水华蓝藻何以肆虐?

<正>曾几何时,秀美的太湖湖光山色,是多少文人墨客向往的天堂。如今,太湖严重的蓝藻水华却成为环太湖地区,包括其他国人的忧患所在。今年5月,太湖蓝藻大规模暴

从XY雌鱼雌核发育产生YY超雄黄颡鱼

采用激素性逆转结合雌核发育技术,从XY雌鱼产生YY超雄黄颡鱼。与性逆转和后代测交选种技术比较,本文的方法可以缩短两代的育种时间,并提高超雄鱼的产出。通过测交证明,与正常的XY雄鱼一样,YY超雄黄颡鱼是能成活和有生育力的,其后代雄鱼占75.9%—100%,平均90.30%。从29尾雌鱼产生的雌核发育的后代294尾,只有11尾雄鱼,绝大多数是雌鱼;而在12尾YY超雄鱼测交的后代出现0—24.1%雌鱼。从上述结果可以推测,黄颡鱼的性决定体制是雌性配子同型(XX♀/XY♂),但常染色体性修饰基因的影响是比较明显的

垂直流人工湿地的设计及净化功能初探

阐述了垂直流人工湿地小试系统的设计 ,并测试其冬季污水净化效果 .垂直流人工湿地由下行流和上行流方式的两池组成 .对受污染地面水体中的CODCr、BOD5和TSS的去除率分别为 5 3.6 %、78.7%和 80 .2 % .对细菌、总大肠菌、粪大肠菌和藻类的平均去除率分别达 99.4%、85 .9%、89.7%和 97.7% .对KN、NH+ 4 N和TP的平均去除率分别为 39.2 %、16 .5 %和 2 5 .8% .各系统对污染物的去除作用无明显差异 .系统出水NO-3 N浓度高于进水 ,而有植

长江中游江段四大家鱼资源调查

国务院三峡办; 长江三峡工程开发总公司基金 (SX97 0 1 ) ; 长江渔业资源管理委员会基金 ; 世界自然基 金会基金资助

论水资源的保护

<正> 一全世界陆地的平均年降水量为834mm,亚洲陆地的平均年降水量为740mm,而我国国土的多年平均降水量为628mm,分别比它们少25％和15％。而且其中只有44％形成径流,全国河口径流总量约2.6万亿m~3,虽然地下水在全国的总补给量约达7.718亿m~3,但扣除它们(地表水和地下水)相互转化中的重复量,全国水资源的总量也只有2.7万亿m~3左右,比巴西、苏联、加拿大、美国和印尼要少,居世界第六位。按耕地、

Simultaneous production of low- and high-frequency sounds by neonatal finless porpoises

Phocoenids are generally considered to be nonwhistling species that produce only high-frequency pulsed sounds. Here our results show that neonatal finless porpoises (Neophocaena phocaenoides) frequently produce clear low-frequency (2-3 kHz) pulsed signals, without distinct high-frequency energy, just after birth and can produce both low- (2-3 kHz) and high-frequency (>100 kHz) pulsed signals simultaneously until about 20 days postnatal. The results indicate that low-frequency signals of neonatal finless porpoises are not an early form of high-frequency signals and suggest that low- and high-frequency signals may be produced by different sound production mechanisms. (C) 2008 Acoustical Society of America.

The ontogeny of echolocation in a Yangtze finless porpoise (Neophocaena phocaenoides asiaeorientalis)

Acoustic and concurrent behavioral data from one neonatal male Yangtze finless porpoise (Neophocaena phocaenoides asiaeorientalis) in captivity were presented. The calf click train was first recorded at 22 days postnatal, and the frequency of hydrophone-exploration behavior with head scanning motions in conjunction with emissions of click trains by the calf increased gradually with age. The echolocation clicks in the first recorded click train were indistinguishable from those of adults. Calf echolocation trains were found to decrease in maximum click-repetition rate, duration, and number of clicks per train with age while the. minimum click-repetition rate remained more consistent. (c) 2007 Acoustical Society of America.

