46 resultados para 1 Cor 15, 20-28
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碳、氮不仅是生物体必需的营养元素,也是重要的生态元素。大气中温室气体C02、N2O等浓度的增加使得碳、氮的生物地球化学循环及其温室气体的减缓排放措施研究成为全球变化研究中的热点问题。 土壤是陆地生态系统的核心,是连接大气圈、水圈、生物圈、岩石圈的纽带;它是陆生生物赖以生存的物质基础,是陆地生态系统中物质与能量交换的重要场所,其在全球碳、氮循环中起着十分重要的作用。一方面,土壤有机碳和氮的含量与分布直接关系到生态系统的生产力和生态系统的规模,同时土壤有机碳和氮的转化与迁移又直接影响到温室气体的组成与含量。而土壤本身又是生态系统中生物与环境相互作用的产物。因此,研究土壤有机碳和氮的分布、转化及其对全球变化的响应对于正确理解碳、氮的生物地球化学循环及其对全球变化的响应制定应对策略具有重要意义。 全球变化的陆地样带是从机理上理解陆地生态系统对全球变化的响应,预测全球变化对陆地生态系统的可能影响,实现预警、调节和减少全球变化不良影响,科学地规划和管理陆地生态系统的有效平台。目前,国际地圈一生物圈计划(IGBP)基于不同地区全球变化驱动因素的不同以及全球变化的潜在反馈作用强度的不同,在全球4个关键地区共启动了15条IG8P陆地样带。以水分为主要驱动力的中国东北样带(NECT:Northeast China Transect)即为IGBP的陆地样带之一。 本文以中国东北样带为平台,基于2001年对中国东北样带科学考察所采土壤样品的实测结果和气候资料分析了土壤有机碳和氮的梯度分布及其与土壤、气候等因子之间的关系;借助C02浓度升高和不同土壤湿度的模拟试验探讨了土壤有机碳和氮对气候变化的响应;根据作物残体还田的长期定位试验和盆栽试验研究了作物残体还田对土壤有机碳和氮转化的影响,讨论了农田生态系统通过作物残体还田对减缓温室气体排放的效应。主要结果和结论如下: (1).样带表层土壤有机碳平均为22.3土4.93 g.kg-1,下层土壤有机碳平均为8.9±1.20 g.kg-1。样带表层土壤活性有机碳平均为3.52±0.881 g.kg-1,占表层土壤有机碳的13.1±0.78%;下层土壤活性有机碳平均为1.14±0.250g.kg-l,占下层土壤有机碳的10.9±0.79%。样带土壤活性有机碳与土壤有机碳之间呈极显著正相关关系(相关系数r=0.993,P<0.001)。 (2).不同生态类型土壤有机碳和活性有机碳含量不同。中国东北样带东部(经度126°~131°)为温带针阔混交林山地,植被种类极其丰富,地带性土壤为暗棕壤,并且多为自然土壤,土壤有机碳和活性有机碳含量较高。但由于采样区局部地理环境、植被结构及人类干扰程度的不同,土壤有机碳和活性有机碳含量变异较大,平均为61.9±13.84 g.kg-1和10. 88±2.236g. kg-1。样带中部(经度119°~126°)为松辽平原栎林草原、农田区和大兴安岭山地草甸草原区,属半湿润向半干旱过渡的气候。该区域主要土壤类型为黑土、黑钙土、盐化或碱化草甸土及风沙土,土壤沙化、碱化严重,土壤有机碳和活性有机碳含量明显降低,平均为10.5±1.97 g.kg-l和1. 35±0.327 g.kg-1。样带中西部(经度113°~119°)为内蒙古高原草甸草原和典型草原区域,具有典型的半干旱气候特征。该区地带性土壤为栗钙土,局部丘陵区分布黑钙土,土壤有机碳和活性有机碳含量为14.6±1.65 g.kg-1和2.07±0.342g.kg-1。样带西部(经度111°~113°)为内蒙古高原荒漠草原区域,地带性土壤为棕钙土,土壤较为贫瘠,其有机碳和活性有机碳含量最低,平均为7.99±1.51 g.kg-1和0.51±0.216 g.kg-1。从总的趋势看,样带表层土壤有机碳和活性有机碳的梯度分布趋势一致,都呈现出随经度降低而下降的趋势,局部因土壤退化而出现波动。 (3).样带土壤有机碳和活性有机碳与土壤全量氮、磷、硫、锌及有效氮、磷、钾、锰、锌等均呈显著或极显著相关关系,与土壤PH、容重、持水量及孔隙度也呈显著或极显著相关关系。土壤表层有机碳和活性有机碳与降水量之间具有正的相关关系,其相关系数为r=0.677(P<0.001)和r=0.712(P<0.001)。但下层土壤有机碳和活性有机碳与降水量之间没有显著的相关关系。 (4).样带下层土壤有机碳和活性有机碳与经度之间仍具有显著的相关关系(r=0.454,P=0.026; r=0.473,P=0.020)。样带下层土壤有机碳和活性有机碳的变异小于表层。不同的生态系统,下层土壤有机碳和活性有机碳与表层土壤有机碳和活性有机碳的比率不同。总的来看,土壤活性有机碳含量随深度的增加而下降的幅度大于土壤有机碳。 (5).短期培养条件下,CO2浓度升高及干旱胁迫下,土壤有机碳的变化不大,其变异系数为1.28%;相比较之下,土壤活性有机碳对气候变化比较敏感,其变异系数为29.67%。不同土壤湿度,土壤活性有机碳含量发生变异的幅度因CO2浓度升高而降低。 (6).样带土壤全氮和有效氮与经度呈极显著正相关,其相关系数分别是r=0.695 (P<0.001)和0.636(P<0.001)。土壤表层全氮和有效氮的梯度分布与土壤有机碳的分布基本一致:沿经度呈现东高西低的趋势,局部由于土壤退化而出现低谷。样带除东部山区外,其它各部分土壤有效氮都很低,成为其植被生长的限制因子之一。样带下层土壤全氮和有效氮的含量低于表层,但样带不同部位下层土壤全氮和有效氮下降的幅度不同。总的来看,土壤全氮的剖面分布和土壤有机碳相似,而土壤有效氮则有所不同。 (7).土壤全氮和有效氮是土壤生化环境中两个重要的因子。样带土壤全氮和有效氮和土壤有机碳、全磷、全硫、全锌、土壤活性碳、有效磷、有效钾、有效锰、有效锌、土壤容重、田间持水量土壤总孔度等因子均呈显著或极显著的相关关系。 (8).样带表层土壤全氮和有效氮与降雨量之间呈极显著的正相关关系,相关系数分别是0.682(P<0.001)和0.688(P<0.001)。