关于太阳湍流发电机理论

本文介绍了太阳湍流发电机问题的双尺度平均场电动力学分析方法以及有关太阳发电机问题的研究结果:α,β效应及各种发电机模型。总结分析了现阶段太阳湍流发电机问题在观测和理论方面的主要困难。对其他的太阳发电机理论也进行了简要介绍。

全金属结构氩激光器的研究

本文简述全金属结构氩离子激光器实验的初步结果。该激光器以水冷分段铝片组成放电管,内径8毫米,有效放电长度300毫米。采用水冷铜环形冷弧阴极和水冷筒状阳极。

电磁流体管道流的进口段分析

最近有不少文章討論了导电流体在横向磁場作用下管內完全发展流动的規律,例如文献[1]。但是在确定这些結果的实用范围之前,必須估計出进口段的长度,即管道从进口处开始,直到中心流速和完全发展流动的中心流速相差1％处那一段的长度。文献[2]曾考虑过这一門題,并应用Rayleigh近似得出了一个适用于大Hartmann数情况的估計,文献[3]則考虑了小Hartmann数的流动。本文利用Langbaar假设来处理了同一問題,原則上对Hartmann数的大小没有限制;給出了一些数值結果,并和文献[2,3,7]的結果作了比較。

橄榄石LiFePO_4第一性原理计算研究进展

锂离子电池是一种新型能源,与现有的可充电电池（铅酸电池、镉镍电池和金属氢化物镍电池）相比,在比能量上占有明显优势,目前比能量可高达170～180Wh/kg,是Cd-Ni电池的4倍，MH-Ni电池的2倍。锂离子电池的高T作电压（3．6V）使其相当于3节镉镍电池或金属氢化物镍电池的串连，有利于电池的小型化、轻量化。同时，又具有自放电率低（一般月自放电率小于6％）、长循环寿命的优点.，而且对环境友善，没有污染，是一种绿色能源。自从锂离子电池1991年成功进入世界市场，凭借以上优越性能，在手提电话，摄像机，笔记本电脑和各种便携设备方面的应用越来越广泛。随着新能源的不断开发和利用，对电解液和电极材料的要求也越来越高，特别是对环境的关注和对能源短缺的思考使得人们对锂离子电池进行了新的改进。开发新型电池正极材料是锂离子电池研究的一项重要内容，目前的研究处在实验阶段。由于候选材料的多样性，导致实验上消耗大量的人力、物力和财力，于是从理论上寻求一种计算方法对实验结果进行解释，对相关的材料进行稳定性和电化学性能预测，从而找出一些普遍性规律，已引起研究人员的广泛关注。Ceder于1998年在Nature杂志上发表了《使用第一性原理计算来指导锂离子电池正极材料合成》的研究论文，文中计算出LiAIO_2的嵌入电压高达5．4 V，但纯的LiAIO_2 是电子绝缘体，所以考虑用A1部分替代LiCoO_2 中的Co元素，可以调节电压值，还有利于提高质量比容量。从那时起，理论计算预测锂离子电池正极材料的性能越来越重要。

与非平衡问题相关的尺度效应:场与微粒

纳米技术的出现,使我们有必要更好地了解,在原子水平上材料微结构的变化是如何影响和控制着材料的宏观性能。这一挑战涉及到许多以前不曾考虑和不曾了解的现象.其中,位错理论的基础现在知道是有问题的.宏观尺度下采用的简化假设,也许不能用于微观和纳米尺度。尺度效应的含义,涉及到物理系统的非均质和非平衡特性。宏观尺度下的均匀与平衡特性,在材料的物理尺度减少到微米量级时就不再保持了。这些基本观点不能够为了方便而随意到处使用,因为这会改变预测的结果。更令人不满的是在建立物理模型时缺乏一致性。由此产生的问题是在确定制造过程中的有关参数时无能为力,导致由于成本过高而不切实际的终端产品。先进的复合材料和陶瓷材料就存在这样的问题,本文将要讨论的是在原子尺度与连续介质尺度下应用理论模型时存在的潜在问题,而不是去揭示自然的真相。主要讨论微粒,均匀连续介质或者两者的结合,尺度效应问题当前的发展趋势,趋向于在有或者没有时间效应的情况下寻找材料微结构的不同特征尺寸,从原子模拟模型中将了解到许多情况,原子模拟计算将揭示计算结果如何随着边界条件和尺度变化而不同。量子力学,连续介质力学和宇宙模型证明,没有普遍适用的方法,当前的主要兴趣也许是针对多尺度物理问题在技术上建

Chemical equilibrium analysis and CFD simulation of coal combustion and NOx formation

A full two-fluid model of reacting gas-particle flows with an algebraic unified second-order moment (AUSM) turbulence-chemistry model is used to simulate Beijing coal combustion and NOx formation. The sub-models are the k-epsilon-kp two-phase turbulence model, the EBU-Arrhenius volatile and CO combustion model, the six-flux radiation model, coal devolatilization model and char combustion model. The blocking effect on NOx formation is discussed. In addition, the chemical equilibrium analysis is used to predict NOx concentration at different temperature. Results of CID simulation and chemical equilibrium analysis show that, optimizing air dynamic parameters can delay the NOx formation and decrease NOx emission, but it is effective only in a restricted range. In order to decrease NOx emission near to zero, the re-burning or other chemical methods must be used.

