24 resultados para A. tumefaciens


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Ⅰ 虎杖聚酮类化合物生物合成相关基因的克隆及功能分析 虎杖 (Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb. et Zucc) 属于蓼科蓼属多年生草本植物,在中国和日本民间曾被广泛用于动脉粥样硬化、高血压、咳嗽、化脓性皮肤炎以及淋病的治疗,具有祛风利湿、散瘀定痛、止咳化痰等功效。而在现代医学上最令人瞩目和具有发展前景的是其在抗肿瘤、心血管保护、抗氧化方面的作用,相关疗效主要来自于虎杖中结构迥异、种类丰富的聚酮化合物及其衍生物资源。这些聚酮类化合物主要包括蒽醌、大黄素、大黄素-甲醚、大黄酚、芪类以及类黄酮化合物等。其中,大部分聚酮类化合物生物合成途径机制尚不明确,但可以肯定的是植物类型III聚酮合酶type III polyketide synthases (PKSs) 在这些聚酮化合物的生物合成起始反应中行使着关键的作用。因此,除了我们所熟悉的类黄酮化合物、芪类化合物之外,进一步分离和分析虎杖中其它重要聚酮类化合物生物合成所涉及的类型III聚酮合酶基因的是非常值得期待的。 目前,已经有14个植物类型III PKS基因被克隆和功能分析。植物类型III PKS的共同特征包括基因结构、序列相似性、保守的活性中心、酶学性质以及共同的催化机制等。显花植物(裸子植物和被子植物)中,植物类型III PKS的基因结构绝对保守,除了一个早期报道的金鱼草(Antirrhinum majus)查尔酮合酶chalcone synthase (CHS) 含有第二个内含子外,迄今为止所有已知的植物类型III PKS基因均含有一个内含子且该内含子位置保守。有趣的是,在本研究中,两个含有3个内含子的类型III PKS基因从虎杖中被分离,且两个基因3个内含子的位置完全保守,这是三内含子类型III PKS基因首次得到分离。除了新奇的基因结构外,体外功能分析显示上述两个基因还具有特殊的酶学性质和功能。 本论文围绕上述2个三内含子基因开展了以下工作: 虎杖中一个由三内含子基因编码的新型类型III聚酮合酶 一个类型III PKS的cDNA其相应的基因(PcPKS2)从药用植物虎杖中被克隆。序列分析结果表明,PcPKS2的开放阅读框被3个内含子分隔,这是一个出人意料的发现,因为截至到目前为止,除了金鱼草一个CHS基因外,所有已知的类型III PKS基因均在固定位置上含有一个内含子。除了特殊的基因结构外,PcPKS2显示了一些有趣的特性:(i) CHS“守卫”苯丙氨酸——Phe215和Phe265在PcPKS2中双双缺失,它们分别被亮氨酸和半胱氨酸取代;(ii) 体外功能分析结果表明,当酶促反应体系的pH值为6.5-8.5时,大肠杆菌中过表达的重组PcPKS2高效地合成丁烯酮非环化产物——4-香豆酰甘油酸内酯(4-coumaroyltriacetic acid lactone (CTAL))为主产物,而丙烯酮非环化产物bis-noryangonin (BNY) 以及苯亚甲基丙酮为副产物;而当酶促反应体系的pH值为9.0时,PcPKS2高效地合成苯亚甲基丙酮为主产物,而CTAL、BNY为副产物。另外,除了上述3种产物外,在不同的pH条件下,还有痕量的柚皮素查尔酮能被检测到。此外,在4-香豆酰辅酶A4-coumaroyl-CoA的类似化合物中,除了4-香豆酰辅酶A,只有feruloyl-CoA够被PcPKS2接受作为起始底物。PcPKS2不接受脂肪酰辅酶A—异丁酰基辅酶Aisobutyryl-CoA、异戊酰基辅酶Aisovaleryl-CoA以及乙酰辅酶Aacetyl-CoA作为起始底物。Southern blot杂交结果表明,在虎杖基因组中存在2-4个PcPKS2基因的拷贝。Northern blot杂交结果表明,在根茎和幼叶中,PcPKS2表达量很高,而在根中无表达。叶中的PcPKS2的表达受病原菌诱导,但不受伤诱导。 虎杖中一个编码双功能类型III聚酮合酶的三内含子基因的鉴定 显花植物中,所有已知的类型III PKS 基因均含有一个内含子且位置绝对保守。本研究中,综合运用PCR技术,从富含聚酮类化合物的植物虎杖中克隆得到一个类型III PKS 基因(PcPKS1)及其cDNA序列分析结果表明,PcPKS1含有3个内含子。系统发育分析结果表明,PcPKS1与其它植物的CHSs归为一类。然而,体外功能分析结果表明,当酶促反应体系pH值为7.0时,大肠杆菌中过表达的重组PcPKS1高效地合成柚皮素查尔酮(naringenin)为单一产物;而当pH值为9.0时,苯亚甲基丙酮(p-hydroxybenzalacetone)几乎为重组PcPKS1的唯一产物。后续的研究表明,与典型的CHSs相比,PcPKS1具有另外一些不同的特点:在pH值为9.0时(PcPKS1的苯亚甲基丙酮合成活性最适pH值),在4-香豆酰辅酶A类似化合物中,只有feruloyl-CoA够被PcPKS1接受作为起始底物。与CHSs展现出的对脂肪酰辅酶A泛的底物特异性不同,在不同的pH条件下,PcPKS1不接受异丁酰基辅酶Aisobutyryl-CoA、异戊酰基辅酶Aisovaleryl-CoA以及乙酰辅酶Aacetyl-CoA作为起始底物。以上数据指出重组PcPKS1是一个具有查尔酮合酶(CHS)和苯亚甲基丙酮合酶(BAS)活性的双功能酶。Southern blot杂交结果表明,在虎杖基因组中存在2-4个PcPKS1基因的拷贝。Northern blot杂交结果表明,PcPKS1可能在防御病原菌和草食动物方面起着重要作用。PcPKS1和PcPKS2共同从虎杖中被分离的事实极有可能暗示了苯丁烷类化合物(phenylbutanoid)及其衍生物存在于虎杖中。 Ⅱ 高山红景天酪醇生物合成代谢途径机制研究 高山红景天(Rhodiola sachalinensis A. Bor)是景天科(Crassulaceae)红景天属多年生草本植物,作为一种适应原性中草药在中国的应用史已经超过800年。