而下层土壤全氮和有效氮与降雨量之间的没有显著的相关关系(r=0.241,P=0.256; r=0.366,P=0.079)。土壤有效氮占全氮的比例与年均温呈显著正相关关系(相关系数r=0.390,p=0.044)。 (9).短期培养试验中,CO2浓度加倍和不同土壤湿度对土壤全氮和有效氮的影响没有达到显著水平。整个试验中土壤全氮和有效氮的变异较小(变异系数分别是5.55%和3.84%),但仍能反映一定的变化趋势。 (10).玉米残体还田能够增加土壤氮素含量,减轻因其作为燃烧材料而造成的氮素损失和对大气的污染;玉米残体施入土壤,增加了土壤微生物氮含量,提高土壤氮活性,有利于土壤氮素养分的协调供应;玉米残体还田能够促进氮素从营养器官向籽粒中转移,提高氮素养分的利用效率。同时,玉米残体还田可以降低土壤NO3--N的累 积,减少肥料氮的损失4.7~5.6%。 (ll).根据国内外文献和我们连续10年作物残体还田的肥料长期定位试验及盆栽试验结果,从减缓CO2排放、增加土壤碳固存、提高土壤生产力入手,分析了农业生态系统作物残体还田的必要性与可行性,讨论了农田作物残体还田,增加土壤碳固存对于减缓CO2排放、提高土壤生产力的作用与意义。提倡作物残体因地制宜地归还土壤,但作物残体还田后土壤固存与减缓温室气体排放的潜力还需要进一步进行研究。
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本文报道丁1997年和1998年夏季对藏北色林错等水体水文特征的考察情况结 果表明,色林错是一个大型深水湖泊,表层水温在下午4:30左右达到最高,清晨7:30左右时最 低浅水区域表层湖水在6月份的极端最高水温为2l 2℃.韫端最低水温为11 0℃,而H甲均水温 变幅仅5 6℃,其幅度大于在同一时段湖区内不同区域之间表层水温的变化色林错湖水的DH值 较高.为9 19 9 66;表层水的pH昼夜变化较小,仅O.15.最高值出现在凌晨.同时水体不同区域 及深度的pH值基本一致.其溶解氧变化在4.62—5 12mg/L,而且不同深度水层之间的变幅较小. 仅0 03—0 35mg/L;但其湖汉浆东如瑞溶解氧的昼夜变幅为4 58 5 59mg/I,;盐度的日变幅为 1 60% 2 20%考察表明.藏北水体的盐分有一个从河流到湖泊、以及由流水向静水富集的趋 势;鱼类的分布与水体盐分的含母密切相关,即鱼类随着水体盐分的增加而消失,代之H嗜盐性卣 虫的出现及大量繁衍
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<正> 我们从1983年9月至1985年1月,将草鱼尾鳍组织细胞在体外培养17个月,传代100次,确立为建立的细胞系(established cell lioe),命名为GCCF-2。1.细胞系的建立无菌获取草鱼尾鳍组织,采用组织块培养法置TC-199培养液中进行初代培养。20代之前培养液中小牛血清含量为20%;20代之后,小牛血清含量降为15%。培养温度为28—30℃。1∶4传代培养,4—5天传代一次。2.细胞形态由于在初代培养及以后的传代培养过程中未加任何选择,GCCF-2为上皮样细胞和成纤维样细胞的
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A 65-day growth trial was conducted at 19.5 degrees C to determine the optimal dietary methionine for juvenile rockfish, Sebastes schlegeli. Semipurified diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous and isoenergetic. Fish meal was used as intact protein source and crystal amino acid was used as a part of dietary protein. Six experimental diets were formulated to contain 5.8, 10.8, 15.8, 20.8, 25.8 and 30.8 g kg(-1) dietary methionine. The results showed that dietary methionine significantly affected specific growth rate, weight gain, food conversion ratio, protein productive value (PPV), energy retention efficiency, carcass index and body composition. No significant difference was found in hepatosomatic index. The dietary methionine requirement for maximum growth was 13.7 g kg(-1) dry matter or 28.0 g kg(-1) of dietary protein when cystine content was 1.2 g kg(-1) dry matter.
