300 resultados para SUPRACHIASMATIC NUCLEI


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目前,人们在合成超重元素的研究中,做了大量的工作并已经取得了一些进展。这是一个有趣而又充满希望的方向。要在实验室合成超重元素,必须先做大量的理论工作。许多理论模型可以计算截面,但大多数理论模型没有考虑融合过程中准裂变的竞争。但实验证实,用重离子碰撞合成超重原子核时,准裂变对熔合的抑制是非常重要的。为了体现准裂变对熔合过程的影响,一种新的模型一双核模型被提出。双核模型假定在碰撞动能充分耗散后,弹靶组成双核系统,由轻核向重核转移核子而形成复合核。处于激发态的复合核通过发射中子和裂变竞争退激,形成稳定超重核。碰撞中双核系统间核子转移所形成的势能面称之为驱动势,它制约核子转移,因而决定熔合与准裂变的竞争。双核系统势能面还提供重离子碰撞合成超重原子核的最佳激发能和最佳弹靶组合的信息。驱动势制约由输运方程所支配的核子转移速率,因而确定双核系统形成复合核的几率。并由此可确定形成复合核所必须的最低激发能,即形成最稳定复合核的最佳激发能,我们计算了以208Pb为靶的一系列重离子熔合反应双核系统核子转移驱动势,得到了与已知实验值基本符合的结果。在双核系统框架下,用数值法解主方程描述双核间的核子跃迁全熔核形成几率;两碰撞核内部激发能由相对运动能损提供,则把核子转移过程与相对运动藕合起来。最后对一些以208Pb为靶的形成超重核的冷熔合反应,计算了最佳激发能,形成双核系统的俘获截面,复合核形成几率,及存活几率等,最终所得到的形成超重核蒸发剩余截面与已知实验值符合较好。

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本论文基于重离子输运理论模型对当前人们感兴趣的超重核合成及非对称核物质状态方程做了研究。基于双核系统概念建立了一个描述超重核合成的理论模型。这个模型中通过求解Fokker-Planck方程来描述重离子碰撞过程的能量、角动量以及形变等的弛豫过程,从而合理地包含了重离子熔合过程中的动力学效应。在求解弹靶的质量扩散时采用了数值求解主方程的方法,避免对势能面做任何近似,因此能够充分地体现重离子熔合过程中弹靶的结构效应。本文利用这一模型计算了重离子熔合形成超重元素的最佳激发能、熔合几率、复合核的存活几率以及蒸发剩余核截面等,并给出了合成超重核的最佳弹靶组合。计算了超重核形成的最佳激发能,在符合已有最佳激发能实验数据的基础上预言了基于冷熔合反应合成114,116和118号元素的最佳激发能。计算了重离子熔合反应的熔合几率。结果表明,随着反应系统变得越来越重,重离子的熔合几率呈指数规律下降,准裂变变得越来越严重。这解释了实验上观测到的超重剩余核截面随体系的变重而急剧下降的现象。研究了重离子熔合截面的弹靶相关性。结果表明弹靶的质量非对称度越高越有利于熔合生成复合核,同时重离子熔合截面还强烈地依赖于弹靶结构。重离子的熔合过程是合成超重元素的关键因素之一,另一个影响超重核合成的因素是超重复合核的存活几率。基于统计模型,系统的研究了超重复合核存活几率的质量、能量、角动量等相关性。计算了基于冷熔合反应的蒸发剩余截面,得到的结果与实验基本符合,并预言了基于冷熔合反应生成114,116和115号元素的截面。在研究超重核蒸发剩余截面的弹靶相关性的基础上给出了合成超重核的最佳弹靶组合。计算表明,在挑选弹靶组合时使得合成的超重复合核是奇A核则会得到更高的奇数中子蒸发剩余核截面。计算给出了超重复合核的自旋布居及其对裂变位垒和鞍点态形变的依赖性。发现超重复合核的自旋布居强烈地依赖于复合核的裂变位垒,高的裂变位垒会给出宽的自旋布居;而超重复合核的自旋布居对鞍点态形变不是很敏感。另外研究了多核子转移反应合成超重元素的可能性。结果表明基于多核子转移反应合成大于108号的元素是很困难的。非对称核物质状态方程由于其对天体物理及理解奇异核结构的重要性,因此是人们长期以来一直感兴趣的研究内容,然而直到现在人们对核物质状态方程特别是高密核物质和非对称核物质状态状态方程仍了解甚少。基于Skyrme-Hartree-Fock理论以及同位旋相关的量子分子动力学(IQMD)模型研究了非对称核物质的化学不稳定性,结果表明非对称核物质可以发生化学不稳定性,且化学不稳定性发生的条件依赖于单粒子势能的密度相关形式。同时计算表明化学不稳定性是可以发生在真实的重离子碰撞过程中的,且在入射能量较高时化学不稳定性会消失。另外首次研究了高密核物质的化学不稳定性及其发生的条件。由于实验室很难达到很高密度的核物质,而中子星是由致密的极丰中子物质组成,因此提供了研究高密非对称核物质的自然实验室。基于Skyrme-Hartree-Fock理论研究了两种典型的非对称核物质状态方程(软对称势和硬对称势)对中子星中质子百分比的影响。另外研究了热中子星中质子百分比的温度相关性,发现热中子星中质子百分比随温度的升高而减小。基于IQMD模型研究了同位旋相分化现象的产生机制。通过与MSU的实验数据比较指出核物质应该有软的对称势。研究了重离子碰撞过程中的径向流现象,及其同位旋效应。计算了径向流产生的能量闭,并给出了实验上利用径向流产生的能量闭来提取非对称核物质状态方程的方法。

