79 resultados para AGRICULTURAL LANDSCAPE


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We investigated the kinetics of hot liquid water (HLW) hydrolysis over a 60-min period using a self-designed setup. The reaction was performed within the range 160-220 °C, under reaction conditions of 4.0 MPa, a 1:20 solid:liquid ratio (g/mL), at 500 rpm stirring speed. Xylan was chosen as a model compound for hemicelluloses, and two kinds of agricultural wastes-rice straw and palm shell-were used as typical feedstocks representative of herbaceous and woody biomasses, respectively. The hydrolysis reactions for the three kinds of materials followed a first-order sequential kinetic model, and the hydrolysis activation energies were 65.58 kJ/mol for xylan, 68.76 kJ/mol for rice straw, and 95.19 kJ/mol for palm shell. The activation energies of sugar degradation were 147.21 kJ/mol for xylan, 47.08 kJ/mol for rice straw and 79.74 kJ/mol for palm shell. These differences may be due to differences in the composition and construction of the three kinds of materials. In order to reduce the decomposition of sugars, the hydrolysis time of biomasses such as rice straw and palm shell should be strictly controlled.

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景观边界的研究是现代景观生态学研究的重要组成部分,也是国内外研究的热点问题。本文选取崛江上游不同类型的景观边界为研究对一象,根据遥感影像解译和野外实际调查,在研究区内的茂县和理县选取4种景观边界类型共7个样地,以农林景观边界生态过程为切入点,运用移动窗口法和统计分析等对垂直于边界方向的土壤水分、土壤养分和植物多样性进行研究,并探索不同因子的影响域以及土壤水分、养分和植物多样性的藕合关系。通过揭示斑块尺度上林地和农田相互作用的强度和范围,刻画农林复合景观的生态环境效应,从而为更大尺度上农林景观的区域环境效应提供科学依据。主要结论如下:(l)景观边界土壤水分变化规律:干旱河谷区土壤水分含量较低,林地一边界,花椒地土壤水分含量基本呈"V'字型变化,而在边界两侧景观的内部呈"W"型波动;日内水分含量从9时-12时-15时依次递减,日间变化干早时不明显,雨后逐曰递减,而年内水分含量变化可以分为上升期,高峰期和消退期;(2)景观边界土壤养分变化规律:从农田一边界一林地只有土壤有机质和全氮含量有明显变化,其它各因子没有明显变化;除全钾、pH值和砾石含量随海拔高度的增加而降低外,土壤全氮、全磷、速效磷、有机质含量随海拔高度的增加而增加;(3)景观边界植物多样性变化规律:各样地乔木树种较为单一,物种丰度主要由灌木和草本的物种数量决定的,各样地草本物种多达60%-80%;边界类型不同所分布的主要植物种类也不同,同一边界类型主要植物种类也有很大差异;(4)景观边界各因子的祸合关系:边界类型不同,多样性指数与土壤因子的锅合关系也不同,对多样性指数影响较大的因子有速效磷、pH、土壤水分和砾石含量;(5)景观边界影响域的定量判定:边界对土壤水分的影响范围随季节变化呈动态变化,干旱条件下约从花椒地6m到林地2m,雨季约从花椒地12m到林地Zm;边界对单一土壤因子有机质的影响域约从林地1.5m-10m,其它单一因子的影响域难以确定,边界对土壤因子综合效应的影响域约从林地2.5m-10m;边界对植物多样性的影响域在林地约为4m-26m,农田约为10m-31m。本研究突破了以往景观生态学"基质一斑块一廊道,,的传统模式,具有创新性。同时,对氓江上游地区农林景观格局优化、改善生态环境具有重要的现实意义。