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Resting metabolism was measured in immature mandarin fish Siniperca chuatsi weighing 42.1-510.2 g and Chinese snakehead Channa argus weighing 41.5-510.3 g at 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35 degreesC. Heat increment of feeding was measured in mandarin fish weighing 202.0 (+/-14.0) g and snakehead weighing 200.8 (+/-19.3) g fed swamp leach Misgurnus anguillicaudatus at 1% body weight per day at 28 degreesC. In both species, weight exponent in the power relationship between resting metabolism and body weight was not affected by temperature. The relationship between resting metabolism and temperature could be described by a power function. The temperature exponent was 1.39 in mandarin fish and 2.10 in snakehead (P < 0.05), indicating that resting metabolism in snakehead increased with temperature at a faster rate than in mandarin fish. Multiple regression models were used to describe the effects of body weight (W, g) and temperature (T, C) on the resting metabolism (R-s, mg O-2/h): In R-s = - 5.343 + 0.772 In W + 1.387 In T for the mandarin fish and In R-s = -7.863 + 0.801 ln W + 2.104 In T for the Chinese snakehead. The proportion of food energy channelled to heat increment was 8.7% in mandarin fish and 6.8% in snakehead. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.
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Rates of maximum food consumption and growth were determined for immature mandarin fish Siniperca chuatsi (47.2-540.2 g) and Chinese snakehead Channa argus (45.0-546.2 g) at 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35 degrees C. The relationship between maximum rate of food consumption (C-max), body weight (W) and temperature (T) was described by the multiple regression equations: lnC(max) = -4.880 + 0.597 lnW+0.284T - 0.0048T(2) for the mandarin fish, and lnC(max)= -6.718 + 0.522 lnW+0.440T-0.0077T(2) for the Chinese snakehead. The optimum temperature for consumption was 29.6 degrees C for the mandarin fish and 28.6 degrees C for the Chinese snakehead. The relationship between growth rate (G), body weight and temperature was ln(G+0.25)= - 0.439 - 0.500 lnW+0.270T - 0.0046T(2) for the mandarin fish, and ln(G+0.25)= - 6.150+ (0.175 - 0.026T) lnW+0.571T - 0.0078T(2) for the Chinese snakehead. The weight exponent in the growth-weight relationship was -0.83 for the mandarin fish, but decreased with increasing temperature for the Chinese snakehead. The optimum temperature for growth was 29.3 degrees C for the mandarin fish, but tended to decrease with increasing weight for the Chinese snakehead, being 30.3 degrees C for a 45-g fish, and 26.1 degrees C for a 550-g fish. (C) 1998 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles.
