284 resultados para 802.15.4
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海洋微生物次生代谢产物是海洋天然产物研究的重要组成部分。其中海洋真菌因其代谢可以产生大量结构新颖活性独特的化合物,已经成为天然药物的重要来源。近来已经有许多关于海洋生物内生真菌的生理活性次生代谢的报道,为寻找发现新的药物先导化合物提供了可能。本论文对一株毛壳霉属海藻内生真菌Chaetomium sp和一株红树林内生真菌的次生代谢产物的化学成分进行了研究,对其中分离得到的化合物进行了初步的生物活性筛选。 毛壳霉属海藻内生真菌Chaetomium sp.系从青岛近海采集的红藻多管藻Polysiphonia urceolate Grev中分离得到。红树林内生真菌Fs系从采自中国南海红树林植物海桑Sonneratia caseolaris中分离得到。对这两株真菌分别进行了发酵培养,对真菌培养物的菌丝体和发酵液分别用甲醇和乙酸乙脂进行提取。将提取液经减压蒸干后经HPLC检测,两部分基本相同,合并进行化学分离。 对发酵提取物采用常规的硅胶柱层析、制备薄层层析、凝胶Sephadex LH-20柱层析、反相硅胶柱层析,重结晶以及半制备高效液相色谱等分离手段,得到单体化合物。利用各种现代波谱技术(IR、UV、EI-MS、FAB-MS、HR-ESI-MS、1H-NMR、13C-NMR、DEPT、1H-1H COSY、HMQC、HMBC等),结合甲醇解等化学转化方法鉴定了其中45个化合物的结构。其中,从Chaetomium sp分离鉴定了35个化合物,其中2个为新化合物,分别为化合物EN1 (命名为Chaetopyranin)、EN2 (命名为Chaetofuranin)。从Fs中分离鉴定了10个化合物的结构,其中1个为新化合物Fs1。 对大部分分离到的单体化合物进行了细胞毒活性测试,结果显示新化合物EN1对3株细胞系SMMC-7721, HMEC和A-549具有中等细胞毒活性,IC50分别为28.5, 15.4, 39.1 μg/mL。同时一些已知化合物特别是苯甲醛类衍生物对A-549显示了较强的细胞毒活性,这些在以前文献中未见报道。
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海水经济鱼类的养殖在我国已经形成第四次海水养殖浪潮,经济效益显著,有力地推动了我国海水养殖的产业结构调整和可持续发展。然而在海水养殖发展过程中也存在着诸多问题,尤其是早期发育阶段的高死亡率,严重制约了我国海水养殖产业的稳定和健康发展。 海水鱼类养殖的关键为高质量,高存活率苗种的生产和培育,由于鱼类种类繁多,生物多样性丰富,对应实际的繁育技术,尤其是新品种的开发,必须要做出相应的调整。这就要求我们必须对每一种鱼类早期发育有所了解,并将形态和组织上的数据用于指导生产。 本文通过显微观察和组织学研究,主要描述和研究了我国北方三种重要的海水经济鱼类(条斑星鲽、杂交鲆、条石鲷)的早期发育生物学,并结合实际生产进一步阐明关键期的产生原因,机理以及采用相应的对策。具体结果如下: 1.条斑星鲽:作为冷温性鲆鲽鱼类,条斑星鲽早期发育过程的特征主要有: ① 条斑星鲽受精卵无油球,卵子呈半浮性;不同步卵裂现象提前,发生在第三次卵裂;卵裂期裂球大小差异大。孵化过程较长,在水温8 ± 0.3℃,盐度33的条件下,经9 d孵化。条斑星鲽胚胎发育的不同时期对温度的敏感性不同,其中原肠期对温度比较敏感。 ②在8-10℃,盐度33的条件下,8-9 dph开口摄食。且开口时,其吻前端出现有一点状黑褐色素,构成了条斑星鲽仔鱼“开口期”的重要标志。卵黄囊于消失。在后期仔鱼末期,背鳍和臀鳍上形成特有的黑褐色条斑带。 ③杯状细胞首先出现在咽腔后部和食道前段,胃腺和幽门盲囊出现于29 dph,变态期始于30dph。在条斑星鲽早期发育过程中,观察到其直肠粘膜层细胞质出现大量嗜伊红颗粒,为仔鱼肠道上皮吸收的蛋白质。 ④首先淋巴化的免疫器官是头肾,然后是胸腺和脾脏,这与大部分硬骨鱼类不同。条斑星鲽除头肾和脾脏外,胸腺实质也形成MMCs。其中以脾脏形成MMCs最为丰富,形态多样。 