A closure theory of intermittency of turbulence

The variational approach to the closure problem of turbulence theory, proposed in an earlier article [Phys. Fluids 26, 2098 (1983); 27, 2229 (1984)], is extended to evaluate the flatness factor, which indicates the degree of intermittency of turbulence. Since the flatness factor is related to the fourth moment of a turbulent velocity field, the corresponding higher-order terms in the perturbation solution of the Liouville equation have to be considered. Most closure methods discard these higher-order terms and fail to explain the intermittency phenomenon. The computed flatness factor of the idealized model of infinite isotropic turbulence ranges from 9 to 15 and has the same order of magnitude as the experimental data of real turbulent flows. The intermittency phenomenon does not necessarily negate the Kolmogorov k−5/3 inertial range spectrum. The Kolmogorov k−5/3 law and the high degree of intermittency can coexist as two consistent consequences of the closure theory of turbulence. The Kolmogorov 1941 theory [J. Fluid Mech. 62, 305 (1974)] cannot be disqualified merely because the energy dissipation rate fluctuates.

关于气液两相流流型及其判别的若干问题

气液两相流体系是一个复杂的多变量随机过程体系，流型的定义、流型过渡准则和判别方法等方面的研究是多相流学科目前研究的重点内容。本文就与气液两相流流型及其判别有关的研究状况进行了回顾和评述，力图反映近年来气液两相流流型及其判别问题研究的状态和趋势。

水-气界面下低速流体条带的喷射行为

对剪切水-气界面下湍流低速条带的喷射现象进行了细致的观测。喷射过程中，条带的一部分迅速离开水面近区下侵，与深层高速流动发生激烈的相互作用。这意味着条带喷射对水面剪切层中的湍流输运有重要影响。根据流动显示的图像资料获得的定量结果揭示出喷射行为的基本特征，包括喷射频率、喷射流体的轨迹和速度分布等。文中将这些特征与固壁湍流边界层中的对应情形作了比较。实验观察和喷射、猝发事件的时间分布特点表明，低速条带喷射是猝发过程的组成部分，喷射的时间间隔一般显著小于猝发，两种现象的出现都具有很强的随机性。将喷射与湍动能产生率的空间分布作比较，它们的形状极为相似，反映出喷射过程可能是水面附近湍流的主要贡献者。

双柱振动诱导定常整流旋涡流动的实验研究

用流动显示实验研究圆形静止不可压缩粘性流体域内以圆心对称布置的双柱作同频同相小振幅振动时诱导的Stokes层外的定常整流旋涡流动。实验表明，串列双柱当柱间距足够大时整流流谱呈八涡结构，当间距很小或为零时呈四涡结构。双柱的斜置有利于整流旋涡的合并。当柱间距接近至一定范围时，整流流动呈三维特征。振幅的减小和频率的降低使流动易出现三维现象。

30K单级高频同轴脉冲管制冷机

介绍了一套实用型单级高频同轴脉冲制冷机工作在深低温区的性能特性。输入功率为200 W时,冷头无负荷最低温度可达到29.35 K,输入功率为235 W时,冷头无负荷温度可稳定在28.55 K。这是目前国内无多路旁通的单级高频脉冲管制冷机获得的最低温度,国际上位于先进行列。200 W输入条件下,35.6 K可提供0.5W制冷量,为30 40 K温区相关的小冷量应用提供了一种简单有效的方法。

Simultaneous three-photon absorption induced ultraviolet upconversion in Pr3+:Y2SiO5 crystal by femtosecond laser irradiation

Near-infrared to ultraviolet upconversion luminescence was observed in the Pr3+ :Y2SiO5 crystal with 120 fs, 800 mn infrared laser irradiation. The observed emissions at around 270 nm and 305 nm could be assigned to 5d -> 4f transitions of Pr3+ ions. The relationship between the upconversion luminescence intensity and the pump power of the femtosecond laser reveals that the UV emission belongs to simultaneous three-photon absorption induced upconversion luminescence. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

一种同时测量温度和应变的光纤光栅传感器

报道了一种新型实用的用单根光纤布拉格光栅(FBG)实现温度和应变分离传感的技术。当光纤光栅一部分包层直径变小时，整个光栅可以看成由两个周期相同但直径不同的子光栅连接而成。理沦分析和实验都证实了这两个子光栅具有相同的温度敏感性和不同的应变敏感性．由此实现光纤光栅传感器中温度和应变两参数的分离测量，而且这两个子光栅的中心波长间距可以直接测量应变大小．温度变化不影响所测量的应变值。实验中光栅的一部分包层直径被HF酸腐蚀到82μm．获得了两子光栅应变响应系数分别为0．00201nm/με．0．000858nm/μ

Watermarks encrypted in the cascaded Fresnel digital hologram

A cascaded Fresnel digital hologram (CFDH) is proposed, together with its mathematical derivation. Its application to watermarking has been demonstrated by a simulation procedure, in which the watermark image to be hidden is encoded into the phase of the host image. The watermark image can be deciphered by the CFDH setup, the reconstructed image shows good quality and the error is almost closed to zeros. Compared with previous technique, this is a lensless architecture, which minimizes the hardware requirement. (c) 2006 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.