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东北土壤有机P库潜力巨大,通过调控磷酸酶活性来提高P的植物有效性是一条可行之路。本文以东北典型黑土和棕壤为供试土壤,从几种公认比较有效的有机化合物中筛选出具有实际可操作性浓度的磷酸酶(磷酸单酯酶,磷酸二酯酶和磷酸三酯酶)激活剂,并确定其最适浓度,研究其对土壤磷酸酶活性调节效果及其动力学特性,结果表明: 1、不同低浓度的还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)、三磷酸腺苷(ATP)、辅酶I、L-半胱氨酸、生化腐殖酸、碘解磷定(PAM)中,160mg•kg-1 GSH在15天内对黑土三种磷酸酶有较好的激活效果,作为筛选出的激活剂。通过浓度调节试验,进一步确定480mg•kg-1还原型谷胱甘肽对黑土磷酸酶活性在30天内有很好的激活效果。 2、480mg•kg-1的GSH能够提高黑土磷酸单酯酶、二酯酶活性,对三酯酶没有激活效果,而对棕壤只激活三酯酶;同样的处理下,黑土单酯酶和三酯酶,棕壤的二酯酶和三酯酶Vmax值显著大于对照,激活剂处理的棕壤单酯酶及黑土的二酯酶Km值显著小于对照。 3、GSH作用下的黑土和棕壤有效P含量都与对照无显著差异;黑土和棕壤的微生物量P仅在短时间内略高于对照,但不显著;黑土可利用性P含量没有提高,甚至有时显著低于对照;而棕壤则在第5、7天显著高于对照,其它天与对照无显著差异。
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生物多样性是人类赖以生存的物质基础,菌物多样性是生物多样性的重要组成。我国位于亚太竹区,是世界竹类的分布中心之一,有着极为丰富的竹种资源,并孕育着丰富的菌物资源。近年来,我国对木材腐朽菌,特别是多孔菌进行了广泛深入的研究,发表了许多新种和中国新记录种,但是对生于竹材上的腐朽菌却少见报道。因此,开展竹材腐朽真菌种类的研究对深入认识腐朽菌物种多样性,积极利用这些菌物资源,防治竹类病害以及竹材保藏都具有重要意义。 本论文按照多孔菌现代分类学方法对采集自我国10省市18个自然保护区、森林公园和林场的竹材腐朽真菌标本进行了初步的研究。对11种重要的竹材腐朽菌进行详细的描述和显微结构绘图,记载了每种的寄主、国内分布,并对每种与其相似种的联系和区别以及腐朽类型进行了讨论。 研究结果显示,我国范围内共记录及描述竹材腐朽真菌从5属增加到28属,新增属分别为:假芝属、薄孔菌属、小薄孔菌属、蜡孔菌属、拟蜡孔菌属、小集毛孔菌属、囊孔菌属、浅孔菌属、圆齿菌属、产丝齿菌属、耙齿菌属、容氏孔菌属、锐孔菌属、多年卧孔菌属、木层孔菌属、硬孔菌属、中国干腐菌属、干皮孔菌属、褶菌属、栓孔菌属、附毛孔菌属、孢孔菌属和中国记录属拟浅孔菌属 (Grammotheloposis),其中广义多孔菌有20属,革菌2属,齿菌1属;有15属为白腐菌,1属褐腐。 新增竹材腐朽真菌19种,其中多孔菌有15种,革菌1种,齿菌1种,褶菌2属。相似干朽菌(Serpula similis)和棕榈浅孔菌(Grammothele fuligo)竹区分布较多,前者是腐朽病原菌,后者腐朽作用不强,但影响竹材美观。二者在中国南方竹区广泛分布,是对竹材危害较严重的种类。而长江以北分布极少。另外有药用菌4种,分别为浅黄囊孔菌(Flavodon flavus)、宽棱木层孔菌(Phellinus torulosus)、裂褶菌(Schizophyllum commune)和灵芝(Ganoderma lucidum)。待定种1种(Grammotheloposis sp.)。
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本文利用原生质体融合技术,以四株营养缺陷型突变株(康宁木霉UV2-1、UV2-15、绿色木霉UV2-11和另一木霉菌株UV2-2)为亲本进行种间融合重组。研究了原生质体形成和再生的最适条件及高产的重组菌株筛选的方法。筛选到了一株优良的融合株F1-18,它固体发酵稻草粉产生的滤纸酶活(FPA)、Cx酶活、Cl酶活和β-葡萄糖苷酶活分别为1148、5705、6042和1036 U/g基质,分别是其双亲-康宁木霉F224和绿色木霉F264-的1.86、1.38、1.95、1.52倍和9.10、6.78、4.79、0.85倍。对F1-18的生物学特性进行了研究。经菌落形态观察、分生孢子大小及其DNA含量测定,认定它为单倍性重组体。经非特异性酯酶和过氧化物酶同工酶酶谱分析及纤维素酶SDS-PAGE电泳图谱分析表明,它既有与双亲共有的谱带,也有它独有的谱带,说明在融合-分离过程中,发生了基因重组和基因突变,产生了新的蛋白组分。与生产用菌SN9706相比,F1-18固体发稻草粉产生的滤纸酶活提高了39%,β-葡萄糖苷酶活提高了86%。在固体发酵玉米秸粉时也获得较高的纤维素酶产量,具有广泛的应用前景和推广价值。F1-18的最适产酶条件为:培养基起始PH值为5.5 ~ 6.0,培养基中加2.5 ~ 3倍于原料的水,28 ~ 30 ℃发酵4天,培养基中添加0.35%脲和0.35% KNO3,最高酶产量可达滤纸酶活1347 U/g基质。
