Environmental Mechanics Research in China

By recalling mankind's path during past 50 years in the present article, we mainly highlight the significance of environmental issues today. In particular, two major factors leading to environment deterioration in China such as water resources and coal burning are stressed on. Present-day environmental issues are obviously interdisciplinary, of multiple scales and multi-composition in nature. Therefore, a process-based approach for environment research is absolutely necessarily. A series of sub-processes, either physical, chemical or biological, are subsequently analyzed in order to established reasonable parameterization scheme and credible comprehensive model. And we are now in a position to answer questions still open to us, improve existing somewhat empirical engineering approaches and enhance quantitative accuracy in prediction. To illustrate this process-based research approach, three typical examples associated with the Yangtze River Estuary, Loess Plateau and Tenggeli Desert environments have been dealt with respectively. A theoretical model of vertical flow field accounting for runoff and tide interaction has been established to delineate salinity and sediment motion which are responsible for the formation of mouth bar at the outlet and the ecological evolution there. A kinematic wave theory combined with the revised Green-Ampt infiltration formula is applied to the prediction of runoff generation and erosion in three types of erosion region on the Loess Plateau. Three approaches describing water motion in SPAC system in arid areas at different levels have been improved by introducing vegetation sub-models. However, we have found that the formation of a dry sandy layer and biological crust skin are additional primary causes leading to deterioration of water supply and succession of ecological system.

Heating characteristics of blunt swept fin-induced shock wave turbulent boundary layer interaction

An experimental study was conducted on shock wave turbulent boundary layer interactions caused by a blunt swept fin-plate configuration at Mach numbers of 5.0, 7.8, 9.9 for a Reynolds number range of (1.0.similar to 4.7) x 10(7)/m. Detailed heat transfer and pressure distributions were measured at fin deflection angles of up to 30 degrees for a sweepback angle of 67.6 degrees. Surface oil flow patterns and liquid crystal thermograms as well as schlieren pictures of fin shock shape were taken. The study shows that the flow was separated at deflection of 10 degrees and secondary separation were detected at deflection of theta greater than or equal to 20 degrees. The heat transfer and pressure distributions on flat plate showed an extensive plateau region followed by a distinct dip and local peak close to the fin foot. Measurements of the plateau pressure and heat transfer were in good agreement with existing prediction methods, but pressure and heating peak measurements at M greater than or equal to 6 were significantly lower than predicted by the simple prediction techniques at lower Mach numbers.

Modeling on Runoff and Sediment Yield in Small Watersheds

The prediction and estimate of water and soil loss is fundamental important for understanding the effect of the spatial heterogeneity of underlying surfaces and preventing ecological environment deterioration. In this paper, a dynamic model of runoff and sediment yield in small watersheds is established. The proposed model includes three components: runoff generation caused by rainfall, soil erosion on hillslopes by overland flow, and runoff concentration and sediment transport on watersheds. Applying the proposed model, the runoff and sediment yield processes in a typical catchment on the loess plateau was estimated, which exhibited a good agreement between predicted results and observation.

The calculation of photoelectron angular distributions with jet-like structure from scattering theory

Photoelectron angular distributions produced in above-threshold ionization (ATI) are analysed using a nonperturbative scattering theory. The numerical results are in good qualitative agreement with recent measurements. Our study shows that the origin of the jet-like structure arises from the inherent properties of the ATI process and not from the angular momentum of either the initial or the excited states of the atom.

Tunable high-order harmonic generation and the role of the folded quantum path

We theoretically demonstrate the selective enhancement of high-order harmonic generation (HHG) in two-color laser fields consisting of a single-cycle fundamental wave (800 nm wavelength) and a multicycle subharmonic wave (2400 nm wavelength). By performing time-frequency analyses based on a single-active-electron model, we reveal that such an enhancement is a result of the modified electron trajectories in the two-color field. Furthermore, we show that selectively enhanced HHG gives rise to a bandwidth-controllable extreme ultraviolet supercontinuum in the plateau region, facilitating the generation of intense single isolated attosecond pulses.

Phase control of higher spectral components in the presence of a static electric field

We investigate the higher spectral component generations driven by a few-cycle laser pulse in a dense medium when a static electric field is present. Our results show that, when assisted by a static electric field, the dependence of the transmitted laser spectrum on the carrier-envelope phase (CEP) is significantly increased. Continuum and distinct peaks can be achieved by controlling the CEP of the few-cycle ultrashort laser pulse. Such a strong variation is due to the fact that the presence of the static electric field modifies the waveform of the combined electric field, which further affects the spectral distribution of the generated higher spectral components.