推动交叉学科研究 促进生命与医学科学的发展

<正>基础研究是国家科技发展的原动力,学科的交融与渗透已经成为当今科学发展的重要趋势,促进交叉学科的健康成长是目前科学界普遍关心的问题之一。分析近百年来获得诺贝尔自然科学奖的300多项成果中,近一半的项目是多学科合作的研究成果,对170多位生理学或医学诺贝尔奖获得者及他们的原创性成果的统计研究发现,具有跨学科知识

Modelling Study On The Plasma Flow and Heat Transfer In A Laminar Arc Plasma Torch Operating At Atmospheric and Reduced Pressure

A modelling study is performed to investigate the characteristics of both plasma flow and heat transfer of a laminar non-transferred arc argon plasma torch operated at atmospheric and reduced pressure. It is found that the calculated flow fields and temperature distributions are quite similar for both cases at a chamber pressure of 1.0 atm and 0.1 atm. A fully developed flow regime could be achieved in the arc constrictor-tube between the cathode and the anode of the plasma torch at 1.0 atm for all the flow rates covered in this study. However the flow field could not reach the fully developed regime at 0.1 atm with a higher flow rate. The arc-root is always attached to the torch anode surface near the upstream end of the anode, i.e. the abruptly expanded part of the torch channel, which is in consistence with experimental observation. The surrounding gas would be entrained from the torch exit into the torch interior due to a comparatively large inner diameter of the anode channel compared to that of the arc constrictor-tube.

Laser-confined fusion

An approach for producing a large quantity of neutrons is proposed. It involves compression of a fuel foil and confinement of the resulting plasma between two intense laser pulses. It is shown that two circularly polarized laser pulses of amplitude a=7 illuminating a deuterium-tritium foil of areal density 3.3 X 10(18) cm(-2) can produce about 4.2 X 10(6) neutrons per joule of the input laser energy.

Nuclear fusion from Coulomb explosions of deuterated methane clusters subjected to ultraintense femtosecond laser pulses

This paper reports that Coulomb explosions taken place in the experiment of heteronuclear deuterated methane clusters ((CD4)(n)) in a gas jet subjected to intense femtosecond laser pulses (170 mJ, 70 fs) have led to table-top laser driven DD nuclear fusion. The clusters produced in supersonic expansion had an average energies of deuterons produced in the laser-cluster interaction were 60 and 1.5 KeV, respectively. From DD collisons of energetic deuterons, a yield of 2.5(+/-0.4)x10(4) fusion neutrons of 2.45 MeV per shot was realized, giving rise to a neutron production efficiency of about 1.5 x 10(5) per joule of incident laser pulse energy. Theoretical calculations were performed and a fairly good agreement of the calculated neutron yield with that obtained from the present experiment was found.

Mechanisms of ultrafast laser-induced deep-subwavelength gratings on graphite and diamond

Deep-subwavelength gratings with periodicities of 170, 120, and 70 nm can be observed on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite irradiated by a femtosecond (fs) laser at 800 nm. Under picosecond laser irradiation, such gratings likewise can be produced. Interestingly, the 170-nm grating is also observed on single-crystal diamond irradiated by the 800-nm fs laser. In our opinion, the optical properties of the high-excited state of material surface play a key role for the formation of the deep-subwavelength gratings. The numerical simulations of the graphite deep-subwavelength grating at normal and high-excited states confirm that in the groove the light intensity can be extraordinarily enhanced via cavity-mode excitation in the condition of transverse-magnetic wave irradiation with near-ablation-threshold fluences. This field enhancement of polarization sensitiveness in deep-subwavelength apertures acts as an important feedback mechanism for the growth and polarization dependence of the deep-subwavelength gratings. In addition, we suggest that surface plasmons are responsible for the formation of seed deep-subwavelength apertures with a particular periodicity and the initial polarization dependence. Finally, we propose that the nanoscale Coulomb explosion occurring in the groove is responsible for the ultrafast nonthermal ablation mechanism.

Attosecond x-ray pulse generation by linear Thomson scattering of intense laser beam with relativistic electron

Linear Thomson scattering of a short pulse laser by relativistic electron lids been investigated using computer simulations. It is shown that scattering of an intense laser pulse of similar to 33 fs full width at half maximum, with an electron of gamma(o) = 10 initial energy, generates an ultrashort, pulsed radiation of 76 attoseconds, with a photon wavelength of 2.5 nm in the backward direction. The scattered radiation generated by a highly relativistic electron has superior quality in terms of its pulse width and angular distribution in comparison to the one generated by lower relativistic energy electron.

Electron injection by a nanowire in the bubble regime

The triggering of wave-breaking in a three-dimensional laser plasma wake (bubble) is investigated. The Coulomb potential from a nanowire is used to disturb the wake field to initialize the wave-breaking. The electron acceleration becomes more stable and the laser power needed for self-trapping is lowered. Three-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations were performed. Electrons with a charge of about 100 pC can be accelerated stably to energy about 170 MeV with a laser energy of 460 mJ. The first step towards tailoring the electron beam properties such as the energy, energy spread, and charge is discussed. (C) 2007 American Institute of Physics.