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为了筛选对靶基因LDLR和VCAM-1的表达具有调节作用的生物活性物质,建立了两个基于重组人细胞系的高通量的筛选模型,使用荧光素酶在96-孔版上来筛选对上述靶基因的表达具有调节作用的微生物代谢产物。模型之一是来自于人肝HepG2细胞系的重组L39细胞,用于筛选增加LDLR报告基因表达的生物活性物质,以期发现新的具有降胆固醇作用的药物。筛选之二为来源于细胞系ECV304的重组细胞株Nl-14,用于筛选抑制VCAM-1基因表达的活性物质,以期发现治疗风湿性关节炎等免疫性疾病治疗的药物。上述筛选系统均是稳定转染的细胞系,分别含有与荧光素酶报告基因相融合的LDLR或VCAM-1基因的转录调节元件。通过对6300株微生物的总计12600个样品的筛选,共发现和分离了17个活性化合物并进行了结构解析。其中两个被命名为Cladospolede D和Zelkovamycin的化合物被确定为新的化合物。由真菌 FO-6605的发酵液提取得到的一个化合物对LDLR报告基因的表达具有很强的上调作用,其SC200为1 Onmol/L a使用荧光标记的LDL检测到该化合物对于HepG2细胞膜上LDLR具有剂量依赖的增强作用。由真菌FO-5897的发酵液中分离到了一个已知的化合物Ascofuranone,该化合物曾经被报道具有降血脂抗肿瘤的活性。值得注意的是我们首次发现了该化合物同时具有抑制 VCAM-1报告基因表达和增强LDLR报告基因表达的作用,该发现有可能会对其降血脂作用的深入研究提供帮助。由海洋真菌FT-0012产生的化合物Cladospolede D为一个12-员环的大环内酷类的化合物,该化合物对两个测活系统均显示出无选择性的抑制作用形态学研究显示该真菌属于Cladosporiun属。另外一个由土壤放线菌K96-670产生的新化合物为一个环八肤类的化合物,经~1H~1-H COSY,~(13)C-H COSY,~(13)C-~1H HMQC, ~(15)N-~1H HMQC,~(15)-~1N HHMBC等波谱学研究得知该化合物的分子结构中含有六个非普通的氨基酸和两个普通氨基酸。该化合物对VCAM-I报告基因的表达显示出非常好的选择性的抑制活性,其IC50值为9.5ug/ml.形态学的研究表明该菌株属于链霉菌属。 在筛选过程中从来源于云南省西双版纳的土壤中分离到了一株编号为YIM1272的放线菌,经包括形态学、生理一生化和16S rDNA在内的分类学研究,确定该菌株为链霉菌属的一个新种,被命名为佩版纳链霉菌,(Streptomyces.bannaensis.sp.nov)。
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本文对禄春安息香(Styrax macranthus)种子和攀援孔药花(Porandra scandens)全草的化学成分进行了研究,共获得30个化合物,其中2个为新化合物。 从禄春安息香种子95%乙醇提取物中分离并鉴定了12个化合物,其中2个新化合物鉴定为3-[7-methoxy-2-(3,4-methylenedioxy phenyl) benzofuran-5-yl] propyl 3-[7-methoxy-2-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)benzofuran-5-yl] propanoate (1) 和去甲氧基-egonol-龙胆双糖甙 (2);已知化合物分别为2-(3,4-二氧亚甲基苯基)-5-甲酰基-7-甲氧基-苯并呋喃 (3)、egonol (4)、去甲氧基-egonol (5)、去甲基-egonol (6)、egonol-葡萄糖甙 (7)、egonol-龙胆双糖甙 (8)、egonol-龙胆三糖甙 (9)、豆甾醇 (10)、二十四烷酸 1-甘油酯 (11) 和胡萝卜甙 (12)。生物活性测试发现,化合物2具有促进雌激素E2合成的作用。 从攀援孔药花全草95%乙醇提取物中分离并鉴定了19个化合物:(2S,3S,4R)-2-[(2R)-2-羟基-二十一烷酰基氨基]-二十一烷-1,3,4-三醇 (13)、(2S,3S,4R)–2–二十四烷酰基氨基-十八烷-1,3,4-三醇 (14)、胡萝卜甙 (12)、β-谷甾醇 (15)、(20S,22E,24R)-5α,8α-表二氧-麦角甾-6,22-二烯-3β-醇 (16)、6β-羟基-豆甾-4-烯-3-酮 (17)、十六烷酸 1-甘油酯 (18)、桦木酸 (19)、大黄素 (20)、二十二烷酸 1-甘油酯 (21)、对羟基苯甲醛 (22)、十七烷酸 1-甘油酯 (23)、金色酰胺醇乙酸酯(24)、十九烷酸 1-甘油酯 (25)、棕榈酸 (26)、(E)-p-香豆酸 (27)、(22E,24S)-24-麦角甾醇-7,22-二烯-3β,5α,6β-三醇 (28)、2-去氧-β-蜕皮激素 (29)和auranamide (30)。 