Molecular characterization and IFN signal pathway analysis of Carassius auratus CaSTAT1 identified from the cultured cells in response to virus infection

Type I interferon (IFN) exerts its pleiotropic effects mainly through the JAK-STAT signaling pathway, which is presently best described in mammals. By subtractive suppression hybridization, two fish signaling factors, JAK1 and STAT1, had been identified in the IFN-induced crucian carp Carassius auratus L. blastulae embryonic (CAB) cells after treatment with UV-inactivated grass carp hemorrhagic virus (GCHV). Further, the full-length cDNA of STAT1, termed CaSTAT1, was obtained. It contains 2926 bp and encodes a protein of 718 aa. CaSTAT1 is most similar to rat STAT1 with 59% identity overall and displays all highly conserved domains that the STAT family possesses. Like human STAT1beta, it lacks the C-terminus acting as transcriptional activation domain in mammals. By contrast, only a single transcript was detected in virus-induced CAB cells. Expression analysis showed that CaSTAT1 could be activated by stimulation of CAB cells with poly I:C, active GCHV, UV-inactivated GCHV or CAB IFN, and displayed diverse expression patterns similar to that of mammalian STATI. Additionally, the expression of an antiviral gene CaMx1 was also induced under the same conditions, and expression difference between CaSTAT1 and CaMx1 was revealed by induction of CAB IFN. These results provide molecular evidence supporting the notion that the fish IFN signaling transduction pathway is similar to that in mammals. Fish IFN exerts its multiple functions, at least antiviral action, through a JAK-STAT pathway. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Food consumption and growth of two piscivorous fishes, the mandarin fish and the Chinese snakehead

Rates of maximum food consumption and growth were determined for immature mandarin fish Siniperca chuatsi (47.2-540.2 g) and Chinese snakehead Channa argus (45.0-546.2 g) at 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35 degrees C. The relationship between maximum rate of food consumption (C-max), body weight (W) and temperature (T) was described by the multiple regression equations: lnC(max) = -4.880 + 0.597 lnW+0.284T - 0.0048T(2) for the mandarin fish, and lnC(max)= -6.718 + 0.522 lnW+0.440T-0.0077T(2) for the Chinese snakehead. The optimum temperature for consumption was 29.6 degrees C for the mandarin fish and 28.6 degrees C for the Chinese snakehead. The relationship between growth rate (G), body weight and temperature was ln(G+0.25)= - 0.439 - 0.500 lnW+0.270T - 0.0046T(2) for the mandarin fish, and ln(G+0.25)= - 6.150+ (0.175 - 0.026T) lnW+0.571T - 0.0078T(2) for the Chinese snakehead. The weight exponent in the growth-weight relationship was -0.83 for the mandarin fish, but decreased with increasing temperature for the Chinese snakehead. The optimum temperature for growth was 29.3 degrees C for the mandarin fish, but tended to decrease with increasing weight for the Chinese snakehead, being 30.3 degrees C for a 45-g fish, and 26.1 degrees C for a 550-g fish. (C) 1998 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles.

AlGaN/AlN/GaN/InGaN/GaN DH-HEMTs with improved mobility grown by MOCVD

AlGaN/AlN/GaN/InGaN/GaN double heterojunction high electron mobility transistors (DH-HEMTs) structures with improved buffer isolation have been investigated. The structures were grown by MOCVD on sapphire substrate. AFM result of this structure shows a good surface morphology with the root-mean-square roughness (RMS) of 0.196 nm for a scan area of 5 mu mx5 mu m. A mobility as high as 1950 cm(2)/Vs with the sheet carrier density of 9.89x10(12) cm(-2) was obtained, which was about 50% higher than other results of similar structures which have been reported. Average sheet resistance of 327 Omega/sq was achieved. The HEMTs device using the materials was fabricated, and a maximum drain current density of 718.5 mA/mm, an extrinsic transconductance of 248 mS/mm, a current gain cutoff frequency of 16 GHz and a maximum frequency of oscillation 35 GHz were achieved.

