326 resultados para 20-200


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Growth hormone (GH), prolactin (PRL) and somatolactin (SL) were purified simultaneously under alkaline condition (pH 9.0) from pituitary glands of sea perch (Lateolabrax japonicas) by a two-step procedure involving gel filtration on Sephadex G-100 and reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (rpHPLC). At each step of purification, fractions were monitored by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and by immunoblotting with chum salmon GH. PRL and SL antisera. The yields of sea perch GH, PRL and SL were 4.2, 1.0 and 0.28 mg/g wet tissue, respectively. The molecular weights of 19,200 and 20,370 Da were estimated by SDS-PAGE for sea perch GH and PRL, respectively. Two forms of sea perch SL were found: one (28,400 Da) is probably glycosylated, while the other one (23,200 Da) is believed to be deglycosylated. GH bioactivity was examined by an in vivo assay. Intraperitoneal injection of sea perch GH at a dose of 0.01 and 0.1 mug/g body weight at 7-day intervals resulted in a significant increase in body weight and length of juvenile rainbow trout. The complete sea-perch GH amino acid sequence of 187 residues was determined by sequencing fragments cleaved by chemicals and enzymes. Alignment of sea-perch GH with those of other fish GHs revealed that sea-perch GH is most similar to advanced marine fish, such as tuna, gilthead sea bream, yellowfin porgy, red sea bream, bonito and yellow tail with 98.4, 96.2%, 95.7%, 95.2%, 94.1% and 91% sequence identity, respectively. Sea-perch GH has low identity to Atlantic cod (76.5%), hardtail (73.3%), flounder (68.4%), chum salmon (66.3%), carp (54%) and blue shark (38%). Partial amino-acid sequences of 127 of sea-perch PRL and the N-terminal of 16 amino-acid sequence of sea-perch SL have been determined. The data show that sea-perch PRL has a slightly higher sequence identity with tilapia PRL( 73.2%) than with chum salmon PRL(70%) in this 127 amino-acid sequence. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

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Asperamides A (1) and B (2), a sphingolipid and their corresponding glycosphingolipid possessing a hitherto unreported 9-methyl-C-20-sphingosine moiety, were characterized from the culture extract of Aspergillus niger EN-13, an endophytic fungus isolated from marine brown alga Colpomenia sinuosa. The structures were elucidated by spectroscopic and chemical methods as (2S,2'R,3R,3'E,4E,8E)-N-(2'-hydroxy-3'-hexadecenoyl)-9-methyl-4,8-icosadien-1,3-diol (1) and 1-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(2S,2'R,3R,3'E,4E,8E)-N-(2'-hydroxy-3'-hexadecenoyl)-9-methyl-4,8-icosadien-1,3-diol (2). In the antifungal assay, asperamide A (1) displayed moderate activity against Candida albicans.

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Our rock magnetic analysis of core Ph05 from the West Philippine Sea demonstrates that the core preserves a strong, stable remanent magnetization and meets the magnetic mineral criteria for relative paleointensity (RPI) analyses. The magnetic minerals in the sequence are dominated by pseudosingle-domain magnetite, and the concentration of magnetic minerals is at the same scale. Both the conventional normalizing method and the pseudo-Thellier method were used in conjunction with the examination of the rock magnetic properties and natural remanent magnetization. Susceptibility (chi), anhysteretic remnant magnetization (ARM) and saturation isothermal remnant magnetization (SIRM) were used as the natural remanent magnetization normalizer. However, coherence analysis indicated that only ARM is more suitable for paleointensity reconstruction. The age model of core is established based on oxygen isotope data and AMS(14)C data, which is consistent with the age model estimated from RPI records. The relative paleointensity data provide a continuous record of the intensity variation during the last 200 ka, which correlates well with the global references RPI stacks. Several prominent low paleointensity values are identified and are correlated to the main RPI minima in the SINT-200 record, suggesting that the sediments have recorded the real changes of geomagnetic field.

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A joint oceanographic cruise between the Institute of Oceanography, Chinese Academy of Science and the Department of Oceanography, Seoul National University was carried out in the Yellow Sea during the summer of 1996 to investigate the concentration and particle-size distribution of suspended particulate matter (SPM). The general trends in the surface and bottom waters show that SPM concentrations and particle sizes decreased seawards in both the western (Chinese) and eastern (Korean) coastal regions of the Yellow Sea. In the bottom waters, SPM concentrations were higher and particle sizes were larger along the eastern coast than along the western coast. We suggest this is due to the resuspension of bottom sediments by strong onshore summer typhoons in the southwestern coastal waters of Korea.

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We here reconstruct the past change of the East Asian monsoon since 20 Ma using samples from Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Site 1146 in the northern South China Sea based On a multi-proxy approach including a monomineralic quartz isolation procedure, identification of clay minerals by X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and grain-size analysis of isolated terrigenous materials. Terrigenous supply to ODP Site 1146 was dominated by changes in the strength of multiple sources and transport processes. Grain-size data modeled by an end-member modeling algorithm indicate that eolian dust from the and Asian inland and fluvial input have contributed on average 20% and 80% of total terrigenous material to ODP Site 1146, respectively. Specifically, about 40-53% of the total (quartz+feldspar) and only 6-11% of the total clay is related to eolian supply at the study site. Detailed analysis of the sedimentary environment, and clay minerals combined with previous studies shows that smectite originates mainly from Luzon, kaolinite from the Pearl River and illite and chlorite from the Pearl River, Taiwan and/or the Yangtze River. The proportion and mass accumulation rate (MAR) of the coarsest end-member EM1 (interpreted as eolian dust), ratios of (illite+chlorite)/smectite, (quartz+feldspar)% and mean grain-size of terrigenous materials at ODP Site 1146 were adopted as proxies for East Asian monsoon evolution. The consistent variation of these independent proxies since 20 Ma shows three profound shifts in the intensity of East Asian winter monsoon relative to summer monsoon, as well as aridity of the Asian continent, occurred at similar to 15 Ma, similar to 8 Ma and the youngest at about 3 Ma. In comparison, the summer monsoon intensified contemporaneously with the winter monsoon at 3 Ma. The phased uplift of the Himalaya-Tibetan plateau may have played a significant role in strengthening the Asian monsoon at similar to 15 Ma, 8 Ma and 3 Ma. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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273 samples from Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Site 1146 in the northern South China Sea (SCS) were analyzed for grain-size distributions using grain-size class vs. standard deviation method and end-member modeling algorithm (EMMA) in order to investigate the evolution of the East Asian mon-soon since about 20 Ma. 10-19 mu m/1.3-2.4 mu m, the ratio of two grain-size populations with the highest variability through time was used to indicate East Asian winter monsoon intensity relative to summer monsoon. The mass accumulation rate of the coarsest end member EM1 (eolian), resulting from EMMA, can be used as a proxy of winter monsoon strength and Asian inland aridity, and the ratio of EM1/(EM2+EM3) as a proxy of winter monsoon intensity relative to summer monsoon. The combined proxies show that a profound enhancement of East Asian winter monsoon strength and winter monsoon intensity relative to summer monsoon occurred at about 8 Ma, and it is possible that the summer monsoon simultaneously intensified with winter monsoon at 3 Ma. Our results are well consistent with the previous studies in loess, eolian deposion in the Pacifc, radiolarians and planktonic foraminifera in the SCS. The phased uplift of the Himalaya-Tibetan Plateau may have played a significant role in strengthening the Asian monsoon at 8 Ma and 3 Ma.

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A core from the source region of the Kuroshio warm current (east of the Luzon Island) was analyzed using several proxies in order to study the variability of the Western Pacific Warm Pool (WPWP) during the last two glacial-interglacial cycles. Primary productivity (PP) variations were deduced from variations in the coccolith flora. Primary productivity was higher during glacial periods (the end of Marine Isotope Stage [MIS] 3, some periods in MIS 2 and 6), and decreased during interglacial periods (MIS 7, MIS Se and probably MIS 5c-5d), with the lowest PP in MIS 5e. variations in the delta C-13 difference in benthic and bulk carbonate, thus in the vertical gradient of delta C-13 in dissolved inorganic carbon (Delta delta C-13(c). (wuellerstorfi-N. dutertrei) and Delta delta C-13(c.) (wuellerstorfi-coccolith)) Coincided With the PP Changes, showing that export productivity was low during interglacial periods (MIS 7, MIS 5e and Holocene) and high during glacial periods (MIS 6, probably MIS 5c-5d, late MIS 4 and late MIS 3). Comparison of foraminiferal carbonate dissolution indicators and PP changes reveals that nannofossil assemblage in core Ph05-5 is not sensitive to carbonate dissolution intensity. The depth of the thermocline (DOT) was estimated from planktonic forminiferal assemblages, and was relatively greater during interglacial periods (MIS 7, MIS 5e, probably MIS 5c and Holocene) than during glacials (middle MIS 6, probably MIS 5b and 5d, some periods in MIS 4, MIS 3 and MIS 2). Good coherence between the paleoproductivity records and the DOT suggests that the DOT changes could be the primary control factor in changes of paleoproductivity, and the glacial high productivity in the Kuroshio source region could be associated with a global increase of nutrient concentration in the intermediate waters that upwelled into the photic zone. The low CO2 values derived for intervals of high productivity and a relatively shallow DOT suggest that the changes in biological productivity and DOT in the equatorial Pacific could have modified atmospheric CO2 concentrations. High Sea Surface Temperatures (SSTs) during the warm MIS 5e in combination with intensified monsoonal rain fall could have resulted in a more intense stratification of the upper waters, resulting in low nutrient supply to the surface waters and a resulting decrease in productivity. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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本文以山东近海野生和养殖牙鲆Paralichthys olivaceus(T.& S.)为研究对象,采用同工酶电泳和随机扩增多态性DNA(RAPD)两种方法,进行了群体遗传学研究;另外,用PCR扩增了牙鲆、桂皮斑鲆Pseudorhombus cinnamomeus(T.& S.)、石鲽Kareius bicoloratus,Basilewsky和大菱鲆Psetta maxima 4种鲽形目鱼类mtDNA 16s rRNA基因区的部分片段,采用生物信息、学方法构建了鲽形目分子系统树。主要结果如下:1.首先建立了适于牙鲆同工酶分析的水平淀粉凝胶和垂直聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳系统;对获得的牙鲆15种同工酶基本酶谱进行了生化遗传分析,进而对自然和养殖群体的生化遗传结构进行了分析,共记录了29个基因座位,发现了9个多态座位。2.野生群体的生化遗传参数多态基因座位比例(31.O%)、等位基因平均数(1.38)和群体平均杂合度(0.0802)都明显高于养殖群体(24.1%,1.28,O.0788);在野生群体中有9个多态基因座位,而养殖群体仅7个多态基因座位;其中,除了Cat和Idhp-1(仅养殖群体)(P < 0.05)有显著差异、Ldh-C(P < O.01)完全偏离Hardy-Weinberg定律外,其余多态座位基因频率均符合Hardy-Weinberg遗传平衡定律。野生和养殖群体的遗传相似性系数(I)为0.9877,它们的遗传距离(D)是0.0124;两群体间的遗传分化系数G_(st)为0.0681,D_m为0.01,表明总变异中的6.8%的遗传变异产生于群体间的基因差异。3.采用11个随机引物对20个野生个体和24个养殖个体进行了RAPD群体遗传多样性分析,分别扩增出88条和86条DNA带,片段大小在200-2500bp之间,平均每个引物扩增的带数是7.8-8.0。两个群体的多态座位比例分别是43.2%和34.9%,平均杂合度是0.2739和0.2255,而Shannon遗传多样性指数表明两群体的遗传变异中有88.12%的遗传变异来自种群内,只有11.88%的变异来自群体间。遗传分化指数G_(st)的结果也验证了Shannon遗传多样性指数的结果:总群体的遗传变异中约有12%是由两群体间的基因差异产生的。4.本文对牙鲆两个群体的同一批样品分别采用经典的同工酶方法和RAPD方法进行了较系统的比较分析。发现,RAPD所显示的多态性要比同工酶的高得多,因为大部分RAPD的变异是源于非编码区和重复DNA,可以遍布整个基因组,而同工酶仅是功能基因的产物,只表现编码区的变异。因此,自然选择在同工酶编码区的作用要多于RAPD标记。在遗传相似性系数(I)和遗传距离(D)上,RAPD的分析结果与同工酶的分析结果也是有差异的,用同工酶分析两个群体遗传距离只有0.0124,而用RAPD研究可达0.0508。遗传分化指数的差异也很大,同工酶为0.0681,RAPD为0.1237。5.RAPD和同工酶的分析结果是类似的,即自然群体的多态座位比例和平均杂合度要比养殖群体高,降低幅度在同工酶中界于1.7~22.3%之间,在RAPD中则界于15.9~19.2%之间。这充分证明了养殖群体的遗传多样性水平已有明显的丧失,值得我们注意。6.构建了鲽形目鱼类mtDNA 16S rRNA基因的分子系统树。通过分子克隆法将牙鲆、桂皮斑鲆、大菱鲆和石鲽mtDNA 16S rRNA目的基因片段连接到质粒载体上,经MegaBACE测序仪测序,分别获得了590、595、582和590bp序列,通过生物信息学方法对其进行了序列分析和核酸变异比较,结合NCBI上6种鲽形目鱼类的同源序列探讨了这4种鱼类在鲽形目中的遗传分化和分子系统进化,构建了系统树,其中,桂皮斑鲆的16S rRNA基因在系统树中的位置与物种形态资料的系统演化不相符,而其它三种很好地呈现了它们在鲽形目中的系统位置。同时,可以看出mtDNA 16S rRNA基因片段可以构建一个相对准确的树,特别是NJ树和ML树比较接近,更为客观一些。由比对序列获得的物种之间的遗传距离也基本可以反映种、属、科间的不同变异水平。

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鼠尾藻 [Sargassum thunbergii (Mert.) O’Kunte] 是北太平洋西部特有的一种暖温性大型经济褐藻,在我国沿海地区北起辽东半岛南至雷州半岛的硇州岛,都有广泛分布。鼠尾藻在食品和医药领域的应用开发在我国有悠久历史。近年来,随着水产动物养殖业迅速发展,其应用领域得到了进一步拓展,发现鼠尾藻是海参、鲍鱼等水产动物的优质天然饵料。 受海参和鲍鱼产业发展影响,鼠尾藻的市场需求量成倍增加。目前鼠尾藻的供应全部依赖自然资源。掠夺式的采收方式导致鼠尾藻的野生资源遭到了很大破坏,种群规模和数量不断减小,生态环境也发生了变化。近年来鼠尾藻供需矛盾已经非常突出,如何保护和有效利用该海藻资源已经成为海藻科研和产业界的一个重要话题。 以往对鼠尾藻的生态学和人工育苗技术方面的比较深入的研究工作很少,许多基础科学问题研究不够,人工繁殖技术没有很好地掌握,已经不能满足产业发展需求并限制了鼠尾藻应用价值的发挥。为此,有必要系统性研究鼠尾藻原生态环境、野生状态下生长发育的年际交替规律、鼠尾藻有性生殖过程、人工育苗方法途径、鼠尾藻吸收无机营养能力、以及在调控藻际菌群能力等基础科学技术问题,带动鼠尾藻饵料规模的良性健康扩大,并进一步推动海参和鲍鱼等水产业的发展。 本文以青岛汇泉角的鼠尾藻为基本实验材料,通过野外实地周年观察并结合实验室工作,对上述问题初步进行了初步探索,主要获得如下结果: (1)在青岛地区海滨岩石地带,全年都可观察到鼠尾藻藻体,藻体的形态大小和生理发育状况随季节变化表现出很大的差别性。夏季藻体黄褐色,初生分枝伸展,有次生分枝、生殖枝和气囊的发育,而冬季的藻体黑褐色,初生分枝粗短,没有次生分枝、生殖枝和气囊的发育。6月鼠尾藻出现有性生殖器官生殖托,到7月生殖托发育成熟,7月藻体最长,平均在50厘米左右,11月可观察到有性生殖和假根产生的幼苗。假根营养繁殖再生苗是鼠尾藻种群新苗源的主体,在维持种群自然繁衍和发展中起主导作用。 (2)有性生殖过程是鼠尾藻个体发育的大事件,精卵结合产生幼苗的潜力巨大,是开展未来规模化人工育苗的希望依托。鼠尾藻初生分枝长度和外形株间差异较大,每株鼠尾藻平均大约有20个初生分枝,约一半初生分枝可发育成熟,充分发育的初生分枝可产生30-50个次生分枝,每个次生分枝上又有大约20-30个生殖枝,每个生殖枝上生殖托数量一般为1-3个,雌托长度大多在3-5mm,雄托长度在10-15mm。生殖托的成熟度由基部向顶端递减。一个雌托排卵量平均为400多粒。以此计算,每株雌性鼠尾藻在生殖季节可产生200多万个卵。 卵从生殖窝孔排出后粘附于雌托表面,雄托排精时间稍晚于雌托挂卵时间,精子游动到卵周围与之结合完成受精过程。受精卵大约在受精后1小时分裂为两个大小相近的细胞,2小时后再进行第二次分裂,其中一个细胞横裂为两个细胞:一个细胞较大,另一个细胞较小,另一个细胞的分裂面与第一次分裂垂直,等分为两个细胞,随后细胞不断分裂。在受精后48小时左右,胚苗一端产生出假根。胚苗从雌托脱落的第一周内,尽管细胞数量增加较快,但新细胞体积减小,使得胚苗的体积增加不多。从第二周开始幼苗的体积出现明显的增加。此时,无机营养盐的有效补充对鼠尾藻幼苗培养长大是十分必要的。下海后的管理是保障幼苗成活的关键,此时常常发生脱苗现象。 (3)鼠尾藻对无机氮、磷都有较强的吸收能力,鼠尾藻从海水中吸收无机氮和无机磷的能力分别为75.1mg/kg/day和36.2mg/kg/day,鼠尾藻对氮、磷吸收的质量浓度比例接近5:1。 (4)鼠尾藻具有调节藻际微生物种群的能力,鼠尾藻对弧菌和总异养菌菌群都有一定程度的抑制作用,研究发现鼠尾藻抑制弧菌的能力存在种的差异,其中对鳗弧菌65#显示的抑制作用最强,鼠尾藻的抑菌能力的强弱还与其生理状态的好坏有显著关系。 通过上述研究结果,我们认为:鼠尾藻通过有性生殖过程培育种苗在理论上具有可行性,发展潜力很大。而解决幼苗后期培养中的脱苗问题、提高苗的成活率是下一步需要研究攻克的关键技术;假根营养繁殖再生苗源是维持该藻自然种群的主要方式,也是目前开展人工养殖获得健壮苗种的重要途径,连根采收方式对鼠尾藻野生资源破坏严重;建议野生鼠尾藻在7月底到8月初(水温27℃左右)采收(此时藻体生物量接近最大、并完成生殖过程),采用剪切方式保留假根和幼小的初生枝收获,该方式还可以应用到收获人工筏式养殖的鼠尾藻中,这对保证假根的完整性,大量获得下一个栽培季节的健壮新苗有实际意义;建议进一步开发鼠尾藻吸收富营养化物质、净化养殖环境水质的能力,以及对弧菌和总异养菌的抑制能力,建立海参、鲍鱼和鼠尾藻生态互补、环境友好的养殖模式,控制病害发生,提高水产品产量和质量。

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海洋浮游纤毛虫是在海洋中浮游生活的一类单细胞原生动物,主要是指寡毛类纤毛虫(Oligotrich ciliates),隶属原生动物界(Protozoa)、纤毛门(Ciliophora)、寡毛纲(Oligotrichea),分属于Oligotrichina 和Tintinnina两个亚纲。它们个体微小,粒径在5-200 µm之间,是微型浮游动物和海洋微食物环(Marine Microbial Food Web)的重要组成部分。 2006年4月至2007年12月,在黄海(包括胶州湾)采样分析海洋浮游纤毛虫的种类组成(砂壳纤毛虫)、丰度和生物量,分析纤毛虫在这一海区的季节变化和空间变化。 纤毛虫丰度和生物量的研究方法为:Rosette采水器(胶州湾用Niskin采水器)采集水样,取1 L水样,加Lugol’s试剂固定(终浓度1%),Utermöhl方法100倍镜检。测量虫体的体长、体宽,按最接近的几何形状(圆柱体、球体和圆锥体)计算体积。生物量由体积乘转换系数(0.19 pgC/µm3)得到,砂壳纤毛虫的肉体体积按照壳体积的1/3近似。 本文的结果表明,胶州湾各站纤毛虫平均丰度于6月达到全年最高值6065 ind./L,12月为全年丰度最低值843 ind./L。平均生物量8月达全年最高值(18.5 µg C/L),6月为全年最低值(0.6 µg C/L)。砂壳纤毛虫种丰富度于8月达到最高值,共发现25种砂壳纤毛虫,1月种类最少(6种)。湾内站位的纤毛虫平均丰度比湾外的高(6月和8月除外)。砂壳纤毛虫在纤毛虫总丰度中的比例较小,平均为25%,范围为8-57%,分别于1月和8月达到最低和最高值。 两次冷水团大面调查结果表明,4月表层纤毛虫平均丰度(1490 ind./L)要高于10月(972 ind./L)。10月表层纤毛虫生物量0.14-5.33 µg C/L,14194站、15694站和15894站生物量较高,为4.08-5.33 µg C/L。无壳纤毛虫优势种Laboea strobila在两个航次中均呈现斑块分布,4月航次丰度0-10000 ind./L,10月航次丰度11-350 ind./L;砂壳纤毛虫优势种Ptychocylis obtusa仅在4月航次发现,最大丰度2895 ind./L,10月航次未发现。4月航次砂壳纤毛虫有百乐拟铃虫(Tintinnopsis beroidea),丰度为0-1920 ind./L;卡拉直克拟铃虫(Tintinnopsis karajacensis),丰度很小(10-93 ind./L)。10月航次砂壳纤毛虫优势种Tintinnidium primitivum,丰度为35-700 ind./L;也出现了尖底类瓮虫(Amphorellopsis acuta)和网纹虫(Favella spp.),但丰度不大(0-210 ind./L);运动类铃虫(Codonellopsis mobilis)、筒状拟铃虫(Tintinnopsis tubulosoides)和Eutintinnus sp.丰度也较低(35-105 ind./L);Craterella torulata丰度为0-120 ind./L,主要分布于15694站。10月航次已经出现了温跃层,位于30 m左右水层,纤毛虫主要分布于温跃层之上。 六次黄海断面航次表明:温跃层在5月已经出现,到12月消失。在有温跃层的5月、6月、8月、9月,纤毛虫主要分布于温跃层(30 m左右)之上。其中8月份航次纤毛虫丰度最高,表层平均丰度3103 ind./L。12月份纤毛虫丰度最低,表层平均丰度406 ind./L。纤毛虫生物量春夏季为0.02-5.5 µg C/L,冬季为0.04-1.99 µg C/L。小型无壳纤毛虫占优势,砂壳纤毛虫东方拟铃虫(Tintinnopsis orientalis)、筒状拟铃虫、运动类铃虫、Craterella torulata和Tintinnidium primitivum几乎在各个航次均有分布。

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近几十年来,国内沿海地区频繁发生食用织纹螺中毒事件,并导致数十人死亡,这一问题得到了政府相关部门的高度重视。但是,由于织纹螺毒性变化很大,毒素来源不清楚,因此很难预测食用织纹螺中毒事件的发生,这在很大程度上限制了对食用织纹螺中毒事件的有效监测和管理。目前,对于中国沿海有毒织纹螺体内河豚毒素(tetrodotoxin, TTX)的来源还未见过系统研究。本文选取中国沿海常见的半褶织纹螺(Nassarius semiplicatus)、纵肋织纹螺(N. variciferus)和拟半褶织纹螺(N. semiplicatoides sp. nov.)作为实验对象,从毒素的微生物来源与食物链来源这两个角度分别展开研究,以探讨织纹螺体内 TTX 的可能来源,为提出相应的预防管理措施提供科学依据。 首先,我们先后从曾发生过中毒事件的江苏盐城和连云港采集了织纹螺样品,通过小鼠生物测试法和液-质联用分析技术(LC-MS),对织纹螺的毒性和毒素组成进行了测试和分析,分离培养了织纹螺体内及其生活环境中的细菌,应用河豚毒素单克隆抗体酶联免疫检测方法(ELISA)对细菌的产毒情况进行了测试,并通过 16S 核糖体(rRNA)部分基因序列测定对细菌种类进行了初步的分析。研究发现,采自江苏盐城和连云港的半褶织纹螺的毒性分别约为 2 MU/g 和 200 MU/g 组织,体内的毒素成分是河豚毒素及其同系物。从盐城的半褶织纹螺及其生活环境分离的菌株中随机挑出 14 个菌株中,9 个菌株河豚毒素检测结果呈现阳性。从连云港高毒性半褶织纹螺消化腺中分离到的 45 个菌株中,阳性菌株有 21 个。但是,有毒菌株毒素含量较低,毒素含量范围是 15-184ng/g。通过 16S rDNA 部分序列的测序结果发现,大部分有毒菌株与弧菌属(Vibrio)的细菌在遗传序列信息上比较相近。其余有毒菌株分别与希瓦氏菌属(Shewanella)、海单胞菌属(Marinomonas)、黄杆菌属(Tenacibaculum)、动性菌属(Planococcus)、发光杆菌属 (Photobacterium)和气单胞菌属(Aeromonas)的遗传序列比较相近。其中与海单胞菌属、动性菌属和发光杆菌属亲缘关系较近的产毒细菌是首次报道。这一研究表明织纹螺体内及其生活环境中的存在产河豚毒素的细菌,但由于产毒素的量较低,因此可能在织纹螺体内河豚毒素的产生和累积过程并不发挥主要作用。 织纹螺作为一类腐食性的海洋动物,也有可能通过进食含有河豚毒素的生物而累积河豚毒素。对此,我们开展了高毒性半褶织纹螺的室内培养实验,以及河豚毒素在不同种类织纹螺体内的累积和排出的模拟实验,并定期采样,通过液相色谱与串联质谱联用技术(LC-MS/MS)对织纹螺体内河豚毒素及其同系物的含量变化情况进行了分析。室内培养实验发现,从连云港赣榆县采集的高毒性半褶织纹螺,在实验初期,体内毒素含量呈下降的趋势,但从 7月上旬开始,毒素含量突然快速上升,与连云港赣榆县野外采集的织纹螺的毒素含量表现出相似的变化趋势。河豚毒素在不同种织纹螺体内的累积和排出的模拟实验发现,通过投喂高毒性的河豚鱼肝脏(毒性为5×103 MU/g),纵肋织纹螺在一段时间内能够快速累积少量的河豚毒素。当停止投喂有毒河豚鱼肝脏后,毒素含量会快速下降。而在曾导致中毒事件的拟半褶织纹螺中,投喂有毒河豚鱼的肝脏后,其体内毒素含量只有缓慢增加。但在投喂无毒的河豚鱼肝脏后,其毒性却出现了快速增加的现象,这与该地区野外样品的毒性变动状况类似。这些发现显示高毒性半褶、拟半褶织纹螺体内的河豚毒素应当不是食物链累积的结果,而可能是由其自身产生。并且,毒素含量的变化具有一定的生物节律,有可能与产卵、繁殖等自然节律相关。 通过对半褶、纵肋和拟半褶织纹螺的研究工作可以认为,产河豚毒素的细菌不是织纹螺体内河豚毒素的主要来源,并且毒素也不是来自其摄食的食物,推测可能主要是由织纹螺自身产生。织纹螺所表现出的河豚毒素含量的季节性变化,极有可能与产卵、繁殖等自然节律相关,这些发现为预防和管理食用织纹螺中毒事件提供了科学依据。但是,本研究并未完全阐明织纹螺体内河豚毒素的来源,对于织纹螺体内河豚毒素的确切来源以及河豚毒素的代谢和转化机制,还有待于更加深入地研究工作。

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在实验室条件下研究了三种单细胞多核管状绿藻(藓羽藻、刺松藻和齿形蕨藻)原生质的团聚和发育过程。结果表明: 藓羽藻原生质团聚过程中,Na+或Ca2+浓度分别为0.5M和0.2 M时形成的藓羽藻亚原生质体数量最多,在原生质体团聚过程中细胞核发生了形变;藓羽藻无成熟叶绿体原生质能够在海水中团聚,并形成无成熟叶绿体的亚原生质体,该亚原生质体有细胞膜形成,但是无细胞壁形成,72小时后会死亡,分离纯化的线粒体在海水中不能团聚,分离纯化的叶绿体在海水中的团聚不是很明显,只是有2-3个叶绿体形成团聚体,而且数量也很少;在藓羽藻团聚过程中外源壳孢子和藓羽藻原生质会很快分开,这样壳孢子就不会被包围到藓羽藻原生质团聚体中,即使有的壳孢子被团聚进藓羽藻亚原生质体中,最后也是以藓羽藻亚原生质体的破裂而壳孢子发育而告终,同时加入壳孢子后还导致藓羽藻亚原生质体的发育方式发生了一定的变化,从以前的单极萌发变成二极萌发;在实验室条件下继代培养了藓羽藻原生质体三代,而且在团聚数量、大小和发育能力方面能够稳定遗传;野生藓羽藻原生质在6-12月份能够团聚,但是只能在8-12月份间发育; 刺松藻原生质体在碱性人工海水中会团聚形成亚原生质体,但是亚原生质体在72h内全部破裂,酶学和染色实验显示刺松藻原生质团聚过程中的絮凝胶状物质含有蛋白质和多糖类物质,松藻是一种非常合适的研究亚原生质体形成的实验模式材料;刺松藻的营养芽、游动细胞、丝状体和果胞都能够再生,刺松藻片断生长的最佳碳和氮浓度分别为:HCO3—C 3mM和NO3—N 70μM,刺松藻对所研究的不同氮源吸收能力基本相同; 齿形蕨藻的光饱和点为200 μmol/m2 s,最佳生长温度为25-30℃;齿形蕨藻片断的再生与光照强度成反比,而且只能在20-35℃间再生。齿形蕨藻原生质在碱性海水中能够团聚,但是与藓羽藻相比较数量非常的少。

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本文在23 ℃和31.6S条件下系统地研究了六价铬离子对海弯扇贝Argopecten irradians胚胎和不同发育阶段的幼虫的影响。海弯扇贝胚胎,早期D形幼早(刚孵化出的平均壳长为91μm的D形幼虫)和壳顶幼早对Cr~(8+)的敏感性各不相同。Cr~(6+)对胚胎孵化45hr的半数影响浓度EC_(50)为2614.57μg/L;对早期D形幼虫和壳顶幼虫48hr的半致死浓度LC_(50)分别为4343.26和2323.27μg/L。因此,其敏感性大小依次为:壳顶幼早 > 胚胎 > D形幼虫。眼点的幼虫在变态的过程中对Cr~(6+)的反应尤为敏感,低浓度(<200μg/L)的Cr~(6+)对其变态则有很强的抑制作用,在831.19μg/L的Cr~(6+)作用下眼点幼虫的变态率仅为对照组的50%。Cr~(6+)对海湾贝D形幼虫的生长发育具有明显的抑制作用,随着Cr~(6+)浓度的升高,幼虫的生长速度逐渐减慢,死亡率逐渐升高,同一浓度的Cr~(6+)作用越长,毒性越大。Cr~(6+)对D形幼虫生长96hr和192hr的EC_(50)分别为1395.40和710.56μg/L。被Cr~(6+)污染的铒料(等鞭金藻Isochrysis galbana)亦可对海湾扇贝幼虫产生毒性影响,说明Cr~(6+)的性可通过铒料传递。AAS法分析表明Cr~(6+)在D形幼虫体内的累积随着外界Cr~(6+)浓度的升高而逐渐增多。根据海湾扇贝最敏感期--壳顶幼虫期对Cr~(6+)的起始反应浓度,建议在海湾扇贝人工育苗过程中水质控制Cr~(6+)浓度应低于14μg/L。

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以奥利亚罗非鱼(Oreochromis aureus)为实验对象,设计了3种不同的摄食类型,分别是鲜活饵料组、饥饿3周后饱食投喂组和人工饲料组。鲜活饵料组投喂冰冻赤子爱胜蚓,利用蚯蚓体内丰富的营养成分和活性物质,以期获得奥利亚罗非鱼良好的生长状况;饥饿后饱食组是指饥饿3周后,以人工饲料饱食投喂2周,用于研究饥饿与补偿生长获得快速生长时血液理化指标的变化情况;人工饲料组作为对照组。纯淡水条件下养殖,水温25±2℃。测定了奥利亚罗非鱼在3种摄食类型饲喂下某些血液生理生化指标变化的情况,并将指标变化情况与增重率做相关性分析,试图找出能够反映奥利亚罗非鱼生长性能的血液生理生化指标。 研究结果表明,奥利亚罗非鱼在饥饿3周后获得了补偿生长,补偿生长时的增重率和特定生长率显著高于人工饲料组(P<0.05),高于鲜活饵料组,但差别不显著;相关性分析研究表明血清总蛋白、胆固醇、四碘甲状腺原氨酸(T4)与增重率极显著相关(P<0.01),血红蛋白显著相关(P<0.05),红细胞、白细胞、碱性磷酸酶高度相关(相关系数为0.580、0.551和0.557),因此,建议血清总蛋白、胆固醇和血红蛋白可作为能够反映罗非鱼生长性能的新指标。 根据序列设计引物,PCR反应条件:变性温度:95 ℃,3 min;退火温度:57℃,20 sec;延伸温度:72℃,5 min,共36个循环,从牙鲆、黑鲪和鲈鱼中克隆出胰岛素样生长因子(IGF-Ⅰ)部分序列,首次证实了IGF-Ⅰ在3种海水鱼中的存在。 利用蛋氨酸与ZnSO4•7H2O,在pH 5.5、80℃下,反应1小时,采用蛋氨酸与硫酸锌2:1的配料比,合成出了产物蛋氨酸螯合锌,蛋氨酸螯合锌外观白色,粉状,室温下微溶于水,不溶于乙醇,并用原子吸收光谱法测定其含锌量为15%,螯合率为88.2%。

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用蔗糖密度梯度超速离心的方法从单细胞红藻---紫球藻(Porphyridium cruentum)中分离纯化了完整的藻胆体。光谱分析表明,藻胆体在可见光区域有四个吸收峰(545nm, 565nm, 618nm 和 650nm)和一个吸收肩(498nm);荧光发射峰分别在680nm和595nm,二者的比值(λ_(680nm)~(em)/λ_(595nm)~(em))可高达10以上,说明分离的藻胆体非常完整。非变性电泳结果显示,分离的藻胆体至少有三种颜色的条带,分别为:B-PE,R-PC和b-PE,APC可能含量很少而未见到。SDS-PAGE电泳鉴定至少有三条明显的带,为PE的α和β的重叠带,γ亚基和RPC的亚基。用羟基磷灰石层析和Sephadex G-200层析的方法分离到了高纯度的B-藻红蛋白、b-藻红蛋白和较纯的R-藻蓝蛋白。光谱检验发现,分离得到的藻胆蛋白均为天然态,其中藻红蛋白的荧光发射峰在580nm左右,藻蓝蛋白的荧光发射峰在640nm左右。SDS-PAGE电泳分析,B-藻红蛋白有两条带,分子量大约在20kD,31kD。小分子量的条带极宽,是因为α和β亚基的分子量相近,所以有重叠;大分子量的条带是γ亚基。相对应的是b-藻红蛋白只有20kD的条带,无γ亚基的条带。藻蓝蛋白有两条明显的条带,大约为16kD和20kD。用戊二醛共价交连的方法得了紫球藻B-藻红蛋白和R-藻蓝蛋白和共价结合体。吸收光谱表明,交联体和对照最明显的区别是紫外光区278nm的峰高增加并且蓝移到268nm;交联体的荧光发射光谱与对照相比,498nm激发产生的峰值在588nm(游离的PE的发射峰)和650nm(交联体中PC的发射峰),而对照只有590nm的发射峰,并且交联体在588nm的峰高明显低于对照。非变性电泳鉴定,发现有与对照不同的新的条带出现。这一切证明藻胆蛋白能量传递模型共价交联成功。人工构建的交联物和天然的藻胆体相比,对低离子强度和低温(4 ℃)更为稳定,但能量传递效率相对较低。