综述了近十年来发现的2-芳基苯并呋喃类新木脂素的结构特征、来源、生物活性和化学全合成。 Phytochemical investigation on the seeds of Styrax macranthus and the whole plants of Porandra scandens led to the isolation of thirty compounds, two of which were new ones. Two new 2-aryl benzofuran derivatives, 3-[7-methoxy-2-(3,4-methylenedioxy phenyl) benzofuran-5-yl]propyl 3-[7-methoxy-2-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)benzo furan-5-yl]propanoate (1) and demethoxy egonol gentiobioside (2), were isolated from the 95% aqueous ethanolic extract of the seeds of Styrax macranthus, together with 7-methoxy-2-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl) benzofuran-5-carbaldehyde (3), egonol (4), demethoxy egonol (5), demethyl egonol (6), egonol glucoside (7), egonol gentiobioside (8), egonol gentiotrioside (9), stigmasterol (10), 2,3-dihydroxypropyl tetracosoate (11), and daucosterol (12). In vitro test, compound 2 promote the synthesis of estrogen E2. Nineteen compounds were isolated from the 95% aqueous ethanolic extract of the whole plant of Porandra scandens for the first time. Their structures were identified as (2S,3S,4R)-2-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-heneicosanoylamino]-1,3,4- heneicosanetriol (13), (2S,3S,4R)-2-tetracosanoylamino-1,3,4-octadecanetriol (14), daucosterol (15), β-sitosterol (12), (20S,22E,24R)-5α,8α-epidioxy-ergosta-6,22-diene- 3β-ol (16), 6β-hydroxylstigmast-4-en-3-one (17), 1-glycerol-1-hexadecoate (18), betulinic acid (19), emodin (20), 1-glycerol-1-docosoate (21), p-hydroxybenzaldehyde (22), 1-glycerol-1-heptadecoate (23), aurantiamide acetate (24), 1-glycerol-1- nonadecoate (25), palmatic acid (26), (E)-p-coumaric acid (27), (22E,24S)- 24-metbylcbolesta-7,22-diene-3β,5α,6β-triol (28), 2-deoxycrustecdysone (29), and auranamide (30). The characteristic, natural resource, bioactivity, and the total synthesis of 2-aryl benzofurans were reviewed.
