汞矿化带土壤/大气界面汞交换通量研究

大气在汞的全球生物地球化学循环演化中占有重要的地位，而正确认识大气中汞的来源是准确理解和建立汞的生物地球化学循环模型的关键。大气汞的来源分为人为源和自然源。汞矿化带内土壤汞含量高于背景区几个数量级，是大气汞的重要自然释放源。 论文选取贵州省红枫湖地区作为对照区，滥木厂汞矿区，万山汞矿区和务川汞矿区为研究区，采用目前国际上广泛应用的大气自动测汞仪与动力学通量箱联用技术，对土壤/大气界面汞交换通量特征及机理进行了详细的研究。主要得到以下结论： (1)高汞区大气汞含量与土壤释汞通量高于对照区1 ~ 3个数量级，汞矿化带土壤是区域上重要的大气汞源； (2)土壤与大气界面间的汞交换是双向的，既有土壤汞向大气的释放，也有大气汞向土壤表面的干沉降； (3)在对照区和受人为因素影响较小的地区，土壤释汞通量具有显著的日变化和季节性变化规律，主要表现为白天高于夜间，暖季高于冷季；在人为污染较严重的地区或采样点，土壤与大气界面汞交换无明显变化规律，且表现出强烈的大气汞沉降； (4)影响土壤/大气界面汞交换的因素有土壤总汞含量、光照强度、降雨、土壤湿度、大气汞含量和植被覆盖情况等； (5)利用土壤释汞通量与光照强度之间的线性相关关系，建立了土壤释汞通量和光照强度的比值与土壤汞含量之间的对数相关关系，见下式： Ln (F/S) = (-1.155 ± 0.191) + (0.508 ± 0.036) LnC, r = 0.95, p < 0.0001 其中F为日平均土壤释汞通量，单位为ng m-2 h-1；S为日平均光照强度，单位为W m-2；C为各对应采样点土壤总汞含量，单位为mg kg-1。 滥木厂汞矿区土壤年平均释汞通量约为476 ng m-2 h-1 (326 ~ 694 ng m-2 h-1)；贵阳市土壤年平均释汞通量为15 ng m-2 h-1 (13 ~ 17 ng m-2 h-1)，高于模型预测值(1.1 ng m-2 h-1)1 ~ 2个数量级，这表明前期研究可能低估了汞矿化带土壤向大气的排汞通量。

军队医学科技人员身心健康与影响因素的研究

To study the relationship between mental-physical health and coping behavior,job stress and job motivation in medical laboratory scientists and technicians. A cross-section survey was conducted,using the anxiety rating scale(SAS), depression rating scale(SDS), coping behavior rating scale,self-rating subhealth scale,self-rating stress scale,and self-rating job motivation scale among 289 medical laboratory scientists and technicians with analysis of ANOVA and Regression. The study was carried out in three steps:step1 is to analyze the general situation of the mental-physical health.Step 2 is to analyze the features of the main influencial facotors.Step 3 is to study the influence of the relative factors on mental-physical health.The following are the results: 1.The anxiety and depression scores of the medical researchers and technicians were 30±6 and 37±8 respectively,both significantly lower than those of the national norm（34±6 and 42±11 respectively,both P<0.01）,which are of significant difference. The depression score of the associate chief technician was 42±7, significantly higher than those of the medical researchers and technicians with any other professional titles (all P<0.05）, and the anxiety score of the associate chief technicians was 32±7, significantly higher than that of the research fellows（28±4, P<0.05），with no significant difference to the score of the medical researchers and technicians with other professional titles. The depression score,anxiety score and the subhealth score of the age group of 36～49 were 39±9,31±7 and 32±9 respectively, both higher than that of the age group of 20～35 （36±8,29±6 and 29±7 respectively,both P<0.05）,while there is much diference among other age groups. And the subhealth status has nothing to do with marital status,education background and professional titles. 2.The coping behaviors,job stress and motivation of the military medical laboratory scientists and technicians. 1）Coping behaviors:The seeking help score of the associate chief technicians was 2.8±0.5,not significantly different from that of the associate research fellows（2.8±0.5）,but significantly lower than those of the medical researchers and technicians with other professional titles(all P<0.01),and whose self-blame score was higher than that of the research fellows,which is of significant difference.The self-blame score and the imagination score of the associate research fellows were 2.0±0.5 and 2.4±0.5 respectively, significantly higher than that of the research fellows(1.6±0.4, 2.1±0.4,both P<0.01). The seeking help score of the females was 3.1±0.5, significantly higher than that of the males(2.9±0.5, both P<0.01),and the solving problem score was 3.4±0.6,significantly lower than the male(3.6±0.7, both P<0.01).There is no any significant difference in coping behaviors among researchers and technicians of different marital status,education background and age groups. 2)Job stress: The score of job stress of the age group of 35~49 and 50~60 were 23±8 and 25±6 respectively,significantly higher than that of the 20~35(21±7,both P<0.05). There is no any significant difference in job stress among researchers and technicians of different marital status,gender,professional titles and education background. 3)The score of meeting personal desire for reputation and interests of the males was 19.6±5.4，significantly higher than that of the females(18.4±5.0, both P<0.05), while there is no significant difference in job motivation among researchers and technicians of different titles,education,age and marital status. 3.The relationship of the mental-physical health of the military medical laboratory scientists and technicians with their coping behaviors,job stress and motivations 1) Coping behaviors:Regression analysis showed that, the best predictors of subhealth were anxiety,depression and escaping (β=-0.40,β=0.23, β=0.14, both P<0.01).the best predictors of anxiety and depression were active coping behaviors and negative coping behaviors (β=-0.40,β=0.40, both P<0.01).The moderate(rational) coping behaviors is the best predictor only of anxiety and of significant difference. 2)job stress : Regression analysis demonstrated that anxiety,depression,job stress 2 and job stress 4 are the best predictor for subhealth;job stress 12 is the best retro-predictor for depression; job stress 3 and 8 are the best predictor for depression;and job stress 2 and 9 are the best predictor for anxiety ,which are of significant difference. 3)Motivation:Regression analysis demonstrated that depression is the best predictor for subhealth while motivation itself doesn't predict subhealth;with respect to the specific contents of motivation,"probing unknown rules and making contributions to the human society "is the best retro-predictor for depression and has nothing to do with anxiety prediction. 4) The combined influences of coping behaviors,job stress and motivations: Regression analysis showed that, the best predictors for subhealth were anxiety,depression and job stress(β=0.41,β=0.24, β=0.19, both P<0.01).the best predictors for anxiety and depression were active coping behaviors and negative coping behaviors (β=-0.40,β=0.40, both P<0.01).The moderate(rational) coping behaviors is the best predictor only for anxiety and of significant difference. CONCLUSIONS: Regression analysis showed that the best predictors for anxiety and depression were active coping behaviors and negative coping behaviors, the best predictors for subhealth were anxiety,depression and job stress.Coping behaviors, job stress and motivations have significant influences on the mental-physical health of the military medical researchers and and technicians. Among them,coping behavior is the most important factor while job stress and motivation follow. Seeking help more often,less self-blame ,imagination and job stress could help release the anxiety, depression and improve the subhealth of the medical researchers and technicians. The findings of this study indicate we should address the physical and mental health of the military laboratory researchers and technicians.