Generation of attosecond pulses in a system with permanent dipole moment

The generation of attosecond pulses in a two-level system with permanent dipole moment is investigated. It is shown due to the presence of permanent dipole moments, that the plateau of the high-order harmonic generation spectrum can be extended to X-ray range. Moreover, attosecond pulses with higher intensity can be synthesized by using both even and odd harmonics because of their quantum interference. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

高山松的二倍体杂种起源-来自三个基因组的证据

利用松科植物特殊的遗传体系（叶绿体基因组一父系遗传、线粒体基因组—母系遗传、核基因组一双亲遗传），我们对高山松及其两个亲本种进行了广泛的群体取样，通过线粒体基因nadl、叶绿体基因rbcL和trnL-F基因间区以及低拷贝核基因4CL的序列分析或PCR-RFLP分析，为高山松同倍体杂种起源假说提供了翔实的遗传学证据，同时在个体水平上探讨了高山松不同群体的遗传组成、群体遗传结构、基因交流方向、群体建立过程以及杂种基因组的进化。具体结果如下： 1．细胞质基因组分析 1)线粒体基因nudl分析 本研究对油松、高山松和云南松的19个群体、295个个体的线粒体基因nadl的一个内含子进行了序列分析或PCR-RFLP分析，共检测到3种线粒体DNA单倍型-A、B和C。油松所有的取样群体仅含单倍型A;除BX群体外，所有的云南松群体仅含单倍型B; 10个高山松群体中，5个群体固定单倍型A，4个群体固定单倍型B，1个群体(ZD)分布有A和B两种单倍型。2)叶绿体rbcL基因分析 对同一组群体的rbcL基因进行序列分析或PCR-RFLP分析，共检测到两个变异位点和三种叶绿体单倍型（TT、TC和GC）。TT和GC分别是油松和云南松种特异性叶绿体单倍型，而在高山松群体里则三种单倍型均有分布，而且TC单倍型广泛地分布在7个杂种群体中，该单倍型很可能来源于点突变或第三个已灭绝的亲本。rbcL基因检测到的高山松群体分化系数很高(Gst=0.533)。 3)叶绿体trn L-F区序列分析 叶绿体trnL-F分子标记检测到的不同单倍型的差异主要是由引物“e”下游120碱基处一个多聚T结构的长度变异所致（叶绿体SSR位点）。10个高山松群体中共检测到5种叶绿体单倍型，其中两种主要的单倍型(9T和11T)分别为油松和云南松的种特异性单倍型，其他单倍型均为非典型单倍型。群体遗传结构分析表明：杂种群体表现最高的遗传多样性，而且trnL-F分析得到的高山松群体的分化系数也很高( Gst=0.443)。 总之，对高山松、油松和云南松的同一组群体取样进行的细胞质基因组分析表明：高山松群体分布有油松和云南松种特异性的线粒体和叶绿体单倍型，该细胞质DNA单倍型的地理分布为假说“高山松为油松和云南松的的二倍体杂种”提供了翔实的遗传学证据。油松和云南松在不同的杂种群体中分别做父本和母本，即两亲本在杂交过程中发生了双向基因交流。群体遗传结构分析发现高山松群体表现最高的遗传多样性，而且群体间的分化系数很高。不同的杂种群体在遗传组成上的差异表明他们经历过不同的建立和进化历史。从线粒体和叶绿体单倍型的地理分布可以看出杂种群体的建立曾经历强烈的奠基者效应和回交。青藏高原的隆升对高山松的起源、杂种群体的适应辐射以及保持产生了重要的影响。川西南和滇西北作为青藏高原的东边边界，很可能是当初云南松和油松分布的重叠区及杂交地带，即高山松的起源地。 2．核基因4CL分析 对高山松、油松和云南松的19个群体、32个个体的低拷贝核基因4CL进行了克隆及序列分析，获得的78条序列可分为两种类型（类型A和类型B）。这两种类型明显的差别是类型A相对于类型B在内含子区有- 20bp的缺失。以华山松的3条序列为外类群，对得到的78条序列进行基因谱系分析，发现所有的序列分成明显的两支，分别对应于类型A和类型B，而且每一支均包含三个种的部分序列，表明4CL基因在这三个种分化之前就已发生重复。另一个明显的特点是某个种的一条序列与另一个种的序列比其与同种的其他序列关系更近，可能因基因交流（杂交和渐渗）、非共祖、致同进化和重组等进化事件所致。三种松树中共检测到4CL基因序列的两种类型和六个亚类型，高山松群体中没有发现杂种独特的类型或亚类型。高山松和云南松共享三种序列亚类型以及最多的序列多态性，表明这两个种之间曾存在广泛的基因交流。