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小麦条锈病(Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici)是世界性小麦病害,可导致受害小麦减产30%以上,甚至绝收。小麦条锈病在我国西南、华北麦区危害严重,四川麦区是小麦条锈病发病最重的地区之一,每年因条锈病流行造成小麦产量损失巨大。利用抗条锈病品种是控制该病害最安全、经济的有效途径,因此挖掘利用抗病新基因,开展抗病遗传基础研究是当前育种工作中面临的重要任务。 偏凸山羊草(Aegilops ventricosa,DDMvMv,2n=28)是一年生草本植物,起源于地中海西部沿岸地区,具有对小麦白粉病、锈病等高抗或免疫、耐盐、抗寒、蛋白质含量高等优良性状,是小麦遗传育种很好的种质资源。本研究以高抗条锈病的小麦—偏凸山羊草6Mv/6B代换系(Moisson 6Mv/6B)为材料,对其含有的带条锈病抗性基因的偏凸山羊草6Mv染色体在四川小麦背景中的传递情况、与小麦—簇毛麦双端体附加系所具有的白粉病抗性的聚合以及对Moisson 6Mv/6B进行电离辐射诱变筛选抗条锈病的小麦—偏凸山羊草易位系三个方面进行了研究。取得的主要研究结果如下: 1. Moisson 6Mv/6B与高感条锈病的四川地区普通小麦品种绵阳26、绵阳93-124和SW3243的杂种F1与其普通小麦亲本分别作为父、母本回交,通过对其BC1和F2的结实率、根尖细胞有丝分裂中期染色体的观察以及对条锈病抗性的鉴定,发现含6Mv染色体的F1植株作母本时的回交结实率(83.10%)普遍高于含6Mv染色体的F1植株作父本(48.61%),结实率与普通小麦基因型密切相关(χ2=34.15>>χ20.05=5.99(df=2));6Mv染色体在三种四川小麦中通过雌、雄配子传递的传递方式与其传递率间没有显著相关性,其传递率与普通小麦基因型呈显著相关性(χ2=6.42>χ20.05=5.99(df=2))。 2. Moisson 6Mv/6B与高抗白粉病的小麦—簇毛麦双端体附加系Pana(2n=42+2t)正反杂交,希望在聚合两者抗性的同时观察不同受体背景下的抗性反应。对Moisson 6Mv/6B和Pana正反杂交的结实率、杂交后代的农艺性状进行观察,并对杂交后代进行基因组荧光原位杂交(GISH)分析及条锈病和白粉病的抗性鉴定。结果表明Moisson 6Mv/6B作母本时杂交结实率(80.56%)高于Pana作母本时(58.33%),结实率与杂交方式间紧密相关(χ2=4.96>χ20.05=3.84(df=1));Moisson 6Mv/6B和Pana杂交后代株高比最高亲本高约10cm,成熟期也较两亲本提前两个星期左右;正反杂交后代中具有偏凸山羊草6Mv染色体的植株具有条锈病抗性,具有簇毛麦端体的植株具有白粉病抗性,同时筛选到4株含有偏凸山羊草和簇毛麦遗传物质并对条锈病和白粉病兼抗的材料,证明来自偏凸山羊草6Mv染色体的条锈病抗性与来自簇毛麦端体的白粉病抗性已经聚合在一起,且没有产生相互抑制的作用,暗示通过这两个抗性基因的聚合是完全能获得兼抗条锈病和白粉病的小麦新种质。 3. 对Moisson 6Mv/6B在减数分裂时期的成株进行总剂量为6Gy、辐射频率为120rad/min的60Co-γ射线辐射,对辐射植株自交后代进行农艺性状及根尖细胞有丝分裂中期染色体形态观察和条锈病抗性鉴定。结果为辐射植株自交结实率为2.22%,根尖细胞有丝分裂中期的染色体存在明显碎片,辐射自交后代植株对条锈病具有成株期抗性。 小麦—偏凸山羊草6Mv/6B代换系对条锈病抗性稳定,是培育条锈病抗性品种的良好供体。本研究证明在四川小麦背景中要利用该品种抗性,在结实数满足需要时,可将其作父本,亦可作母本,但关键是要选择好一个优良的受体基因型;同时其条锈病抗性与来自簇毛麦的白粉病抗性没有相互抑制作用,可将两者抗性有效聚合用于小麦育种中。 Wheat stripe rust (Puccinia striiformis f. sp. Tritici) is a worldwide disease of wheat, and could lead to victims of 30 percent or even total destruction of wheat production. Wheat stripe rust harms badly in China's southwest and North China. Sichuan province is one of the regions damaged by wheat stripe rust heavily. The use of resistant varieties is the most secure and economical way to control the wheat stripe rust. Therefore, it is essential to identify new disease-resistant genes and genetically research of disease resistance. Aegilops ventricosa (DDMvMv, 2n = 28) is an annual herbaceous plant, originating in the coastal areas of the western Mediterranean, with good characters such as resistance of wheat powdery, rust, salt, cold and high protein content. It is a good germplasm resource. In this study, the wheat- Aegilops ventricosa 6Mv/6B substitution line Moisson 6Mv/6B (highly resistant to the wheat stripe rust) was used to study on the transmission of chromosome 6Mv of Aegilops ventricosa in different genetic background of Sichuan wheat varieties, hybridization with wheat- Haynaldia villosa ditelosomic addition line Pana (highly resistant to the powdery mildew) and screening of wheat- Aegilops ventricosa translocation line by exposuring Moisson 6Mv/6B under ionizing radiation. The main results are as following: 1. Moisson 6Mv/6B was crossed with Sichuan wheat varieties mianyang26, mianyang93-124 and SW3243 (highly susceptible to stripe rust), respectively. Their F1 hybrids were further backcrossed as male and female to corresponding wheat varieties. The seed-setting rate, chromosomes confirmation in the mitotic metaphase of root tip cells, and resistance to stripe rust of the subsequent BC1 and F2 plants were