19 resultados para 347.05


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In this study the red alga, Gracilaria lemaneiformis, was cultivated with the scallop Chlamys farreri in an integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA) system for 3 weeks at the Marine Aquaculture Laboratory of the Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (IOCAS) in Qingdao, Shandong Province, North China. The nutrient uptake rate and nutrient reduction efficiency of ammonium and phosphorus from scallop excretion were determined. The experiment included four treatments each with three replicates, and three scallop monoculture systems served as the control. Scallop density (407.9 +/- 2.84 g m(-3)) remained the same in all treatments while seaweed density differed. The seaweed density was set at four levels (treatments 1, 2, 3, 4) with thallus wet weight of 69.3 +/- 3.21, 139.1 +/- 3.80, 263.5 +/- 6.83, and 347.6 +/- 6.30 g m(-3), respectively. There were no significant differences in the initial nitrogen and phosphorus concentration between each treatment and the control group (ANOVA, p > 0.05). The results showed that at the end of the experiment, the nitrogen concentration in the control group and treatment 1 was significantly higher than in the other treatments. There was also a significant difference in phosphorus concentration between the control group and the IMTA treatments (ANOVA, p < 0.05). Growth rate, C and N content of the thallus, and mortality of scallop was different between the IMTA treatments. The nutrient uptake rate and nutrient reduction efficiency of ammonium and phosphorus changed with different cultivation density and time. The maximum reduction efficiency of ammonium and phosphorus was 83.7% and 70.4%, respectively. The maximum uptake rate of ammonium and phosphorus was 6.3 and 3.3 A mu mol g(-1) DW h(-1). A bivalve/seaweed biomass ratio from 1:0.33 to 1:0.80 (treatments 2, 3, and 4) was preferable for efficient nutrient uptake and for maintaining lower nutrient levels. Results indicate that G. lemaneiformis can efficiently absorb the ammonium and phosphorus from scallop excretion and is a suitable candidate for IMTA.