2. 杂交鲆:为同属的牙鲆和夏鲆间的远缘杂交种,其发育过程的特点为: ① 在温度为15.4~16.0℃,杂交鲆胚胎从受精到孵化所需的时间为76 h左右,胚孔关闭前期,胚胎先出现视囊及克氏囊,而后形成体节。孵出前胚体在卵膜内环绕不到1周。 ② 孵化后消失。杂交鲆群体变态间隔长(34-60 dph),且变态高峰期出现的冠状幼鳍不明显(与母本牙鲆相比),数量为7-8根。 ③组织学观察发现,其消化系统中胃腺出现较晚,且胃腺发育过程缓慢(与母本牙鲆相比)。甲状腺滤泡增生不明显,颜色较浅,数量较少。杂交鲆在早期发育过程中,并没有出现鳔原基。 3. 条石鲷作为岩礁性的暖水性鱼类,早期发育过程也较为特殊,包括外形以及内部的器官结构。主要特点有: ① 受精卵:受精卵卵黄上具有龟裂结构,为鱼卵的分类特征之一。 ② 初孵仔鱼:初孵仔鱼背鳍膜上的黑色素,从体背面向背鳍膜边缘移动,到3dph仔鱼基本消失,此为本种仔鱼发育所特有的特点。 ③ 后期仔鱼和稚鱼:肠道肌肉层加厚明显,仔稚鱼胃肠排空率急剧上升,死亡率增加,通过改善常规的投饵方式部分解决了这个死亡高峰的问题。在幼鱼初期,牙齿融合为骨喙,为石鲷科鱼类的特征。 ④胸腺上皮分泌细胞:类似的现象同样在虹鳟鱼中发现,但是虹鳟鱼胸腺上皮分泌细胞不如条石鲷的丰富,同样也不如条石鲷的排列整齐,而是零星分布在胸腺上皮与咽腔接触的表面。除了正常的造血器官—脾脏和头肾外,肝脏、胰腺和鳔等多种组织等也出现MMCs,此现象在硬骨鱼类不多见,一般发生在软骨鱼类。
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Based on 1997-1998 field investigations in the Changjiang river mouth, rain sampling from the river's upper reaches to the mouth, historical data, and relevant literature, the various sources of Total Nitrogen (TN) and Dissolved Inorganic Nitrogen (DIN) in the Changjiang river catchment and N transport in the Changjiang river mouth were estimated. The export fluxes of various form of were mainly controlled by the river runoff, and the export fluxes of NO3-N, DIN and TN in 1998 (an especially heavy flood year) were 1438 103 tonnes (t) yr(-1) or 795.1 kg km(-2) yr(-1) 1746 10(3) t yr(-1) or 965.4 kg km(-2) yr(-1) and 2849 10(3) t yr(-1) or 1575.3 kg km(-2) yr(-1), respectively. The TN and DIN in the Changjiang river came mainly from precipitation, agricultural nonpoint sources, N lost from fertilizer and soil, and point sources of industrial waste and residential sewage discharge, which were about 56.2% and 62.3%, 15.4% and 18.5%, 17.1% and 14.4%, respectively, of the N outflow at the Changjiang river mouth; maximum transport being in the middle reaches.