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本论文首先介绍了原子核高自旋态研究的一般概况以及其物理解释的基本理论,然后介绍了在束Y谱学及其实验技术。在此基础上分析和讨论了141Nd和142Pm核的高自旋态实验研究。利用能量为75-95 Mevl0F束流,通过反应128Te(19F,5ny)142Pm研究了双奇核142Pm的高自旋态能级结构。实验中进行了丫射线激发函数和Y-Y符合测量。建立了限Pm核高自旋态能级纲图,位于前人建议的一个2毫秒、8-同质异能态之上。由测量的丫射线激发函数和Y一Y符合关系,澄清了一个67微秒同质异能态及其衰变混乱的指定,本论文把67微秒同质异能态及其衰变指定给了142Pm,建议此同质异能态的激发能为2828.5 keV,推断此同质异能态的自旋宇称为13-。在本实验研究的同时,有人利用133Cs(13C,4n)142Pm反应报道了一个建立在2毫秒、8-同质异能态之上的142P亩高自旋态能级纲图;除了相应Y跃迁的多极性有较大差别外,他们报道的瞬Pm高自旋态能级纲图与我们建立在67微秒同质异能态上的基本一致。根据能级结构的系统性,识别了四个两准粒子态,一个为g7/2质子空穴耦合h11/2中子空穴激发,另外三个是h11/2质子藕合h11/2中子空穴多重态成员。根据经验壳模型计算建议了几个新建的关键能级的组态。67微秒同质异能态的组态被建议为一个四空穴态(πg_(7/2)~(-1)d_(5/2)~(-2)vh_(11/2)~(-1))_(13)-。通过130Te(16O,5nγ)141Nd反应布居了14tNd的高自旋态能级。对反应产生的在束丫射线进行了γ射线单谱和γ-γ符合测量。基于γ-γ符合关系,对原来的141Nd的高自旋态能级纲图做了很大修改,建立了14lNd核高自旋态能级纲图。新观察到了一个由八条γ射线组成的长E2级联跃迁,并指定给了141Nd。基于实验测量的γ跃迁各向异性,建议了141Nd部分能级的自旋值。根据经验壳模型和粒子震动祸合理论,用一个h11/2价中子空穴祸合142Nd核芯晕态激发定性地解释141Nd的能级结构,新发现的长E2级联跃迁很可能涉及两个hu/2质子激发。