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贵州省是我国最重要的汞工业基地,境内分布着大量的汞矿床,汞金属储量88000 t,占全国总储量近80%。汞矿开采、冶炼历史悠久,大规模的汞矿开采冶炼活动都已经停止。但是,由于汞矿区偏僻的自然地理位置、落后的经济水平和近期金属汞价格的攀升,这些地区仍然存在着较大规模的土法炼汞活动。大面积的土法炼汞活动和长期的大规模汞矿开采冶炼活动,给矿区生态环境造成了严重的汞污染。土法炼汞工艺十分落后,冶炼过程向周围大气释放大量的汞,而土法炼汞工人也必然会遭受严重的汞蒸气暴露。释放到大气的汞在进入周围环境后,在自然条件下通过微生物活动,会转化为毒性、生物有效性更强的甲基汞,并通过食物链富集放大,最终对矿区居民的身体健康构成一定的威胁。 本文选择贵州省务川汞矿区、万山汞矿区和铜仁垢溪、老屋场土法炼汞地区,进行了土法炼汞的汞释放量估算、汞矿地区环境汞污染调查及炼汞工人和矿区居民汞暴露调查和健康风险评价,系统阐述了贵州典型土法炼汞地区汞的生物地球化学循环特征及人体汞暴露评价。 1. 务川和铜仁垢溪地区的土法炼汞活动是当地大气的最主要人为释汞源。务川汞矿区土法炼汞的平均释汞因子为18.2%(6.9-32.1%),土法炼汞活动每年向大气排汞3.7-9.6 t;铜仁垢溪地区土法炼汞的平均释汞因子为9.8%(6.6-14.5%),土法炼汞活动每年向大气排汞1.3-2.7 t。 2. 务川汞矿区大面积的土法炼汞活动和长期大规模的汞矿活动以及垢溪、老屋场地区的土法炼汞活动,给当地的大气、地表水体和土壤造成了严重的汞污染,而汞污染程度受汞矿开采冶炼活动的历史和规模的影响显著。务川汞矿区大气汞浓度空间变化很大(7-40000 ng•m-3),受矿业活动影响的区域,大气汞含量明显升高;重污染区大气汞平均浓度为15000 ng•m-3,轻污染区为120 ng•m-3,对照区为24 ng•m-3。务川矿区地表水体的总汞含量的变化范围为43-2100 ng•L-1,总甲基汞含量变化范围为0.30-1.1 ng•L-1;垢溪、老屋场地区地表水体总汞含量的变化范围为92-2300 ng•L-1,总甲基汞含量变化范围为2.6-7.9 ng•L-1,地表水体显示了极强的甲基化能力。颗粒态汞占地表水体总汞含量的绝大部分比例,是矿区地表水体汞迁移的主要方式;而甲基汞则以溶解态为主。务川汞矿区土壤总汞含量的变化范围为1.3-360 mg•kg-1,垢溪、老屋场地区土壤总汞含量的变化范围为0.18-47.5 mg•kg-1,土壤剖面表层土壤汞的富集表明大气汞的沉降是土壤汞的重要来源,而土壤pH、有机质含量和土地利用类型影响着土壤中汞的迁移和富集。 3. 务川汞矿区土法炼汞工人尿汞含量的平均值高达1060 g•g-1 Cr,铜仁垢溪地区炼汞工人尿汞含量的平均值为347 g•g-1 Cr,铜仁老屋场地区炼汞工人尿汞含量的平均值为917 g•g-1 Cr,土法炼汞工人尿汞平均含量远远超过世界卫生组织规定的职业暴露人群的最大允许值-50 g•g-1 Cr,说明土法炼汞工人遭受严重的汞蒸气暴露。部分土法炼汞工人已经表现出轻度慢性汞中毒的症状,其肾脏已经遭受到一定程度的损伤。铜仁垢溪地区一般居民尿汞的平均值为40.0 g•g-1 Cr,铜仁老屋场地区一般居民尿汞含量的平均值为66.2 g•g-1 Cr,万山汞矿区大水溪居民尿汞含量的平均值为56.9 g•g-1 Cr,说明土法炼汞地区一般居民也遭受一定的汞蒸气暴露。对照区人群尿汞含量的平均值为1.30 g•g-1 Cr,万山下场溪村居民尿汞含量的平均值为2.5 g•g-1 Cr,其尿汞水平与对照组接近。 4. 食用大米是汞矿区居民甲基汞暴露的主要途径。万山汞矿区大水溪、下场溪和报溪3个村庄居民头发总汞含量的几何平均值分别为7.3、1.9和2.3 g•g-1,而头发甲基汞的平均含量分别为2.8、1.3和1.5 g•g-1,说明万山汞矿区居民存在一定程度的汞暴露。3个村庄居民食用大米总汞的平均含量分别为58.5、21.3和33.1 ng•g-1,大米甲基汞的平均含量分别为14.6、5.7和4.0 ng•g-1。居民食用的蔬菜、猪肉和饮水也表现出很高的总汞含量,但是甲基汞含量很低。3个村庄居民食用大米的摄入量占总甲基汞摄入量的平均比例分别为97.5%、94.1%和93.5%,且不同参与者每日通过食用大米的甲基汞摄入量和对应的头发甲基汞含量之间存在显著的相关关系 (r=0.65, p<0.01),这证实了居民头发甲基汞的来源确实是食用大米,食用大米是汞矿区居民甲基汞暴露的主要途径。 5. 铜仁垢溪、老屋场地区炼汞工人头发甲基汞的平均含量分别为5.05 g•g-1(2.35-10.6 g•g-1)和5.63 g•g-1(2.54-9.55 g•g-1),而一般居民头发甲基汞的平均含量分别为3.53 g•g-1(1.87-5.65 g•g-1)和4.01 g•g-1(2.29-9.23 g•g-1)。万山汞矿区大水溪、下场溪和报溪3个村庄居民头发甲基汞的平均含量分别为2.8、1.3和1.5 g•g-1。务川汞矿区土法炼汞工人和居民的头发甲基汞含量的变化范围为0.47-5.69 μg•g-1。对照组头发甲基汞的平均含量为0.65 g•g-1,变化范围为0.26¬-1.38 g•g-1。食用大米甲基汞摄入量的估算表明,铜仁垢溪和老屋场地区部分居民的甲基汞摄入量已经超过世界卫生组织2003年制定的标准-0.23 g•d-1•kg-1,汞矿区大部分人群的甲基汞摄入量超过了美国环保局的推荐值-0.1 g•d-1•kg-1 (USEPA, 1997),而对照区居民的甲基汞摄入量均没有超过这一推荐值,表明铜仁垢溪和老屋场地区居民存在一定的甲基汞暴露风险,而其他汞矿区人群也存在通过食用大米暴露甲基汞的潜在风险。

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3-Acylcamphors were synthesized in moderate yields by the condensation of camphor with esters using sodium hydride as a base.

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Reactions of selenium with imines ((RRC)-C-1=NR2) of aldehydes and ketones in the presence of carbon monoxide, water and triethylamine lead to reductive selenation, on aerobic work-up, to afford symmetrical diselenides ((RRCHSe)-C-1)(2) in good to excellent yields. The proposed mechanism suggests that both in situ generated carbonyl selenide (SeCO) and hydrogen selenide (H2Se) are involved in the reaction.