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Metabolic characteristics of the sea cucumber Aposticholpus japonicus (Selenka) during aestivation were studied in the laboratory. The effects of water temperature on oxygen consumption rate (OCR) and ammonia-N excretion rate (AER) in A. japonicus were determined by the Winkler and Hypobromite methods, respectively. Mature (large, 148.5 +/- 15.4 g, medium 69.3 +/- 6.9 g) and immature (small, 21.2 +/- 4.7 g) individuals aestivated at water temperatures of 20 and 25 degrees C, respectively. The metabolic characteristics of mature individuals were different from immature individuals during this period. The OCR of mature sea cucumbers peaked at 20 degrees C, and then dropped significantly at higher temperatures, whereas the OCR of the immature animals continued to increase slightly, even beyond the aestivation temperature. The AER of mature individuals peaked at 20 T, while that of the immature animals peaked at 25 degrees C. The relationships between dry weight (DW) and absolute oxygen consumption (R) and absolute ammonia-N excretion (N) could be described by the regression equation R or N=aW(b). With the exception of 15 degrees C, the O/N ratios (calculated in atomic equivalents) of large size sea cucumbers was close to 20 across the temperatures used in this study, indicating that their energy Source was a combination of lipid and protein. Oil the other hand, apart from small individuals maintained at 10 degrees C, the O/N ratios of the medium and small sea Cucumbers were close to 10, indicating that protein was their major energy source. The O/N ratios in all size groups remained unchanged after aestivation was initiated. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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Three sulfated polysaccharide fractions (F1, F2, and F3) were isolated from Porphyra haitanesis, an important economic alga in China, through anion-exchange column chromatography and their in vitro antioxidant activities were investigated in this study. Galactose was the main sugar unit of the three fractions. The analytical results indicated that polysaccharide fractions from P. haitanesis had similar chemical components to porphyran from other species, but differed in their high sulfate content. The sulfate content of F1, F2 and F3 was 17.4%, 20.5% and 33.5% respectively. All three polysaccharide fractions showed antioxidant activities. They had strong scavenging effect on superoxide radical, and much weaker effect on hydroxyl free radical. Lipid peroxide in rat liver microsome was significantly inhibited, and H2O2 induced hemolysis of rat erythrocyte was partly inhibited by F1, F2 and F3. Among them, F3 showed strongest scavenging effect on superoxide radical; F2 had strongest effect on hydroxyl radical and lipid peroxide.
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[目的]以芒果苷和浸膏收率为指标,优化川西獐牙菜的提取工艺。[方法]采用L_(16)(4~5)正交法设计实验,考察乙醇浓度、溶媒比、提取时间、提取次数4个因素对指标值的影响。[结果]最优提取工艺为75%乙醇15倍量回流提取4次,每次印min。[结论]正交实验法用于优化川西獐牙菜的提取,简便易行,预测性好。
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放牧强度对人工草地群落数量特征的影响,国内外学者已有报道,而有关青藏高原的研究则很少。Reategui认为,载畜量增大将使丛生禾草向矮生禾草演替,而导致草地退化。另外,放牧强度对植物群落组成和生物多样性也有很大影响,随着放牧强度的增加,一些适口性高、再生性强、不耐牧的种类减少,而适口性差、耐牧的种类增多。
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2004年秋季在中国科学院内蒙古草原生态系统定位站,用不同放牧演替阶段的优势植物羊草、糙隐子草和冷蒿分别按30%、20%和50%的比例混合组成日粮,饲喂12只(39±2.1kg)2岁羯羊(内蒙古细毛羊×蒙古羊)。试验分2个组,投喂胶囊组9只羊,每只羊投喂l粒QSM胶囊,对照组3只羊不投喂;试验期14d内每天记录绵羊实际牧草采食量和排粪量,并收集牧草样品在45℃烘箱中烘干;粪便样品连续收集7d,分别在45℃烘干和冷冻;利用气相色谱分析牧草和粪便样品中链烷含量,计算粪便中链烷的回收率。试验结果表明,牧草链烷含量存在物种间差异,绵羊粪便中链烷的回收率与链烷长度存在线性增加关系,烘干处理粪样的链烷回收率高于冷冻干燥处理的回收率。两者存在显著的正相关,且投喂QSM胶囊不会影响其他链烷的回收率。