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中能重离子碰撞中的核反应机制及其形成的高激发热核的性质是中能重离子物理研究的重要领域,而高激发热核性质的同位旋效应研究是这一领域的热点之一。选取了具有不同N亿比的反应体系以研究激发热核性质的同位旋效应。本论文涉及的反应系统三对共六个反应体系:55MeV/u~(40)Ar+~(58.64)Ni、30MeV/u~(40)Ar+~(112,124)Sn、35Mev/u~(36)Ar+~(112,124)Sn,这六个反应体系的N/z比分别为1.13,1.26、1.24,1.41、1.18,1.35。分别从带电粒子多重性、相对态布居核温度、关联函数等角度研究了这三对反应体系高激发热核性质的同位旋效应。在55MeV/u 40Ar+58,64Ni核反应中,用兰州4π带电粒子探测器阵列测量带电粒子多重性,研究了He和中等质量碎片的产额与反应系统的同位旋的关系,以及这种同位旋效应与反应系统的碰撞参数(即碰撞的激烈程度)、系统的激发能的变化关系。对两个反应系统,观察到带电粒子多重性中He的比分随带电粒子多重性的增加而增大,带电粒子多重性中IMF的比分随带电粒子多重性的增加而先增大,后减小的规律。两个反应系统虽然具有相同的核电荷数,但轻粒子He和中等质量碎片在多重性中的比分有明显的同位旋相关性。在30Mev/u40Sn、35MeV/u~(40)Ar~(112,124)Sn、35Mev/u 36Ar+112,124Sn反应中用13单元望远镜探测器阵列测量了小角关联粒子。由价a关联函数提取了30Mev/u 40Ar+112,12Sn反应系统中激发热核的态布居核温。对于不同同位旋反应系统舜UAr+112Sn和4VAr+124Sn,提取的相对杰布居核温度分别是4.18+0.28/0.21MEV和4.10士0.22/0.20MeV;考察态布居核温度和粒子能量的关薰时,观察到两个系统的发射温度均随着粒子能量的增加而降低,缺中子系统40Ar+l12Sn中由低能时的5.13士.30/0.26MEV降低到高能时的3.87士0.37/0.29MeV,丰中子系统40Ar+124Sn中由低能时的5.39士0.30/0.26MeV降低到高能时的3.32士MeV。讨论了这种布居态核温度的同位旋相关性。在35Mev/u 36Ar+112,124Sn反应中提取了洲F(3‘25)的约化速度关联函数。相对丰中子36Ar+124Sn系统的IMF关联函数在小约化速度处反关联程度更强,表明36Ai+124Sn系统的发射IMF的平均时间更短。用MENEKA程序提取了两个系统IMF的平均发射时间,36Ai+112sn反应中IMF的发射时间约为150fm/c,而36Ar十124Sn反应IME的发射时间稍短,约为120fm/c。以关联IMF的单核子总能量/动量为窗条件,发现低能IMF关联函数几乎没有差别,而高能IMF关联函数在小约化速度处的差别更为明显,表明两个系统IMF关联函数的同位旋效应可能来自于IMF的早期发射。为了得到进一步的信息,我们提取了高动量窗条件下的IMF发射时间,它们比平均发射时间短,36Ar+112Sn反应中高能IMF的发射时间约为100蒯c,而36Ai+124Sn反应中IMF的发射时间则更短,约为50fm/c。

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本研究利用PPAC和11组#diamond open#E-E望远镜对25MeV/u ~(40)Ar+~(108)Ag反应中的裂变碎片和轻带粒子联测量。用得到的裂变碎片角关联来确定系统的线性动量转移(LMT)。将符合测量得到的对应于不同的后角轻带电粒子能谱用MAXWELL分布来拟合其后沿。经过一些修正,由能谱得到热核的初始温度T_(ini)。在考虑反应Q值、转动能和前平衡发射之后,可以得到不同窗所对应的激发能。实验结果表明,在中心的Ar+Ag碰撞中激发能高达4.44MeV/A,温度达6MeV。在半中心碰撞中激发能达3.8MeV/A,温度达5.7MeV。在此激发能范围内,随着热核激发能升高,能级密度参数将随之增大,其趋势为A/8

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远离#beta#稳定线的原子核所具有的特性是否与稳定区附近的核的性质相同,一直是核物理学家所关注的问题,实验上通过对缺中子区奇异核#beta#~+延迟粒子衰变的研究,可以精确测定与核性质有关的各个参数,这将对核结构理论研究产生重要的影响。本论文将首先介绍奇异核#beta#~+延迟粒子衰变研究的历史及其理论,接着介绍关于此研究的实验技术,最后详尽阐述对~(19)Na、~(65)Se和~(20)Na的研究