镧系稀土硝酸盐二甲亚砜络合物的振动光谱研究

DMSO是一个很好的配位体，有氧原子和硫原子两个配位原子，通过这两个配位原子，DMSO可以和许多过渡金属和稀土金属的离子发生络合，形成稳定的金属络合物。稀土金属离子的络合物，角过氯酸盐、卤化物，高铼酸盐六氟磷化物等，曾有人进行了研究，它们的光谱研究表明，二甲亚砜是通过氧原子同稀土络合，O、N、S三原子的络合能力是O＞N＞S。在稀土硝酸盐的二甲亚砜的络合物中，由于即存在DMSO的配位，也存在硝基的配位，所在情况比较复杂。它们的振动光谱研究了可以在1967年Ramalingan和1977年Kawcuno的工作中得知一些，前者研究了La、Ce、Pr、Nd、Sm、Gd、Ho、Yb、Y九个元素的络合物，后者研究了La、Nd、Er、Yb、Lu五个元素的络合物，所有络合物的光谱数据都很不完全，他们都认为DMSO与NO_3都与稀土离子络合，并肯定是通过氧原子络合，但是对于NO_3的络合方式没有一致的结论。Ramalingan等认为络合物分子中，硝根既有双基配位，又有单基配位，和X光衍射实验的结果不相符，Kawano通过研究全氘化二甲亚砜（DMSO－d_6)的稀土硝酸盐络合物，认为三个NO_3都是通过两个氧原子同稀土相配位，是双基配位基。硝基的配位方式是一个长期争论的振动光谱问题，不少学者曾对硝基的各种振动模式的谱带位置和吸收强度进行探讨，很难得出一致的结论。在络合物中氧与稀土离子的络合键Ln-O的振动频率位置问题，亦存在争论，Kawanv认为这个配位键的振动频率在180 cm~(-1)附近，但是日本的岩濑秋雄等人，在研究稀土高氯酸盐的二甲亚砜络合物时，则认为400 cm~(-1)附近的谱带为Ln-O的振动频率在研究稀土的无水硝酸盐的红外光谱的工作中。A.Walker等人也把180 cm~(-1)谱带归属为Ln-O络合键。J.R.Ferraro等人在研究Ln（NO_3）_3·3DBP络合物时，也认为Ln-O配位键在180 cm~(-1）附近，但是我们考察了他们的数据与稀土动量L的关系，未发现四分组现和“斜W”效应。我们研究了除P_m 以外的十四个稀土元素并Y的硝酸盐DMSO络合物的付氏变换红外光和激光拉曼光谱，4000 cm~(-1)－80 cm~(-1)的红外光谱图和4000 cm~(-1)－50 cm~(-1)的拉曼光谱图提供了较完整的数据，除了肯定了NO_3和DMSO都以氧原子与稀土络合外，还肯定了NO_3的配位方式和利用红外数据区别不同类型的配位的方法找出了金属离子配位数不同的光谱特征，做了Ln-O络合键的振动频率的归属及其与稀土物化性质间的规律关系。根据DMSO的简正坐标计算结果，可以归属出DMSO及其络合物的许多谱带，其中S＝0伸缩振动频率在990－1018 cm~(-1)之间，随原子序数增加无明显规律性变化，在Gd络合物以后，分裂为三条谱带。C－S的伸缩振动移问低波数，变化随原子序数增加而增加，但无明显的线性变化，C－S－O变形振动频率向高频方向移动约16 cm~(-1)，与原子序数无关，C－S－C变形振动移向高波数5 cm~(-1)，与原子序数无关。此外，在～3000 cm~(-1)是Vc-H，～1400 cm~(-1)是CH_3变形振动频率谱带，～950 cm~(-1)是CH_3摇摆，络合后上述谱带变化不大，可见络合对CH_3基团的振动无大的影响。通过考察S＝0振动频率变化，可以看出十配位络合物和九配位络合物之间的光谱区别在于十配位络合物S＝0伸缩振动仍为一条谱带，而九配位络合物的S＝0振动频率则分裂为两条谱带。