-specific ingestion rates and grazing impacts on phytoplankton were higher in spring than in autumn. Among the three size groups, the small-sized animals (200-500 mum) contributed more than 50% (range 38-98%) of the total copepod grazing during both cruises. The grazing impact on phytoplankton by copepods was equivalent to 11.9% (range 3.0-37.1%) of the chlorophyll-a standing stock and 53.3% (range 21.4-91.4%) of the primary production during the spring cruise. Grazing impact was equivalent to 6.3% (range 2.0-11.6%) of the chlorophyll-a standing stock and >100% (range 25.7-141.6%) of the primary production during the autumn cruise. The copepod community apparently consumed only a modest proportion of the standing stock of phytoplankton during spring and autumn blooms. They did, however, sometimes graze a significant proportion of daily primary production and hence were presumably able to limit the rate of further accumulation of phytoplankton, or even to prevent it. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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A model is developed to investigate the trade-offs between benefits and costs involved in zooplanktonic diel vertical migration (DVM) strategies. The 'venturous revenue' (VR) is used as the criterion for optimal trade-offs. It is a function of environmental factors and the age of zooplankter. During vertical migration, animals are assumed to check instantaneously the variations of environmental parameters and thereby select the optimal behavioral strategy to maximize the value of VR, i.e. taking up as much food as possible with a certain risk of mortality. The model is run on a diel time scale (24 h) in four possible scenarios during the animal's life history. The results show that zooplankton can perform normal DVM balancing optimal food intake against predation risk, with the profile of DVM largely modified by the age of zooplankter.

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The vertical distribution and stage-specific abundance of Calanus sinicus were investigated on three key transects in the southern Yellow Sea and the northern East China Sea in August 1999. The results showed that in summer C. sinicus shrank its distribution area to the central cold (less than or equal to10degreesC) bottom water in the Yellow Sea, i.e. the Yellow Sea Cold Bottom Water, remaining in high abundance (345.7 ind m(-3)). In the northern East China Sea on a transect from the mouth of the Yangtze River to the Okinawa trench, only a few individuals appeared in the inner side and none had been found either in the upper layer or in the deep layer of the outer shelf area. The population of C. sinicus in YSCBW consisted of mainly adults (46.83%) and C5 (37.41%). C1-C4 only accounted for 15.76%. The low proportion of the earlier copepodite stages and the high female:male ratio (11.39) indicated that the reproduction of C. sinicus in YSCBW was at a very low level due to the low temperature and low food concentration. It is concluded that the dramatic decrease of C. sinicus population in the shelf area of China seas in summer is caused by the shrinkage of its distribution area and the YSCBW served as an oversummering site.