最近红景天提取物作为一种重要的商业药用制剂资源,其应用遍及欧洲、亚洲和美国,其主要治疗范围包括抗变应性和消炎,提高心理机敏性等。目前已经非常明确,红景天甙(salidroside)和甙元酪醇(tyrosol)是红景天属植物的主要功效成分,主要分布于这类植物的根中并且具有抗缺氧、抗疲劳、延缓衰老、预防紫外线辐射伤害等功效。红景天甙为酪醇8-O-β-D葡萄糖甙,是酪醇在葡萄糖基转移酶UDP-glucosyltransferase (UGT) 的催化下糖基化后形成的,可以认为是酪醇在植物体内的贮存形式。酪醇作为一种重要的活性分子,同样存在于橄榄树和葡萄酒中。 虽然已经非常明确酪醇来自于莽草酸代谢途径,然而其具体的生物合成途径及其调控仍不明确。总结以往的报道,在酪醇的生物合成上主要存在两种观点:一是酪醇可能来自于苯丙烷代谢途径产生的4-香豆酸(4-coumaric acid)前体;二是来自于酪氨酸的酪胺(tyramine)可能是酪醇生物合成的直接前体。我们的工作兴趣主要围绕着鉴别高山红景天中的酪醇生物合成途径展开: 高山红景天内源苯丙氨酸解氨酶PALrs1的过表达对红景天甙积累的影响 红景天甙是来自于药用植物高山红景天的一种适应原性新型药物,其生物合成途径可能起始于苯丙氨酸或酪氨酸。由于高山红景天野生植物资源的匮乏和相对含量很低,阐明红景天甙的生物合成途径对于增加红景天甙的供给至关重要。在我们以前的工作中,运用cDNA端快速扩增技术(RACE),一个编码苯丙氨酸解氨酶phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL)的cDNA高山红景天中被克隆,命名为PALrs1。在本研究中,PALrs1置于35S启动子+Ω增强子序列的控制下通过农杆菌(Agrobacterium tumefaciens)介导法转化回高山红景天。PCR 和 PCR–Southern blot分析结果表明,PALrs1已经整合到了转基因植物的基因组上。Northern blot杂交结果表明,PALrs1已经获得在转录水平上的高水平表达。与预期的结果相同,高效液相色谱High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)测定结果显示PALrs1的过表达引起4-香豆酸含量增长3.3倍。然而,与之相反的是,酪醇和红景天甙含量与对照相比反而分别下降4.7和7.7倍。此外,我们发现PALrs1的过表达造成酪氨酸含量下降2.6倍。这些数据暗示着PALrs1的过表达和4-香豆酸的积累并不能促进酪醇的生物合成。酪醇,作为一种苯乙烷类衍生物并非来自苯丙氨酸,而酪氨酸含量的下降则极有可能是酪醇生物合成和红景天甙积累大规模下降的直接原因。

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根癌农杆菌通过将一段含有“癌”基因的T-DNA入植物基因组中,引起植物的肿瘤:冠瘿。根癌农杆菌的这种能力来源于Ti质粒(Tumor inducing plasmid)。遗传工程中,根癌农杆菌的这一特性被用来将连接入Ti质粒T-DNA两个边界之间的外源基因转入植物基因组。随着植物分子生物学的发展,T-DNA化的原理被进一步阐明,农杆菌介导的转基因技术也得到进一步优化,更适合遗传工程操作。特别是Ti质粒毒性区和T-DNA的反式作用(即位于不同质粒的T-DNA毒性区也能侵染植物)被发现以来,双元表达载体的构建使遗传工程操作大为简便。 常用的双元表达载体大小都在11kb以上,尽管远远小于几百kb的野生型Ti质粒,但在实际的体外操作中还是不够简便。常用的植物双元表达载体pBI121的基因序列被测定(Frisch et al.,1995),数据显示非T-DNA一半以上的序列被发现和功能无关,这使双元载体的进一步缩小成为可能。本文即通过PCR方法克隆到pBI121非T-DNA中载体复制、三亲杂交必需的片段,结合载体pART27中的T-DNA(含有真核、原核表达活性的嵌合npt II基因)创造了小的合成型植物表达双元载体pSY1(小于7kb)。然后将pBI121上带有35S启动子和nos终止子的GUS基因克隆到pSY1的T-DNA中,得到pSY2(约10kb)。进一步用pROK2上的35S启动子和nos终止子区替换pSY2上的GUS表达区,得到pSY3(约8kb)。通过三亲法将pSY2转入根癌农杆菌中,根癌农杆菌再通过叶盘法侵染烟草叶片,获得愈伤组织,愈伤组织进一步分化出小苗。GUS组织化学染色表明GUS基因在转基因的愈伤组织和小苗中均有表达,PCR检测也证明GUS基因被导入了植物基因组。pSY系列载体能成功的用于植物遗传转化。

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本实验室果蝇研究工作,主要集中在黑腹果蝇的新基因起源的研究。新基因起源的分子机制主要包括:外显子重排、基因复制、基因逆转座、移动元件介导、基因水平转移、基因从头起源、基因的断裂融合。为了阐述这些新基因的产生和它们所带来的物种适应性,我们对这些新近起源的基因进行了功能研究。但是,仅仅限于新基因所在物种的功能研究并不能完全解释新基因产生的进化原因,我们需要了解它是否能够给没有该基因的果蝇物种带来一定的适应性。例如一些生殖相关新基因,如果我们将它们转入没有该基因的果蝇,那是否能够给该果蝇带来生殖能力的提高?无论结果如何,这都为我们研究新基因的起源提供一个重要线索。由此,黑腹果蝇以外的其它果蝇物种中实现转基因成为该研究的重要技术环节。但是,实验室目前的转基因系统仅限于P转座子介导的黑腹果蝇转基因系统,因而我们需要建立一种新的转基因平台。而转座子Minos打破物种范围的转基因特性,以及它的转座特点为我们提供了选择。转座子Minos是从果蝇D. hydei中克隆出来长约1.8kb的Ⅱ型转座子,Tc1家族转座元件成员。Minos的转座机制与大部分转座子一样,在宿主基因组里面实行着剪切和粘贴的运作机制。Minos在转座时,偏向插入TA点并且主要集中于内含子区域,这样可以减少对插入位置基因的影响。此外,Minos在黑腹果蝇中的转座效率约30%,并且拥有一套成熟的选择标记。因此,Minos成为我们解决非黑腹果蝇转基因技术难题的首选。 