High-density holographic recording parameters under different wavelength of a two dyes-sensitized photopolymer

The high-density holographic recording parameters of a novel two dyes-sensitized photopolymer under different exposure wavelengths are studied. The results show that the maximum diffraction efficiency, exposure sensitivity, maximum refraction index modulation, dynamic range, and the exposure time constant increases with the increase of the exposure wavelength. The analysis indicates that the scattering has an important role in the forming of the holographic grating. (c) 2005 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.

Excimer laser plasma to control laser pulse duration

An injection-locking excimer laser beam with a pulse duration of 25 ns is focused on the surface of a polymide film. The laser beam that passes through the etching film is shorter than the original one. By optimizing the thickness of the film and the beam power density, a pulse with a 3-ns pulse duration can be obtained using this switch technology.

新型氧氟化物玻璃的化学稳定性

对新型含碲氧氟化物玻璃在中性、碱性、酸性条件下的化学稳定性进行了研究。实验表明：水的侵蚀使玻璃表面形成碱性沉淀物．阻碍了侵蚀反应进一步发生，使在抗水实验中，质量损失并不随碲含量的增加而增加。对碱侵蚀后的样品用盐酸漂洗的实验显示，随氧化碲含量增加，玻璃化学稳定性变差；经碱腐蚀后，玻璃表面雾化，可见透过率明显减低。碱中浸泡后未用酸漂洗的样品在3100nm附近出现明显的水吸收峰；盐酸处理后，羟基吸收峰消失，但整体的中红外透过率下降。玻璃在酸性条件下侵蚀相同时间的质量损失是碱中的7倍．但由于是均匀腐蚀，侵蚀前后玻

Frequency up-conversion properties of Er3(+)-doped TeO2-ZnO-PbCl2 oxyhalide tellurite glasses

This paper reports on the successful preparation and a detailed study on the up-conversion properties of Er3+ -doped TeO2-ZnO-PbCl2 oxylialide tellurite glasses. Three intense emissions centered at around 527, 549 and 666 nm have been clearly observed under 977 nm excitation and the involved mechanisms have been explained. The green emissions centered at 527 and 549 nin are due to the H-2(11/2 ->) I-4(15/2) and S-4(3/2) -> I-4(15/2) transitions, and the red up-conversion emission centered at 666 nm is associated with the F-4(9/2) -> I-4(15/2) transitions of Er3+ ions, respectively. The quadratic dependence of fluorescence on excitation laser power confirm that two-photons contribute to up-conversion of the green-red emissions. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Effect of air annealing on the spectral properties of Ce : Y3Al5O12 single crystals grown by the temperature gradient technique

Five absorption hands, at 227, 300 340, 370 and 457nm, were observed in the optical absorption spectrum of Ce:Y3Al5O12 (Ce:YAG) crystals grown by the temperature gradient technique (TGT). The absorption bands at 227, 340, and 457 nm were identified Lis belonging to the Ce3+ -ion in the YAG crystal. A near UV optical emission band at 398nm was observed. with an excitation spectrum containing two bands, at 235 and 370nm. No fluorescence was detected under 300 nm excitation. The pair of absorption bands at 235 and 370 nm and the absorption band at 300 nm were attributed to the F- and F+-type color centers, respectively. The color centers model was also applied to explain the spectral changes in the Ce:YAG (TGT) crystal, including the reduction in the Ce 31 -ion absorption intensity, after annealing in an oxidizing atmosphere (air). (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Color centers and charge state change in Ce : YAG crystals grown by temperature gradient techniques

Color centers and impurity defects of Ce:YAG crystals grown in reduction atmosphere by temperature gradient techniques have been investigated by means of gamma irradiation and thermal treatments. Four absorption bands associated with color centers or impurity defects at 235, 255, 294 and 370 nm were observed in as-grown crystals. Changes in optical intensity of the 235 and 370 nm bands after gamma irradiation indicate that they are associated with F+-type color center. Charge state change processes of Fe3+ impurity and Ce3+ ions take place in the irradiation process. The variations of Ce3+ ions concentration clearly indicate that Ce4+ ions exist in Ce:YAG crystals and gamma irradiations could increase the concentration of Ce3+ ions. Annealing treatments and the changes in optical density suggest that a heterovalent impurity ion associated with the 294 nm band seems to be present in the crystals. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Al2O3衬底上生长ZnO薄膜的结构和光学特性

用脉冲激光沉积法在Al2O3（0001）衬底上沉积了ZnO薄膜。衬底温度分别为300℃、400℃、500℃、600℃和700℃。利用X射线衍射（XRD）和光致发光谱（PL）对薄膜的结构和光学性能进行研究。X射线衍射的结果表明在不同温度下生长的ZnO薄膜均具有高度c轴择优取向，衬底温度400℃时，膜的应力较小质量较高。ZnO薄膜有很强的紫外发光峰，紫外发光峰的强度与衬底温度密切相关，并发现当衬底温度从300℃增到400℃时，紫外发射峰出现6nm的蓝移。