已知十配位的Ln－O多面体为双帽正多棱柱，九配位络合物则为三帽三角柱，考虑到氧原子的不同，前者为C_(2v)对称性，后者为C_3对称性，不同配位数的络合物所显示谱带分裂不能用对称性来说明，因为这两种群均没有简并的群表示，利用X光衍射数据计算了La和Yb的络合物中DMSO间氧原子的距离，可以看出，十配位络合物中DMSO的配位氧原子间距离大，而九配位络合物中氧原子间距离小，两者之间相差近两倍。所以S＝0振动频率分裂可能是相同基团因距离近而产生了振动耦合。利用此结果可以区分不同配位数的络合物，这种现象，在以往的DMSO络合物的研究中没有发现。硝基离子属于D_(3h)群，有四个振动模式，其中三个是红外活性，分别为V_2（A＂）＝823－817 cm~(-1)，V_3（E'）＝1368－1355 cm~(-1)，V_4（E'）＝702－718 cm~(-1)，V_1、V_3、V_4是拉曼活性的，络合以后，NO_3对称性变为C_(2v)群，有六条红外谱线，同时也是拉曼活性，其中N－O伸缩振动在1460 cm~(-1) （A，S），No_2反对称伸缩振动在1340－1329cm~(-1)（B，S），NO_2，对称伸缩振动在1037.7 cm~(-1)附近，NO_3的对称面内弯曲振动在817 cm~(-1)（A，S），反对称面内弯曲振动在767.7 cm~(-1)，NO_3的面外变形振动在710 cm~(-1)（B_2 W），由此可知硝基在络合物中确实参加了配位。存在络合物中的三个硝基的配位类型在红外上如何区别我们进行了初步探讨。单基配位基和双基配位基同属C_(2v)对称性所以在基频上很难区别，Lever等人在研究过渡金属络合物中发现，No_3的组频1750 cm~(-1) （V_1＋V_4）在络合以后发生了分裂，双基配位基分裂在22－66cm~(-1)范围，而单基配位基则在5－26cm~(-1)范围，可以以此来区别NO_3的配位类型，这种方法适用于很多络合物，我们把这种方法应用于稀土络合物中发现，这个组频分裂现象在络合物中普遍存在，分裂在25－44.4cm~(-1)范围，所以络合物的硝基是双基配位体，在此波数区间内只有分裂很好的两个峰，所以可以断定无单基配位的硝基存在，这与X光衍射实验结果相一致，分裂距离随原子序数增加而增加，但无“斜W”效应。Ce和Lu的络合物分裂较小。由此可知这种方法适用于稀土二甲亚砜络合物。对有可能归属为Ln-O配位键的180 cm~(-1)和400 cm~(-1)附近的两条谱带进行考查，～400 cm~(-1)附近的谱带随原子序数增加总趋势增加，在Gd络合物开始分裂为两条，这条谱带与稀土离子总角动量L之间存在“斜W”效应，Shyama P. Sinha在研究稀土元素的性质时发现，稀土很多性质都具有“斜W”效应。其中包括配位键振动频率。利用V＝1／（2πC）（F／（－1~n））~(1/2)，用乙酰丙酮络合物的F_(Ln-O)近似计算V_(Ln-O)可以算得V_(Ln-O)在400.8－418.49cm~(-1)范围，所以可以认为～400 cm~(-1)附近的谱带可以归属为Ln-O键伸缩振动。～200 cm~(-1)的谱带在S_m络合物以后分开，此谱带亦随原子序数增加而增加，但无“斜W”效应，Kawano把它们归属为Ln-O，J.R.Ferraro在研究Ln（NO_3）_3（TBP）_3时，也认为Ln-O键伸缩振动在此位置，但也无“斜W”效应，这条谱带能否归属于Ln-O键，有待寻找更进一步的证据。通过稀土二甲亚砜络合物的研究，我们可以得知，NO_3的组频在1750 cm~(-1)谱带在络合以后发生了分裂，分裂范围在25－44.4 cm~(-1)，从而证明了NO_3为双基配位基。DMSO的S＝0伸缩振动频率和Ln-O键伸缩振动在Gd络合物后出现分裂，因而可以利用此结果可以区分两种不同配位数的络合物，通过考虑振动频率同稀土物化性质L间的关系及近似计算，初步可以确定Ln-O键振动频率在～400 cm~(-1)附近。有“斜W”效应存在。