在本文的工作中,我们采用由希腊Savakis教授(希腊分子生物学与生物技术研究所)提供的Minos转基因系统,完成果蝇的转基因实验。在这套转基因系统中,非自主的转座子Minos和转座酶基因被克隆到了不同载体当中。其中Minos转座子序列中插入了由3xP3眼睛特异表达的启动子介导表达的eGFP报告基因,而转座酶基因则由热激蛋白hsp70启动子调控表达。实验过程中,我们在果蝇D. melanogaster 和D. yakuba胚胎中分别同时显微注射入含有转座子和转座酶本实验室果蝇研究工作,主要集中在黑腹果蝇的新基因起源的研究。新基因起源的分子机制主要包括:外显子重排、基因复制、基因逆转座、移动元件介导、基因水平转移、基因从头起源、基因的断裂融合。为了阐述这些新基因的产生和它们所带来的物种适应性,我们对这些新近起源的基因进行了功能研究。但是,仅仅限于新基因所在物种的功能研究并不能完全解释新基因产生的进化原因,我们需要了解它是否能够给没有该基因的果蝇物种带来一定的适应性。例如一些生殖相关新基因,如果我们将它们转入没有该基因的果蝇,那是否能够给该果蝇带来生殖能力的提高?无论结果如何,这都为我们研究新基因的起源提供一个重要线索。由此,黑腹果蝇以外的其它果蝇物种中实现转基因成为该研究的重要技术环节。但是,实验室目前的转基因系统仅限于P转座子介导的黑腹果蝇转基因系统,因而我们需要建立一种新的转基因平台。而转座子Minos打破物种范围的转基因特性,以及它的转座特点为我们提供了选择。转座子Minos是从果蝇D. hydei中克隆出来长约1.8kb的Ⅱ型转座子,Tc1家族转座元件成员。Minos的转座机制与大部分转座子一样,在宿主基因组里面实行着剪切和粘贴的运作机制。Minos在转座时,偏向插入TA点并且主要集中于内含子区域,这样可以减少对插入位置基因的影响。此外,Minos在黑腹果蝇中的转座效率约30%,并且拥有一套成熟的选择标记。因此,Minos成为我们解决非黑腹果蝇转基因技术难题的首选。 在本文的工作中,我们采用由希腊Savakis教授(希腊分子生物学与生物技术研究所)提供的Minos转基因系统,完成果蝇的转基因实验。在这套转基因系统中,非自主的转座子Minos和转座酶基因被克隆到了不同载体当中。其中Minos转座子序列中插入了由3xP3眼睛特异表达的启动子介导表达的eGFP报告基因,而转座酶基因则由热激蛋白hsp70启动子调控表达。实验过程中,我们在果蝇D. melanogaster 和D. yakuba胚胎中分别同时显微注射入含有转座子和转座酶所在的质粒。转座酶在37度条件诱导下进行表达,协助Minos完成转座过程。在转基因果蝇的阳性筛选中,我们利用眼睛特异表达的绿色荧光蛋作为选择标记。并且,我们通过PCR实验进一步验证了转基因果蝇的真实性。本研究中,我们对转基因实验条件进行了初步优化。我们通过对黑腹果蝇白眼突变品系W1118和D. yakuba射后胚胎进行保湿,对D. yakuba射胚胎进行非退壳处理。在改进条件下W1118和D. yakuba存活率分别为10%和3%左右。通过筛选转基因阳性果蝇,我们得出Minos在W1118和D. yakuba的转座效率分别在32%和20%左右。我们的实验结果再一次证实了Minos在果蝇D. melanogaster中可行性。同时,该工作也初步完成了在果蝇D. yakuba 中的第一次Minos介导的转基因实验,为新基因的跨物种功能研究奠定了实验基础。在未来的工作计划中,我们将采用Minos转基因系统,把实验室目前研究的黑腹果蝇新基因导入其它物种果蝇进行功能研究。 水稻是一种重要的世界粮食作物,世界上过半的人口以水稻为主食。水稻相对别的粮食作物来讲具有较小的基因组,并且拥有较好的基因组注释,是一种理想的单子叶模式生物。植物转基因技术的发展推动着水稻功能基因组学的研究,目前水稻的转基因技术主要依赖于土壤细菌农杆菌(Agrobacterium tumefaciens)T-DNA导的外源基因染色体插入。在自然状态下,农杆菌的T-DNA于Ti致瘤质粒当中。它包括了一些转座元件和一些帮助T-DNA座的毒性蛋白基因和调节基因。由于Ti质粒上的T-DNA长,并且没有太多的酶切位点,因此自然状态的T-DNA适合进行转基因实验。为了方便T-DNA实际应用,研究人员创立了双载体转基因系统。T-DNA座区被分离到出Ti载体,并且装载到另外一个适合实验操作的质粒当中,而毒性蛋白表达基因等则保留在Ti质粒上。因此,在进行T-DNA导的转基因实验时,需要同时存在T-DNA体和Ti质粒。 本文以“水稻注释计划数据库RAP-DB”的表达数据为参考,选择了60个高表达基因的启动子区域进行克隆。通过对T-DNA体pCAMBIA1301 进行改造,去掉其原来的35S启动子,将预测的基因启动子克隆到该载体中并与报告基 摘要 因GUS 基因融合。通过分子克隆实验,我们得到了45个高表达基因的启动子载体。最终,为了测试这45个启动子的启动效率,我们会将它们转化到水稻愈伤组织中通过启动子融合的GUS基于表达情况来判断我们启动子的启动效率。

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鞑靼荞麦是我国特有的农业产品,具有抗寒耐旱特性和较高的营养保健功能。荞麦的开花习性及遗传特点导致其人工杂交授粉难以成功,这成为荞麦杂交育种难以获得突破的重要原因。因此利用转基因技术导入有益基因有可能成为荞麦遗传改良的新途径,而再生及转化体系的建立是开展转基因研究的基础。 本文研究了苗龄、外植体、几种激素配比对鞑靼荞麦(Fagopyrum tataricum Gaertn.)离体培养的影响,初步建立了鞑靼荞麦离体再生体系。结果表明,鞑靼荞麦离体再生的最佳取材时间为苗龄6-8d;诱导愈伤组织的最适培养基为MS+2.0 mg/L 2,4-D+1.5 mg/L 6-BA子叶诱愈率达75%左右,下胚轴的可高达86.62%;愈伤组织分化的最适培养基为MS 0.1mg/L IAA+2.0mg/L 6-BA1.0 mg/L KT+0.5mg/L TDZ,下胚轴的分化率可达9.52%。下胚轴的诱愈率与分化率均高于子叶,更适于离体再生培养。培养基中加入AgNO3后,能有效降低褐化率。