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青海省有可利用草地3161×104hm2,是我国五大牧区之一。在长期传统游牧畜牧业经营方式下 ,对草地缺乏有效的保护和科学的管理 ,片面追求牲畜存栏数 ,超载过牧现象普遍存在 ,导致草地退化问题严重 ,生态环境破坏 ,自然灾害频繁 ,畜牧业经济效益低下。在这样的基础上实施草地畜牧业可持续发展战略 ,需要执行科技兴牧 ,教育先行 ;强化畜牧业生产基础 ,经济效益和生态效益并重 ;大力促进畜牧业产业化 ,走商品化生产发展道路的方针。推行高效集约化经营的畜牧业生产模式 ,发展具有高原特色 ,具有市场竞争力的特色畜产品生产 ,在实现畜牧业向高效益产业转变的基础上顺利地实施生态环境治理和草地资源保护 ,从而达到畜牧业可持续发展的目的。
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首次报道了龙胆属华丽组的胚胎发育过程, 其代表种线叶龙胆花药四室; 药壁发育为双子叶型; 绒毡层两型起源, 细胞具双核和多核, 绒毡层细胞1- 3次分裂形成“横格”和“类胎座”, 原位退化, 属非典型的腺质型; 中层细胞两层; 药室内壁纤维状加厚。小孢子母细胞减数分裂为同时型, 四分体的排列主要为四面体形; 成熟花粉为3-细胞型。子房为2 心皮, 1室, 超侧膜胎座。胚珠10- 15列, 腹维管束彼此靠近, 并在中下部融合。薄珠心, 单珠被, 倒生胚珠。大孢子母细胞减数分裂形成的4个大孢子呈直列式排列。胚囊发育为蓼型。成熟胚囊为矩圆形。极核在受精前融合为次生核。雄蕊先熟, 异花传粉, 珠孔受精。受精作用属于有丝分裂前配子融合类型。胚乳发育为核型。胚胎发育为茄型酸浆Ⅱ变型, 当种子散落时胚只发育至球形胚阶段。结合已有的资料, 还总结了龙胆属的胚胎学特征。
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本文报道了禾本科以礼草属二新种及二新变种,即稀穗以礼草Kengyilia laxistachya L.B.Cai et D. F. Cui,和静以礼草Kengyilia hejingensis L.B.Cai et D. F. Cui,显芒以礼草Kengyilia hirsute var. obviaristata L. B. Cai和毛鞘以礼草Kengyilia rigiadula var. trichocolea L. B. Cai.
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本文从掌握的青海半干旱农业区-“河湟”谷地部分气象资料出发,建立地区蒸发量与年平均气温间的回归方程,探讨全球变化后这些地区干燥指数状况可能发生的改变。现今4年来,该区域干暖与湿冷相配合;气温超暖化并非明显,但干燥指数有所上升,区域向湿润发展。当设定未来平均气温升高2℃,降水量增加10%时,青海半干旱农业区,在未来气候情景下蒸发量的增加比降水的增加来得快,将导致干旱胁迫加重。但降水量增加20%时,干燥指数有所上升,干旱现象可得到缓解。
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本文对赤狐(Vulpesvulpes)的产仔洞穴、活动节律和巢区大小进行了研究。赤狐产仔洞穴全部为喜马拉雅旱獭(Marmotahumalayana)的居住洞,一般洞口数较多(平均4.8个),分布于高寒灌丛(71%),距干扰因素较远(大于1.5km),常位于坡中部(71%).影响其选择的主要因素是隐蔽性和安全性。赤狐的产仔洞穴相对稳定,平均利用时间为3.3年,利用时间的长短与环境条件的稳定性有关。赤狐通常在夜间活动,主要是觅食,而白天有时成体携幼体在洞穴附近进行短时间的非觅食活动,活动的高峰期为1800一0800时。雌雄成体共同哺育幼体,活动范围相同而多单独活动。成体赤狐的巢区面积平均为7.9km2。
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本文应用免疫花环试验法测定了封闭群中高原鼠兔红细胞C3b受体和红细胞免疫复合物的花环率,并比较了不同年龄高原鼠兔红细胞的免疫功能。研究结果表明,高原鼠兔红细胞在自身免疫系统中具有重要的免疫功能;随年龄增长,其红细胞免疫功能逐渐减弱。与人、兔和大白鼠等动物相比,高原鼠兔红细胞免疫粘附活性高,因此适宜作红细胞免疫实验的动物模型。
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Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios were measured in plant populations and plateau pikas to determine enrichment in stable isotopes of three alpine meadow ecosystems at different elevations in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The results indicated that stable carbon isotope signatures of plant populations at the three locations showed significant variations, delta C-13 of plant populations showed an enrichment of 0.86 parts per thousand per 1000 in over the linear proportion of the altitudinal response, while stable nitrogen isotopes showed no apparent difference. The stable nitrogen isotopes of plateau pikas became significantly isotopically heavier along altitudinal gradients and showed an enrichment of 3.17 parts per thousand/km. Stable carbon isotopes showed no significance, however, and the enrichment of 0.448 parts per thousand/km. delta C-13 and delta N-15 in plateau pikas were not significantly correlated. There appeared to be segregation between the metabolism of stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes of plateau pikas. Variances in metabolic rate at lower water availability and temperatures are presumed to be the main cause of enrichment of stable nitrogen isotopes along altitudinal gradients. Attention should be paid to construct trophic positions and to trace food chain information based oil an isotopic enrichment model.