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我们首先用Woods-Saxon势对一些丰中子核进行了系统的计算.计算表明在Woods-Saxon势中考虑一个对称能项,Woods-Saxon势就能够很好的描述丰中子核的密度分布,单粒子能级结构和中子质子的均方根半径.用Woods Saxon势的计算结果表明中子皮是丰中子远离β稳定线核的普遍现象。2S1/2轨道与1d 5/2轨道的交又和2s1d壳与1p壳的壳崩渍是中子晕形成的重要原因,也是中子晕与中子皮的一个重要区别.壳模型的计算能够很好的再现9《A《14和3《Z《5丰中子核的许多性质,这表明了,改进壳模型的有效相互作用,壳模型可能能够描述远离核的性质. 我们208Ti一类核和206Pb的一些性质进行了系统的壳模型计算.计算结果表明,K-H和SDI等有效相互作用对描述208Ti一类核和206Pb的高激发态仍然是有效的,计算结果也表明,如果208Hg可供利用的β衰变能比206Hg小,则可以预计208Hg的半寿命比206Hg要长.计算还证实了在反应209Bi(ρ,a )206Pb中激发的206Pb激发态结构,与205Tl低激发态结构相似,即这些态可以用h9/2轨道上的一个质子与205T1的低激发态的弱耦合来描述,此即所谓的对应的相似多重态的概念. 最后,我们对11Li等中子晕核的束缚机制提出了一种新的关联机制和讨论了用壳模型描述集体运动的方法.

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通过对中能区Ar+Au/Tb/Ag反应中高激发核的发射时标、发射次序、发射机制、核温度、集体运动等衰变特性的研究,提取了轻粒子和中等质量碎片(IMF)的发射时间,IMF发射时间随束流能的升高而变短,发射机制逐渐由相继衰变过渡至多重碎裂。研究了轻粒子和碎片间的发射次序,对高能粒子和碎片,轻粒子先于碎片发射,而低能时,则为碎片先于轻粒子发射。IMF发射成分与角度和碰撞参数有关,前角区来自于弹核碎裂,后角区来自于类靶热核的蒸发。在平面和出平面研究表明,中速粒子和碎片为在平面发射占主导,即存在类转动效应;对轻粒子,转动效应随粒子质量增加而增加;对中速产物均观测到该效应随碰撞参数饿增大而增大。采用几种不同的方法提取了热核的核温度,研究了不同方法之间的区别。

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In this study of the synthesis of SAPO-34 molecular sieves, XRD, SEM, XRF, IR and NMR techniques were applied to monitor the crystalloid, structure and composition changes of the samples in the whole crystallization process in order to get evidence for the crystallization as well as Si incorporation mechanism of SATO-34. XRD results revealed that the crystallization contained two stages. In the first 2.5 h (the earlier stage), high up to similar to80% of relative crystallinity could be achieved and the crystal size of SAPO-34 was almost the same as that of any longer time, indicating a fast crystallization feature of the synthesis. In this stage, IR revealed that the formation of SAPO-34 framework structure was accompanied by the diminution of hydroxyls, suggesting that crystal nuclei of SAPO-34 may arise from the structure rearrangement of the initial gel and the condensation of the hydroxyls. NMR results reveal that the template and the ageing period are crucial for the later crystallization of SAPO-34. Preliminary structure units similar to the framework of SAPO-34 have already formed before the crystallization began (0 h and low temperature). Evidence from IR, NMR, and XRF shows that the formation of the SAPO-34 may be a type of gel conversion mechanism, the solution support and the appropriate solution circumstance are two important parameters of the crystallization of SAPO-34. Meanwhile, NMR measurements demonstrated that about 80% of total Si atoms directly take part in the formation of the crystal nuclei as well as in the growth of the crystal grains in the earlier stage (<2.5 h). Evidence tends to support that Si incorporation is by direct participation mechanism rather than by the Si substitution mechanism for P in this stage (<2.5 h). In the later stage (>2.5 h), the relative content of Si increased slightly with a little decrease of Al and P. The increase of Si(4Al) and the appearance of the Si(3Al), Si(2Al), Si(1Al) and Si(OAl) in this stage suggest that substitution of the Si atoms for the phosphorus and for the phosphorus and aluminum pair takes place in the crystallization. The relationship among structure, acidity and crystallization process is established, which suggests a possibility to improve the acidity and catalytic properties by choosing a optimum crystallization time, thus controlling the number and distribution of Si in the framework of SAPO-34. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.