生根最适培养基为含有0.5mg/L NAA的1/2MS培养基,生根率在50%左右。TDZ在诱导鞑靼荞麦的愈伤组织分化出芽的过程中起到明显的促进作用,可提高分化率约20%。 在上述研究基础上,本文还对鞑靼荞麦的遗传转化体系进行了探索性研究。分别利用根癌农杆菌(Agrobacterium tumefaciens)介导法和微粒轰击法(基因枪法)对黑水苦荞下胚轴进行遗传转化。 在农杆菌介导的方法中,携带有质粒pCAMBIA2301的农杆菌菌株EHA105用于转化。载体质粒pCAMBIA2301包含有gus和npt-II 基因, 并受35s启动子驱动。研究结果表明,在侵染方式选择上,浸泡方式比吸打方式更有效,根癌农杆菌侵染的较适浓度为OD600=0.5,共培养3天,恢复培养7天,能检测到gus基因的表达。 基因枪法使用质粒pBI121,同样包含有gus和npt-II基因, 并受CaMV35s 启动子驱动。轰击距离为9cm较合适,甘露醇前处理在本研究中未表现出明显优势。 两种转化方法比较,基因枪法比农杆菌介导法更快速有效。 本研究为进一步的遗传操作研究打下基础。 Tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum Gaertn.), the traditional and unique agricultural product of China, is a kind of crop with strong drought and cold tolerance, abundant nutrition and high medical value. Artificial hybridization is hard in buckwheat because of its flowering habits and genetic characteristics, which leads to no breakthrough in tartary buckwheat breeding. However, biotechnological approaches, especially genetic transformation for the direct introduction of good genes into tartary buckwheat for quality improvement, hold great promise. In this study, we established tartary buckwheat regeneration system in vitro. It is the foundation for genetic manipulation of this crop. The effects of seedling age, hypocotyl and cotyledon as explants, and proportions of several growth regulators were tested in tissue culture of tartary buckwheat for establishing its in vitro regeneration system. The results showed that the best seedling age for callus induction was 6 to 8 days. On the MS medium containing 2.0mg/L 2, 4-D and 1.5mg/L 6-BA, the induction rate of callus from hypocotyls was up to 86.62%, while from cotyledons was about 75%. The suitable shooting medium was the MS medium+0.1mg/L IAA+2.0mg/L 6-BA+1.0 mg/L KT+0.5mg/L TDZ, and the shooting rate from hypocotyls was 9.52%. The callus induction and shooting rates were higher from hypocotyls than from cotyledons. Browning reduced when the medium mixed with AgNO3. Half strength MS supplemented with 0.5mg/L NAA was the best for rooting, the rate was around 50% after 30 days culture. TDZ can accelerate the shoot differentiation distinctively, and it could improve the shooting rate nearly 20%. On the base of above, the explorative research of the genetic transformation in tartary buckwheat was done. In the study, hypocotyls from Heishui tartary buckwheat were transformed by Agrobacterium-mediated method and microprojectile bombardment method (gene-gun), comparatively. In Agrobacterium-mediated method, a disarmed Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain EHA105 harboring plasmid pCAMBIA2301 was used. The vector pCAMBIA2301 contains gus and npt-II