Use of lanthanide metal complexes for the hydrolysis of 3 ',5 '- and 2 ',3 ' cyclic nucleotides

Lutetium(III) and lanthanum(III) complexes of 2-carboxyethylgermanium sesquioxide (Ge-132) can hydrolyze the phosphodiester linkage of 3',5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), 3',5'-cyclic deoxyadenosine monophosphate (dcAMP) and 2',3'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (2',3'-cAMP). Both cAMP and dcAMP are hydrolyzed with high selectivity, yielding predominantly 3'-monophosphates. 2',3'-cAMP is converted to 3'-AMP and 2'-AMP, the ratio of 3'-AMP to 2'-AMP produced being 1.4.

Evaluation of the pyrolytic and kinetic characteristics of Enteromorpha prolifera as a source of renewable bio-fuel from the Yellow Sea of China

The pyrolytic and kinetic characteristics of Enteromorpha prolifera from the Yellow Sea were evaluated at heating rates of 10, 20 and 50 degrees C min(-1), respectively. The results indicated that three stages appeared during pyrolysis; dehydration, primary devolatilization and residual decomposition. Differences in the heating rates resulted in considerable differences in the pyrolysis of E. prolifera. Specifically, the increase of heating rates resulted in shifting of the initial temperature, peak temperature and the maximum weight loss to a higher value. The average activation energy of E. prolifera was 228.1 kJ mol(-1), the pre-exponential factors ranged from 49.93 to 63.29 and the reaction orders ranged from 2.2 to 3.7. In addition, there were kinetic compensation effects between the pre-exponential factors and the activation energy. Finally, the minimum activation energy was obtained when a heating rate of 20 degrees C min(-1) was used. (C) 2009 The Institution of Chemical Engineers. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.