长花马先蒿的居群遗传变异与生物地理学

青藏高原地区是我国植物物种多样性和特有性最高的地区，且作为东亚植物区系的一个现代分化中心受世人瞩目。长花马先蒿是青藏高原高山草甸的广布种，其地理分布格局的形成与高原的隆升和气候变迁有着密切关系。因此，对长花马先蒿进行谱系生物地理学研究，有助于探讨青藏高原地区物种快速分化的机制和群体建立过程。 本研究对长花马先蒿11个居群、188个个体的叶绿体DNA trnT-trnF区进行了序列分析，发现该片段的长度变异范围为1441-1472bp。对位排列后的矩阵（含外类群）长1534bp，内类群中含33个碱基替换和 17 个插入/缺失,可分为20种单倍型。11个地理居群的总核苷酸多态性（π）为0.00468，单倍型多态性（Hd）为0.853，居群间的遗传变异（FST）高达88.2％，说明长花马先蒿具有很高的遗传多样性，且居群间发生了强烈遗传分化。 系统发育和遗传多样性分析发现长花马先蒿的20种叶绿体单倍型可归于四个地理单元——川西高海拔地区、川北地区、云南德钦地区及川藏地区。进一步分析发现：4个地理单元间存在着显著的遗传分化, 说明长花马先蒿具有明显的谱系地理分布格局。其中川西高海拔地区的四种主导单倍型构成了系统发育树最基部的一支，而以川西地区为中心、向南扩展至云南的两个居群所包含的几种单倍型均属于比较进化的类型。单倍型的网络关系(Network) 显示出西藏、青海、云南及四川北部的一些单倍型间遗传差异很小，亲缘关系很近。上述结果表明：长花马先蒿群体在冰期后的重新扩张过程主要表现为由南往北的递进式扩散，第四纪冰期气候的反复波动导致了该物种居群随生境变化而不断扩张或收缩,形成了现今的分布格局。初步推测川西地区很可能曾是长花马先蒿在第四纪冰期时的重要避难所，瓶颈效应和奠基者效应对其遗传多样性分布格局有重要影响。

苍山冷杉复合体的居群遗传变异与谱系地理学

青藏高原为冷杉属(Abies)的多度中心，共分布有10种，9变种和4亚种。其中苍山冷杉复合体(Abies delavayi complex)包括3种，5变种和2亚种。它们的形态性状变异较小，且分布区重叠。迄今对该复合体的遗传多样性水平、分化程度以及进化历史仍缺乏了解。 本研究对苍山冷杉复合体的14个居群、302个个体进行取样，并对193个个体的母系遗传线粒体DNA nad1 intron2区和276个个体的父系遗传的叶绿体DNA trnS-trnG区进行了序列分析。该复合体的线粒体DNA nad1 intron2区的序列为675bp，其中有4个单碱基变异和1个插入/缺失，可分为6种线粒体单倍型。这14个居群的线粒体总核苷酸多态性(π)为0.00114，单倍型多态性(Hd)为0.627，居群间的遗传变异(FST)高达84.034%。叶绿体DNA trnS-trnG区的序列排列后为718bp，共有8个单碱基变异和4个插入/缺失，可分为12种叶绿体单倍型。这14个居群的总核苷酸多态性(π)为0.00116，单倍型多态性(Hd)为0.590，居群间的遗传变异(FST)为65.830%。以上结果显示苍山冷杉复合体居群间已经产生了强烈的遗传分化。叶绿体的3种主导单倍型(H1、H2和 H3)在YLXS、SKXS、GS和WX 4个居群中都有分布;而其它居群则只有主导单倍型(除SJLS外)中的1种或2种。造成边缘居群(如JZS)多样性较低的主要原因是冰期后群体在迁移过程中的遗传漂变和奠基者效应。根据谱系关系线粒体H1型和叶绿体H3型均为较古老的单倍型，线粒体和叶绿体的谱系关系均支持上述分析。 本研究初步推测青藏高原的东南部—横断山区(包括YLXS、SKXS、GS、WX、BMXS、ELS和EMS)可能为苍山冷杉复合体的冰期避难所，群体存在冰期后向西和向南扩张的过程。间冰期群体隔离和扩张过程中的奠基者效应是形成目前居群分化和遗传多样性分布格局的重要因素。