genes, driven by CaMV35s promoter. The results showed that the appropriate concentration of Agrobacterium tumefaciens for infecting was OD600=0.5, and co-culture time was 3d. Seven days later after coculture, GUS expression could be tested. In particle bombardment transformation, plasmid pBI121 was used. pBI121 also contains gus and npt-II genes, driven by 35s promoter. Hypocotyls pretreated with mannitol, no effect was observed, and the suitable distance of bombardment is 9cm. Comparing with Agrobacterium-mediated method, gene-gun method is more convenient and effective. All above results could be a basic work for further study in tartary buckwheat transformation.

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地锦(Parthenocissus tricuspidata为葡萄科(Vitaceae)地锦属(Parthenocissus)多年生大型落叶木质藤本植物,集绿化、环境保护、药用价值为一体,开发利用前景非常广阔。为了进一步有效地利用及增加它的适应性,本论文对地锦的遗传转化及其抑菌活性进行了初步研究。 利用根癌农杆菌(Agrobacterium tumefaciens)介导对地锦进行遗传转化。所转外源目的基因为干旱应答因子结合蛋白DREB基因,克隆自拟南芥,受干旱应答基因启动子rd29Bp驱动。将此基因与pCAMBIA2301重组构建得到植物表达载体p2326。p2326携报告基因b-葡萄糖苷酸酶基因(gus)和选择基因新霉素磷酸转移酶基因(npt II)。然后将p2326导入根癌农杆菌EHA105,对地锦愈伤组织及外植体茎段进行转化。经3-4轮卡那霉素选择培养后,PCR及GUS组织染色验证,表明成功获得了转基因愈伤组织。 对地锦愈伤组织进行耐盐及脯氨酸含量测定。结果表明,转基因愈伤组织与非转基因愈伤组织相比,对高盐的耐受力有较大提高。在250 mM NaC1的继代培养基中,携DREB基因的愈伤组织能够存活20 d以上,而对照在10 d后大多数褐化死亡。高盐胁迫时转基因材料脯氨酸含量高于对照,并能够维持较长时间。 研究还发现,来自室外自然生长的地锦茎、叶,对根癌农杆菌有极强的抑制作用。 因此,对地锦的抑菌作用进行初步研究。 对一年中不同时期(分别采于4月、8月、12月)的地锦茎、叶进行抑菌活性初步研究。结果表明,12月份地锦叶片对所选细菌抑制作用最强。然后对其进行分溶剂萃取。分别用极性递增的有机溶剂依次提取地锦中的有效成分、逐级分离、浓缩干燥,得到石油醚部、乙酸乙酯部、正丁醇部和水部等不同极性溶剂萃取物。选择革兰氏阳性菌和阴性菌共5种对得到的各部分粗提物分别做抑菌实验,表明正丁醇部的抑菌活性最强,水部提取物有一定抑制作用,而石油醚部、乙酸乙酯部没有表现出明显抑菌作用。 地锦正丁醇提取物对大肠杆菌、枯草杆菌、短小芽孢杆菌、农杆菌及酵母菌的最低抑制浓度(MIC)分别为0.25,0.3,0.25,0.3,1g/mL。其抑菌活性随着浓度增加而增强,而且抑菌活性具有较好的热稳定性。 研究发现地锦所产生的抑菌物质不仅对无耐药性的细菌具有抑制作用,而且还对某些耐药性细菌具有抑制作用。目前,细菌对抗生素的耐药性已成为全球关注的问题,寻找新型抗生素已迫在眉捷,地锦抑菌物质的研究为新抗菌药物的研制开发提供了新思路。 上述研究结果,为地锦的遗传改良及开发利用打下基础。

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赤霉素是一种高效能的广谱植物生长调节剂,为五大植物激素之一,具有重要的生物学功能。目前利用赤霉素突变体研究生物合成途径和信号转导已经成为热点。 GA 20-氧化酶是GA物合成中的一类关键酶,它位于GA成途径的中心位置。本研究根据烟草(Nicotiana tabacum)GA 20-氧化酶基因序列,设计2对分别含有特定酶切位点的特异引物,以烟草基因组DNA模板,扩增目的基因(约250 bp)片段。将正、反向目的片段分别插入中间载体的内含子两侧,再经BamH I和Sac I双酶切回收约700 bp的目的片段,插入到双元载体质粒p2355中,成功构建了含GA 20-氧化酶基因片段反向重复序列的植物表达载体p23700。分别将p2355质粒和p23700质粒导入根癌农杆菌(Agrobacterium tumefaciens)EHA105中并转化烟草叶片细胞,经卡那霉素选择培养,PCR及GUS组织染色鉴定,获得转基因烟草植株。以EHA105-p2355转化的烟草,获得41株转基因植株,均没有矮化表型;而以EHA105-p23700转化的烟草,获得转基因植株14株,其中具有矮化表型的烟草10株,表明反向重复序列转录产物能形成发夹RNA(hpRNA),产生小分子干扰RNAsmall interferring RNA简称siRNA,干扰目的基因的表达。 赤霉素含量测定表明矮化植株中赤霉素合成途径的最终产物GA3总含量明显低于野生型烟草植株。荧光定量PCR结果表明,矮化转基因烟草的GA 20-氧化酶基因表达量受到明显抑制,表达量明显低于野生型对照。同时对上游内根-贝壳杉合成酶(Ent-kaurene synthase,KS)基因,下游的GA-3β羟化酶基因进行了RT-PCR分析,结果显示上游基因的表达没有规律性变化,而下游基因表达量亦降低。