investigated. The average seed-setting rate of backcross via 6Mv as female donor (83.10%) was higher than that of backcross via 6Mv as male donor (48.61%), suggesting that the seed-setting rate was associated with the wheat genotypes(χ2=34.15>>χ20.05=5.99(df=2)). In all analyzed populations, transmission frequencies of chromosome 6Mv were not correlated with the ways of 6Mv through male or through female. However, transmission frequencies of chromosome 6Mv were significantly correlated with Sichuan wheat genotypes(χ2=6.42>χ20.05=5.99(df=2)). 2. To aggregating the resistances to stripe rust and powdery mildew, as well as research on the resistance reactions in different genetic background, Moisson 6Mv/6B was reciprocally hybrided with the wheat- Haynaldia villosa ditelosomic addition line Pana (highly resistant to the powdery mildew). The seed-setting rate, agronomic characters, genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) of hybrid progenies,and resistances to stripe rust and powdery mildew were investigated. The results showed that the seed-setting rate of hybridization via Moisson 6Mv/6B as female donor (80.56%) was significant higher than that via Pana as female donor (58.33%). The seed-setting rate was associated with the hybrid methods (χ2 = 4.96> χ20.05 = 3.84 (df = 1)). The plant height of hybrid progenies was about 10 cm higher than Pana, the parent with maximum height. And the maturity of hybrid progenies was about two weeks earlier than that of the parents. In the hybrid progenies, the plants with the 6Mv chromosome have the resistance to stripe rust and the plants with the telosome from Haynaldia villosa have the resistance to powdery mildew. It was found that four plants with both the 6Mv chromosome and the telosome from Haynaldia villosa were resistant to stripe rust and powdery mildew. It indicated that the resistance to stripe rust and powdery mildew aggregated, and no mutual inhibition was found. It implied that the aggregation of the two resistance genes was able to provide the new wheat germplasm with the resistances to stripe rust and powdery mildew. 3. Moisson 6Mv/6B was irradiated with 60Co-γ rays of 6Gy (120rad/min) during meiosis. The agronomic characters and chromosomes confirmation in the mitotic metaphase of root tip cells,as well as resistance to stripe rust were investigated. The seed-setting rate of irradiated plants was only 2.22%. The chromosomes in mitotic metaphase had clear fragments. The resistance to stripe rust of progeny of irradiated plants was the adult-plant resistance. The wheat- Aegilops ventricosa 6Mv/6B substitution line is a good stripe rust resistance donor for its stabile resistance. Our study demonstrated that the key for use the resistance is to choose a good receptor. There is no difference between Moisson 6Mv/6B be the female and be the male if the seed number meets the requirement. At the same time, the stripe rust resistance of Moisson 6Mv/6B did not have the mutual inhibition with the powdery mildew resistance from Haynaldia villosa. It is able to aggregate the two resistances for wheat breeding.
Resumo:
研究了吡唑类化合物和1-甲胺酰基吡唑类化合物的紫外吸收光谱。结果表明,3位和5位的取代使吡唑的最大吸收波长红移3~4 nm,而4位的取代能够引起较大的红移(>10 nm)。甲胺酰基的引入可使吡唑类化合物的最大吸收波长红移20~26 nm,最大消光系数提高2~3倍。基于此,建立了快速测定吡唑类化合物含量的紫外分光光度法,并测定了长效尿素中3,4-二甲基吡唑磷酸盐(DMPP)的含量为尿素-N的1.15%,1-甲胺酰基-3-甲基吡唑(CMP)在水溶液中水解的半减期在20,25和30℃下分别为48,30和16 h,应用不同提取剂对三种土壤中硝化抑制剂3-甲基吡唑磷酸盐(MPP)的提取率为63.2%~89.2%。