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Along with its economic reform, China has experienced a rapid urbanization. This study mapped urban land expansion in China using high-resolution Landsat Thematic Mapper and Enhanced Thematic Mapper data of 1989/1990, 1995/1996 and 1999/2000 and analyzed its expansion modes and the driving forces underlying this process during 1990-2000. Our results show that China's urban land increased by 817 thousand hectares, of which 80.8% occurred during 1990-1995 and 19.2% during 1995-2000. It was also found that China's urban expansion had high spatial and temporal differences, such as four expansion modes, concentric, leapfrog, linear and multi-nuclei, and their combinations coexisted and expanded urban land area in the second 5 y was much less than that of the first 5 y. Case studies of the 13 mega cities showed that urban expansion had been largely driven by demographic change, economic growth, and changes in land use policies and regulations.

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PCBM (a C-60 derivative) is so far the most successful electron acceptor for bulk-heterojunction polymer photovoltaic (PV) cells. Here we present a novel method epitaxy-assisted creation of PCBM nanocrystals and their homogeneous distribution in the matrix using freshly cleaved mica sheet as the substrate. The highly matched epitaxy relationship between the unit cell of PCBM crystal and crystallographic (001) surface of mica induces abundant PCBM nuclei, which subsequently develop into nanoscale crystals with homogeneous dispersion in the composite film.

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Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) film of stearic acid was used as template to induce the nucleation and growth of KCl crystals when the KCl solution was cooled from 50 to 25 degrees C. When the LB film template was vertically dipped into the solution, only induced crystals with (1 1 0) orientation were formed. However, if the template was horizontally placed into solutions, both the induced nuclei at the solution/film interface and spontaneous nuclei formed in solution were simultaneously absorbed onto the LB film, and then grew further to form crystals. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns and optical microscopy images showed that the orientation and morphology of the crystals were controlled properly by changing the orientation and position of the LB films in the solutions.

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In this article, a novel strategy was applied to prepare dispersed ultrafine alpha-Fe2O3 nanoparticles. The initial Fe(OH)(3) nanoparticles were synthesized by the reaction of NaOH and FeCl3 in alcohol. With the new-formed nanoparticles as nuclei, NaCl crystallized and encapsulated the particles into solid cages. As a result, the nanoparticles were prevented from aggregating and growing. The composite of Fe(OH)(3) and NaCl was calcined and then washed by water to obtain the pure alpha-Fe2O3 nanoparticles.

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CdSe nanocrystals (NCs) are prepared in noncoordination solvents (1-octadecene (ODE) and paraffin liquid) with Ion g-chain primary alkylamine as the sole ligand, ODE-Se, and cadmium fatty acid salt as precursors. The obtained NCs meet the four fundamental parameters for high-quality NCs: high crystallinity, narrow size distribution, moderate photoluminescence quantum yield, and broad range size tunableness. Further, by simply regulating the relative molar ratio of alkylamine to cadmium precursor, the regular sized "nuclei" and final obtained NCs can be produced predictably within a certain size range.

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Thin poly(3-butylthiophene) (P3BT) film composed of aligned lamellae attached to the edge of the original film has been achieved via a controlled solvent vapor treatment (C-SVT) method. The polarized optical microscopy operated at both single-polarization and cross-polarization modes has been used to investigate the alignment of the fiber-like lamellae. A numerical simulation method is used to quantitatively calculate angle distributions of the lamellae deviated from the film growth direction. Prepatterned P3BT film edge acts as nuclei which densely initialize subsequent crystal growth by exhausting the materials transported from the partially dissolved film. The growth of new film upon crystallization is actually a self-healing process where the two-dimensional geometric confinement is mainly responsible for this parallel alignment of P3BT crystals. The solvent vapor pressure should be carefully chosen so as to induce crystal growth but avoid liquid instability which will destroy the continuity of the film.