上述结果表明,GA 20-氧化酶基因的表达被有效地干扰了,表达受到抑制,从而影响植株体内GA3的合成,影响植株的生长发育,导致植株矮化。并推测,GA 20-氧化酶基因受到抑制,可能影响下游基因的表达。并且通过干旱胁迫测试,发现矮化植株相对于野生型植株及不含干扰片段的转基因植株,对干旱的耐受力有了很大的提高,具有更强的耐受力。 研究结果为进一步进行相关研究奠定基础。 Gibberellin(GA) is an efficient plant growth regulator. As one of five major plant hormones, it plays an important biological function. Using GA mutant for investigating biosynthetic pathways and signal transduction has become high lights. GA 20-oxidase is a crucial enzyme involved in gibberellin biosynthesis. According to tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) GA 20-oxidase enzyme gene sequence and based on binary vector p2355, we constructed a plant expression vector p23700, which habors an inverted repeat DNA fragment of GA 20-oxidase gene drivered by Cauliflower mosaic virus promtor (CaMV 35Sp). Binary plasmid p2355 had no inverted repeat DNA fragment of GA 20-oxidase gene. The vector p2355 and p23700 were introduced into Agrobacterium tumefaciens EHA105 and tobacco leaf transformation was conducted. After selected by kanamycin and characterized by PCR and GUS hischemical reaction, transsgenic plants were obtained. Fourtheen transgenic plants, which were transformed by EHA105-p23700, were obtained. Among them, 10 were dwarf mutants. However, 41 transgenic plants with the same normal phenotype as wild type,which were transformed by EHA105-p2355, were obtained. Analysis of Gibberellin contents showed that it was lower in dwarf mutants than in normal phenotype plants. Moreover, comparing to normal phenotype plants including wild type and transgenic plants with no interference fragment, the drought tolerance of dwarf plants have greatly increased. And their proline content increased obviously after drought test. Fluorescence quantitative real time PCR (RT-PCR) showed that GA 20-oxidase gene expression was significantly inhibited in dwarf transgenic tobacco. Meanwhile, the expression of the upstream gene ent-kaurene synthase (KS) gene and downstream gene GA-3β hydroxylase gene was also detected by RT-PCR. The results presented that KS gene expression had no regular change while GA-3β hydroxylase gene expression reduced. It implied that inhibiting GA 20-oxidase gene probably reduce the expression of downstream genes. The results showed that the transcriptional products of the foreign inverted repeat fragment can form hairpin RNA (hpRNA) to induce RNAi. It presented that GA 20-oxidase gene expression was effectively interfered, resulting in reducing GA3 synthesis and inhibiting plant growth and development, then dwarf plants were produced. However, the dwarf plants had higher tolerance of drought.

