江河源区牛、羊舍饲育肥经济与生态效益核算--以青海省玛沁县为例

阐明江河源区是我国生态环境保护的战略要地,开展牛、羊舍饲育肥缩短牲畜存栏时间,可减轻放牧压力,保护天然草场,提高牧户抗灾越冬能力,增加牧民收入.对该区牛、羊舍饲育肥经济与生态效益核算结果表明,牛、羊舍饲育肥经济收益分别为256.5元/头和34.25元/只,其年生态效益价值为15953.31元/头和5301.85元/只.

Group size effects on foraging and vigilance in migratory Tibetan antelope

Large group sizes have been hypothesized to decrease predation risk and increase food competition. We investigated group size effects on vigilance and foraging behaviour during the migratory period in female Tibetan antelope Pantholops hodgsoni, in the Kekexili Nature Reserve of Qinghai Province, China. During June to August, adult female antelope and yearling females gather in large migratory groups and cross the Qinghai-Tibet highway to calving grounds within the Nature Reserve and return to Qumalai county after calving. Large groups of antelope aggregate in the migratory corridor where they compete for limited food resources and attract the attention of mammalian and avian predators and scavengers. We restricted our sampling to groups of less than 30 antelopes and thus limit our inference accordingly. Focal-animal sampling was used to record the behaviour of the free-ranging antelope except for those with lambs. Tibetan antelope spent more time foraging in larger groups but frequency of foraging bouts was not affected by group size. Conversely, the time spent vigilant and frequency of vigilance bouts decreased with increased group size. We suggest that these results are best explained by competition for food and risk of predation. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Determination of free fatty acids in bryophyte plants and soil by HPLC with fluorescence detection and identification by online MS

A method for the determination of long and short chain free fatty acids (FFAs), using 1-[2-(ptoluenesulfonate)-ethyll-2-phenylimidazole-[4,5-f-9,10-phenanthrene (TSPP) as labeling reagent, has been developed. Identification of FFA derivatives was carried out by HPLC-MS with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) in positive ion mode. Gradient elution on an Agilent Eclipse XDB-C-8 column gave good separation of the derivatives. Excellent linear responses were observed and good compositional data could be obtained from as little as 200 mg of bryophyte plants and soil samples. Facile TSPP derivatization coupled with HPLC-APCI-MS analysis allowed the development of a highly sensitive method for the quantitative analysis of trace level of FFAs from biological and natural environmental samples.

The effect of supplementary feeds on the bodyweight of yaks in cold season

The present study was conducted to determine the effects of supplementary feeds, oat hay (OH), highland barley straw (HBS) and multi-nutrient blocks supplementation (UMMB) on reducing liveweight losses of both yak cows and calves grazed on low quality pastures during cold season. The trials of OH and HBS supplementation were conducted by using completely random design on 104 yak cows between 6 and 12 years of age as the following treatments: pure grazing (41 animals, body weight 230 67 kg) as control (CK); grazing+1.5 kg DM of OH per head daily (30 animals, body weight 216 28 kg); gazing. 1.5 kg DM of HBS per head daily (33 animals, body weight 221 34 kg). The trial of UMMB was conducted on three types of yaks, 1-year calves (8-12 months old, body weight 61.1 6.9 kg), 2-year calves (18-24 months old, 98.0 11.3 kg) and yak cows (164.5 27.1 (S.D.) kg) with 20 animals in control group (CK) and 20 animals in supplement group for each type by using completely random design as the following treatments: pure grazing for CK group; grazing+ 150, 250 and 500 g UMMB per day averagely for 1-year calf, 2-year calf and cow at night. The results indicate that the animals supplemented with oat hay received body weight gain (32 20.7 g day(-1)), while those supplemented with highland barley straw still suffered from body weight loss (-56.7 39.3 a day(-1)); UMMB supplementation can decrease the body weight loss by 109.7%, 86.6% and 63.4% for the 1-year calves, 2-year calves and yak cows, respectively, as compared with pure grazing. Around US$1.60 output can be achieved on the basis of US$1 input for UMMB supplementation in the farming systems of the 1-year calves, 2-year calves and yak cows, while US$1 input can produce US$1.55 and 1.14 output for OH and FIBS supplementations, respectively, in yak cows' farming system. It can be preliminary concluded that UMMB supplementation was the most economic way to alleviate body weight loss of grazing yaks over cold season, and the higher productive returns were obtained from OH supplementation for grazing yak cows during winter/spring months. © 2004 Elsevier B.V All rights reserved.

Digestibility, nutrient balance and urinary purine derivative excretion in dry yak cows fed oat hay at different levels of intake

A feeding trial A as conducted at the farm of Qinghai Academy of Animal and Veterinary Science, Xining, China during 1996 - 1997 with three dry yak cows (initial body weight 163 - 197 kg, age 5 - 6 years) by using 3 x 3 Latin Square Design to determine the effect of levels of feed intake on digestion, nitrogen balance and purine derivative excretion in urine of yak cows. The animals were fed oat hay (nitrogen 13.5 g/kg dry matter (DM), metabolisable energy 8.3 MJ/kg DM), i.e., 0.3, 0.6 and 0.9 of voluntary intake (VI). Each intake treatment lasted for 17 days and the samples (feeds, faeces and urine) were collected during last 7 days of each period. The results indicate that digestibility of dietary DM, OM, NDF and ash declined when intake levels increased from 0.3 to 0.9 VI [DM, from 66.1% to 59.1% (P < 0.05); OM, from 68.1% to 59.9% (P < 0.05); NDF, from 62.1% to 54.3% (P < 0.05); and ash, from 33.9% to 11.8% (P < 0.05)]. Around 0.10 g N/kg W-0.75 was deficient daily in yak cows at 0.3 VI, and positive N balances were observed at 0.6 and 0.9 VI. Intake levels significantly (P < 0.05) affected total PD excretion in yak urine. The proportion of allantoin increased (P < 0.05) and uric acid decreased (P < 0.05) as intake level of feed increased. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

液压系统在水下机器人的应用

本文结合在中型、大型水下机器人液压系统的设计、安装、调试的经验和体会,阐述液压系统在水下机器人应用的技术特点和技术措施,为水下液压系统设计提供借鉴.

边坡动力响应分析及应用研究

As a marginal subject, dynamic responses of slopes is not only an important problem of engineering geology (Geotechnical problem), but also of other subjects such as seismology, geophysics, seismic engineering and engineering seismic and so on. Owning to the gulf between different subjects, it is arduous to study dynamic responses of slopes and the study is far from ripeness. Studying on the dynamic responses of slopes is very important in theories as well as practices. Supported by hundreds of bibliographies, this paper systemically details the development process of this subject, introduces main means to analyze this subject, and then gives brief remarks to each means respectively. Engineering geology qualitative analysis is the base of slopes dynamic responses study. Because of complexity of geological conditions, engineering geology qualitative analysis is very important in slopes stability study, especially to rock slopes with complex engineering geology conditions. Based on research fruits of forerunners, this paper summarizes factors influencing slopes dynamic stability into five aspects as geology background, stratums, rock mass structure, and topography as well as hydrogeology condition. Based on rock mass structure controlling theory, engineering geology model of the slope is grouped into two typical classes, one is model with obvious controlling discontinuities, which includes horizontal bedded slope, bedding slope, anti-dip slope, slide as well as slope with base rock and weathered crust; the other is model without obvious controlling discontinuities, which includes homogeneous soil slope, joint rock mass slope. Study on slope failure mechanism under dynamic force, the paper concludes that there are two effects will appear in slope during strong earthquake, one is earthquake inertia force, the other is ultra pore pressure buildup. The two effects lead to failure of the slope. To different types of slope failure, the intensity of two effects acting on the slope is different too. To plastic flow failure, pore pressure buildup is dominant; to falling rock failure and toppling failure, earthquake inertia force is dominant in general. This paper briefly introduces the principle of Lagrangian element method. Through a lot of numerical simulations with FLAC3D, the paper comprehensively studies dynamic responses of slopes, and finds that: if the slope is low, displacement, velocity and acceleration are linear enlarging with elevation increasing in vertical direction; if the slope is high enough, displacement, velocity and acceleration are not linear with elevation any more, on the other hand, they fluctuate with certain rhythm. At the same time, the rhythm appears in the horizontal direction in the certain area near surface of the slope. The distribution form of isoline of displacement, velocity and acceleration in the section of the slope is remarkably affected by the slope angle. In the certain area near the slope surface, isoline of displacement, velocity and acceleration is parallel to the surface of the slope, in the mean time, the strike direction of the extreraum area is parallel to the surface of the slope too. Beyond this area, the isoline direction and the strike direction of the extremum area turn to horizontal with invariable distance. But the rhythm appearing or not has nothing to with the slope angle. The paper defines the high slope effect and the low slope effect of slopes dynamic responses, discusses the threshold height H^t of the dynamic high slope effect, and finds that AW is proportional to square root of the dynamic elastic moduli El P , at the same time, it is proportional to period Tof the dynamic input. Thus, the discriminant of H^t is achieved. The discriminant can tell us that to a slope, if its height is larger than one fifth of the wavelength, its response regular will be the dynamic high slope effect; on the other hand, its response regular will be the dynamic low slope effect. Based on these, the discriminant of different slopes taking on same response under the same dynamic input is put forward in this paper. At the same time, the paper studies distribution law of the rhythm extremum point of displacement, velocity and acceleration, and finds that there exists relationship of N = int among the slope height H, the number of the rhythm extremum VHlhro) point N and ffthre- Furthermore, the paper points out that if N^l, the response of the slope will be dynamic high slope effect; \fN

岩性不均一的灰岩风化壳发育特征--贵阳花溪剖面粒度分布特征的指示

通过贵阳花溪夹泥质薄层的灰岩风化壳剖面的粒度分布特征的研究，结合矿物成分分析，揭示出岩性不均一的灰岩风化壳的发育特征：灰岩作为剖面主体的成土母岩，风化早期，其以碳酸盐矿物的大量溶蚀及酸不溶物的残余积累为特征，同时方解石的溶解也延缓了酸不溶物的风化；后期，随着易溶盐类消失殆尽，酸不溶物作为风化主体，开始了类似其它岩类的风化过程。而灰岩中的泥质薄层夹层，作为风化壳的次要组分，在灰岩风化过程中，由于存在巨大的体积缩小变化，泥质薄层被错断并被灰岩的风化产物所包裹，延缓了其风化发育进程．于是，各端元组分由于所处的微环境的差异，受风化溶液的影响程度不同，按照各自的风化方向和演化方式进行。随着风化程度不断增强，泥质薄片的包裹体分解，端元组分逐渐混合、趋同，风化壳趋于均质化，以统一的风化成土作用向表生稳定的矿物转变。

洱海近代沉积物中碳—氮—硫—磷的地球化学记录

在＾２１０Ｐｂｅｘ和＾１３７Ｃs计年基础上，对采自洱海深水湖区沉积物柱芯进行了Ｃ ｉｎｏｒｇ（无机碳）、Ｃｏｒｇ（有机碳）、Ｎ、Ｓ含量和Ｐ开矿分析。Ｃｏｒｇ生趣剖面具“沉降－降解－堆积”三阶段分布特征，沉降和堆积通量分别为１２．７ｇ／（ｍ＾２．ａ）和７．２０ｇ／（ｍ＾２．ａ）；降解速率常数为０．０１７ａ＾－１，寄宿时间为４０a。Ｎ的生趣分布与Ｃｏｒｇ相似，沉降和堆积通量分别为２．６２ｇ／（ｍ＾２．Ａ

湘中锡矿山式锑矿锑与砷、金的共生分异现象

通过湘中锡矿山式锑矿矿化蚀变特征及矿化蚀变岩石微量元翥统计分析 阐述了成矿作用中锑与金、砷共生分异的现象，并以因子分析为手段，提取成矿作用中最主要的两个特征因子，综合地质分析，指出锑矿戚矿过程中主要包古有两种地质作用：硅化与锑矿化。硅化和锑矿化分别同砷、金富集和锑矿质沉淀析出相 联系，从而造成锑与金、砷共生分异。硅化作用主要在成矿早期，温度较高(200～300℃)，砷、金主要在这一阶段析出。锑矿化则集中发生在成矿作用晚期，温度较低(100～200℃)，辉锑矿以裂隙充填方式沉淀成矿对锑与金、砷共生分异的认识较好地解释了矿化带上成矿特征指示元素在元素聚类分析中不相关的矛盾。

吉林庥安铅锌矿地球化学与分散元素

吉林集安铅锌矿床是我国最早报道的少数几个典型低温铅锌矿床之一。矿化具有多期次特点，富矿体都是多期次矿化叠加的产物。根据矿化先后和矿物生成顺序将矿化分为五个阶段；①石英－黄铁矿矿化阶段；②重晶石－闪锌矿矿化阶段；③石英－方铅矿矿化阶段；④石英－黄铁矿矿化阶段；⑤碳酸盐－氧化矿物矿化阶段。用均一法和爆裂法测得石英、重晶石、闪锌矿包裹体成矿温度变化在110℃-197℃之间，矿床中除含铅锌矿外，还有微量的Pt和Pd，并普遍含分散元素Cd,Gs,Tl,In,Se,Ge,Te，其中以Cd含量最高，闪锌矿中Cd含量最高可达7155×10^-6。分散元素主要呈象形式赋存在各种矿物之中，未发现独立矿物。通过矿床地质和硫铅同位素研究表明该铅锌矿床属低温沉积－改造型层控矿床。

兰坪盆地白秧坪铜钴多金属矿床中钴的成矿地球化学

白秧坪铜钴多金属矿床产于下白垩统景星组陆相红色碎屑岩中，呈似层状、脉状分布于断裂带内，蚀变 分带明显。研究表明：在原生矿石中钴主要赋存于独立矿物．辉砷钴矿中，同时钴可以类质同象赋存于砷黝铜 矿及少量含钴黄铁矿中：在氧化矿石中，以钴华存在于矿石的表面。辉砷钴矿的成分和Co／Ni比值揭示钴的成 矿作用与基性．超基性岩浆有关。矿床褪色蚀变岩、碳酸盐化蚀变岩矿石和正常岩石具有类似的稀土元素配分 模式。即富集轻稀土而重稀土相对亏损、铈异常不明显而铕异常显著，但稀土元素总量、分异程度存在明显的 差异。这可能与流体中带入稀土元素的方式、带入稀土的矿物类型和流体性质的差异等因素造成，反映成矿物 质来源存在差异。相对正常岩石的微量元素含量，元素CIl、co、As、 、Bi、Ag等在褪色蚀变岩、碳酸盐化蚀变岩 和矿石中均相对富集，但在在褪色蚀变岩以亲石元素富集最明显，而在碳酸盐化蚀变岩和矿石中以显著富集 亲硫元素(成矿元素)为主特征，表明在蚀变过程中，赋矿围岩本身没有为成矿作用提供主成矿元素，主成矿元 素源自幔源的基性岩浆。由此认为钴的成矿作用可能主要与喜马拉雅期幔源的基性岩浆活动有关。