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毛壳菌属很多种类具有重要生防价值,其生防机理包括对植物病原真菌的重寄生作用、诱导植物产生抗病性、产生抗真菌活性的次生代谢产物等。迄今,学界对毛壳菌的研究主要集中在毛壳菌的生防机理,毛壳菌活性次生代谢产物的分离等方面。本研究致力于产抗生素的毛壳菌的种间原生质体融合,从产抗生素毛壳菌菌株的筛选开始,进而对产抗生素的角毛壳菌进行诱变选育,最终用产不同抗生素的角毛壳菌与球毛壳菌进行种间原生质体融合。主要有以下五方面研究结果。 1、毛壳菌抗真菌活性物质产生菌株的筛选:不同毛壳菌菌株发酵液采用琼脂扩散法对植物病原真菌进行抑菌活性试验,结果显示,菌株CH08和CH23的发酵液对芒果炭疽、苹果炭疽和马铃薯晚疫菌具有抑制作用。菌株CH16和CH17的发酵液对芒果炭疽菌、苹果炭疽菌有抑制作用。菌株CH21发酵液对辣椒炭疽菌和西瓜枯萎菌有抑制作用。经形态学研究,菌株CH08、CH16、CH17和CH23鉴定为球毛壳菌,菌株CH21鉴定为角毛壳菌。对角毛壳菌与球毛壳菌菌株发酵液抑菌谱比较,发现角毛壳菌与球毛壳菌发酵液具有明显不同的抑菌谱,表明角毛壳菌与球毛壳菌产生不同的抗真菌活性物质。 2、角毛壳菌(CH21)和球毛壳菌(CH08)原生质体制备和再生条件研究:考察了菌龄、酶浓度、稳渗剂及其浓度、酶解温度、酶解时间及再生培养基对原生质体制备和再生的影响。用菌龄为生长54 h的角毛壳菌菌丝,以0.06 M磷酸缓冲液(pH6.0)配制成含蜗牛酶15 mg/ml、溶壁酶10 mg/ml、蔗糖0.6 mol/L的酶解液,30℃酶解1.5 h,原生质体释放量2.02×107个/g;以PDA再生培养基,0.7 mol/L的蔗糖再生稳渗剂,再生率可达51.45%。用菌龄为生长48 h的球毛壳菌菌丝,以0.06 M磷酸缓冲液(pH6.0)配制成含蜗牛酶15 mg/ml、溶壁酶10 mg/ml、蔗糖0.6 mol/L的酶解液,30℃酶解1 h,原生质体释放量达1.57×108个/g;以PDA再生培养基,0.7 mol/L的蔗糖为再生稳渗剂,再生率可达41.48%。 3、角毛壳菌(CH21)原生质体紫外诱变选育:以CH21为出发菌株,制备原生质体进行紫外诱变,诱变条件为:15 w紫外灯,距离30 cm,照射90 s,致死率80%~85%。建立了诱变菌株初筛的双层平板筛选模型。经平板初筛和摇瓶复筛,获得一株突变菌株CH21-I-402,其发酵液抑菌活性较出发菌株提高18.3%。 4、抗性标记菌株的获得:菌株CH21-I-402和CH08抗生素药敏试验表明, CH21-I-402菌株对潮霉素有抗性、对G418(Geneticin)敏感,菌株CH08对潮霉素和G418都敏感。根癌农杆菌EHA105介导的新霉素磷酸转移酶基因转化球毛壳菌,经PCR检测,新霉素磷酸转移酶基因成功转化进菌株CH08-GR70,CH08-GR120。转化子对G418抗性提高3~4倍,对潮霉素仍然比较敏感。 5、以G418和潮霉素抗性为筛选标记的原生质体融合与融合菌株AFLP分析:制备角毛壳菌CH21-I-402和球毛壳菌CH08-GR70原生质体,以35%的PEG6000为助融剂进行原生质体融合,以65 μg/ml的潮霉素和60 μg/ml G418为抗性筛选标记,获得46个再生菌株。再生菌株连续传代5代后,再生菌株表现出多种形态类型。利用AFLP技术对再生菌株及亲本菌株基因组DNA析表明,再生菌株PF1、PF26为融合菌株。抑菌活性测试表明,融合菌株PF26发酵液对芒果炭疽菌和苹果轮纹菌有强的抑制作用,且抑菌活性比亲本球毛壳菌明显提高。 Chaetomium spp. have great potentials as biocontrol agents against a range of plant pathogens on the basis of its mycoparasitism, induced plant disease resistance, production of antifungal metabolites, and so on. Previous researches on C. spp. mostly focused on the mechanisms of its biocontrol and the isolation of secondary metabolites. In this study, screening antifungal C. spp., mutation breeding of C. cupreum and interspecies protoplast fusion between C. cupreum and C. globosum were carried out, respectively. The corresponding results are as follows: Firstly, among more than 40 C. spp., the strains produced anti-fungal antibiotics were screened by agar diffusion experiments. Results showed that both CH08 and CH23 had inhibition against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Cladosporium fulvum, and Phytophthora infestans. Both CH16 and CH17 had inhibition against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Cladosporium fulvum. In addition, CH21 exhibited anti-fungal activity against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp niveum and Colletotrichum capsici. Furthermore, CH08, CH16, CH17 and CH23 were identified as C. globosum, CH21 was proved to be C. cupreum based on morphology. The comparison of the anti-fungal spectrum between C. cupreum and C. globosum, showed they could produce different antibiotics. Secondly, specified protocols for preparing and regenerating protoplasts from mycelia of C. cupreum CH21 and C. globosum CH08 were studied. The effects of the age mycelia, the concentration of enzyme, digestion temperature and time, kinds of osmotic stabilizer and regeneration medium on protoplasts preparation and regeneration were all optimized, respectively. In one protocol, with 15 mg/mL snailase, 10 mg/mL lywallzyme, 0.6 M sucrose, in 0.06 M phosphate buffer (pH6.0), and digested for 1.5 h at 30 ºC, 2.02×107 protoplasts from each gram mycelia were obtained from cultures of C. cupreum CH21 grown in potato dextrose broth (PDB) medium for 54 h. And when 0.7 M sucrose was used as osmotic stabilizer in the regeneration medium OPDA (potato dextrose agar with osmotic stabilize), the regeneration efficiency of protoplasts was 51.45%. In another protocol, with 15 mg/mL snailase, 10 mg/mL lywallzyme, 0.6 M sucrose, in 0.06 M phosphate buffer (pH6.0), and digested for 1 h at 30 ºC, 1.57×108 protoplasts from each gram mycelia were obtained from cultures of C. globosum CH08 grown in PDB for 48 h. And when 0.7 M sucrose was used as osmotic stabilizer in the regeneration medium OPDA, the regeneration efficiency of protoplasts was 41.48%. Thirdly, the mutagenesis conditions and secondary screening model of C. cupreum CH21 were explored. An 80% to 85% death rate could be achieved when the protoplasts of C. cupreum CH21 were irradiated by 15 w UV lamp from 30 cm distance for 90 s. In addition, the doublelayer plate’s method for the primary screening of high-producing antibiotics strains was established. A high yielding antibiotic mutant CH21-I-402 was obtained through the primary screening on plate and the secondary selection in Erlenmeyer flask, compared to the original CH21 strain, the antifungal activity of the mutant CH21-I-402 was increased by 18.3%. Fourth, the sensitivity to antibiotics of both C. cupreum CH21-I-402 and C. globusm CH08 was detected. Results showed C. cupreum CH21-I-402 was sensitive to G418 (Geneticin) (Gs) and resistant to Hygromycin B(Hr), and C. globusm CH08 was sensitive to both G418 (Geneticin) (Gs) and Hygromycin B(Hs). At the same time, neomycin phosphotransferase II (npt II) gene was transformed into C. globusm CH08(Gs, Hs) mediated by Agrobacterium tumefaciens EHA105, and the npt II gene was verified by polymerase chain reaction in resistance to G418 strains CH08-GR70 and CH08-GR120. The transformants still showed sensitive to Hygromycin B(Hs). Finally, a selection system for hybrids was set up by interspecies protoplast fusion between C. cupreum and C. globusm using dominant selective drug resistance markers. At first, protoplasts of C. cupreum CH21-I-402 (Hr, Gs) and C. globusm CH08-GR70 (Hs, Gr) were prepared, then the protoplasts were fused in the presence of 35% polyethylene glycol 6000 and regenerated on OPDA medium with 65 μg/ml Hygromycin B and 60μg/ml G418, at last 46 colonies with Hr and Gr were obtained. Even after 5 generations’ subculture, most of the colonies displayed significant difference in taxonomic characteristics with their parental strains. Regenerated strains PF1 and PF26 were confirmed as fusants by amplified fragment length polymorphisms analysis with the genomic DNA as the model. PF26 showed higher inhibitory activity against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Macrophoma kuwatsukai than that of the parental strain C. globusm.

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The dichloromethane dehalogenase gene (dcm) of Methylophilus was cloned into the plasmid pKYLX71-35S2 and fused with the 35S2 promotor,then transformed Arabidopsis by the infiltration mediated with Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Homozygous dcm seeds were obtained after several generations selection on the medium with 50 mg L -1 kanamycin.Northern blotting showed dcm mRNA was high in cytoplasm and the detection of DCM enzyme indicated that the lines containing high dcm mRNA expressed high DCM enzyme activities. Fig 4, Ref 9

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Three genes encoding for fungal cell wall degrading enzymes (CWDE), ech42, nag7O and gluc78 from the biocontrol fungus Trichoderma atroviride were transformed into rice mediated by Agrobacterium tumefaciens singly and in all possible combinations. A total of more than 1800 independently regenerated plantlets in seven different populations (for each of the three genes and each of the four gene combinations) were obtained. Our data indicated that gluc78 gene had negative effects on transformation frequency and plant growth. Some regenerated plants with gluc78 gene were stunted; spontaneously produced brown specks; could not tassel. The combination with either one of the two other genes (ech42, nag70) present in the same T-DNA region reduced the negative effect of gluc78 on plant growth. These results indicated that expression of several genes in one T-DNA region interfered with each other and expression of exogenous gene in recipient plant was a complex behavior. (c) 2007 Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd.