Effect of physical aging on phenolphthalein polyethersulfone/poly(phenylene sulfide) blend .1. Mechanical properties

The effect of physical aging at 210 degrees C on the mechanical properties of phenolphthalein polyether sulfone (PES-C) and a PES-C/poly(phenylene sulfide) (PPS) blend, with 5% content of PPS, were studied using DMA, tensile experiments, an instrumented impact tester, and SEM observations. The blend shows good mechanical properties in comparison with the corresponding PES-C. The mechanical properties of both materials exhibit characteristics of physical aging, with only the aging rate of the blend relatively slower, which should be attributed to the constraint effect of PPS particles and the good interfacial adhesion. The morphology of the PPS phase in the blend did not change with aging time. The principal role of PPS particles is to induce crazes, which dissipate energy, under applied loading; thus, the blend shows good toughness. On the other hand, the multiple crazing mechanism depends on the molecular mobility or structural state of the matrix. (C) 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

EXTENDED SOLUBILITY AND SPIN-GLASS BEHAVIOR IN A AG-GD SOLID-SOLUTION PREPARED BY MECHANICAL ALLOYING

The effects of mechanical alloying on the solubility in a Ag-Gd solid solution have been investigated. The study shows that the solubility of Gd in Ag can be extended to about 5 at. % Gd by mechanical alloying from the equilibrium solubility of less than 0.95 at. % Gd. Ag85Gd15 prepared by mechanical alloying exhibits a spin-glass-type transition at similar to 5 K. A Curie-Weiss behavior at higher temperatures and x-ray patterns of the material indicate that Gd atoms are either dissolved in the Ag matrix or in the form of small clusters of diameters of a few nanometers;

MORPHOLOGY AND DYNAMIC-MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF NYLON 66/POLY(ETHER IMIDE) BLENDS

The morphology and dynamic mechanical properties of blends of poly(ether imide) (PEI) and nylon 66 over the full composition range have been investigated. Torque changes during mixing were also measured. Lower torque values than those calculated by the log-additivity rule were obtained, resulting from the slip at the interface due to low interaction between the components. The particle size of the dispersed phase and morphology of the blends were examined by scanning electron microscopy. The composition of each phase was calculated. The blends of PEI and nylon 66 showed phase-separated structures with small spherical domains of 0.3 similar to 0.7 mu m. The glass transition temperatures (T(g)s) of the blends were shifted inward, compared with those of the homopolymers, which implied that the blends were partially miscible over a range of compositions. T-g1, corresponding to PEI-rich phase, was less affected by composition than T-g2, corresponding to nylon 66-rich phase. This indicated that the fraction of PEI mixed into nylon 66-rich phase increased with decreasing PEI content and that nylon 66 was rarely mixed into the PEI-rich phase. The effect of composition on the secondary relaxations was examined. Both T-beta, corresponding to the motion of amide groups in nylon 66, and T-gamma, corresponding to that of ether groups in PEI, were shifted to higher temperature, probably because of the formation of intermolecular interactions between the components.

EFFECT OF ETHYLENE-PROPYLENE COPOLYMER WITH RESIDUAL PE CRYSTALLINITY ON MECHANICAL-PROPERTIES AND MORPHOLOGY OF PP/HDPE BLENDS

Morphology and mechanical properties of polypropylene (PP)/high density polyethylene (HDPE) blends modified by ethylene-propylene copolymers (EPC) with residual PE crystallinity were investigated. The EPC showed different interfacial behavior in PP/HDPE blends of different compositions. A 25/75 blend of PP/HDPE (weight ratio) showed improved tensile strength and elongation at break at low EPC content (5 wt %). For the PP/HDPE = 50/50 blend, the presence of the EPC component tended to make the PP dispersed phase structure transform into a cocontinuous one, probably caused by improved viscosity matching of the two components. Both tensile strength and elongation at break were improved at EPC content of 5 wt %. For PP/HDPE 75/25 blends, the much smaller dispersed HDPE phase and significantly improved elongation at break resulted from compatibilization by EPC copolymers. (C) 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

MECHANICAL-PROPERTIES OF PHENOLPHTHALEIN POLYETHER KETONE - YIELD STRESS, YOUNGS MODULUS, AND FRACTURE-TOUGHNESS

A series of tensile and three-point bending studies was conducted at various temperatures and loading rates using phenolphthalein polyether ketone (PEK-C). Yield stress, Young's modulus, fracture toughness, and crack opening displacement data were obtained for various conditions. In general, both yield stress and Young's modulus increase with decreasing temperature. However, the relationships between fracture toughness, loading rate, and temperature are very complex. This behavior is due to the simultaneous intersection of viscoelasticity and localized plastic deformation. The increased yield stress is the main factor contributing to the reduction in fracture toughness and crack opening displacement. The relationship between fracture toughness and yield stress are discussed. (C) 1995 John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

THERMAL AND MECHANICAL-PROPERTIES OF PHENOLPHTHALEIN POLYETHERSULFONE POLY(PHENYLENE SULFIDE) BLENDS

The thermal and mechanical properties of phenolphthalein polyethersulfone/poly(phenylene sulfide) (PES-C/PPS) blends were studied using a differential scanning calorimeter, a dynamic mechanical analyzer, and mechanical characterization. The morphologies of fracture surfaces were observed by scanning electron microscopy. The blends are multiphase systems with strong interaction between the two phases. It is of interest that, although the strength and ductility of PPS are lower than those of PES-C, the addition of PPS can improve markedly the impact strength of PES-C without changing its higher strength. The PPS can also act as a flow aid for PES-C. (C) 1995 John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

PC/ABS BLENDS:COMPATIBILIZATION AND MECHANICAL-BEHAVIOR

PC/ABS(M) blends, encompassing the whole composition range between pure PC and ABS(M), were prepared by melt-mixing in a Brabender-like apparatus. Thermal, mechanical and impact tests were performed on compression moulded specimens. Inward Tg shifts were

EFFECT OF IRRADIATION ON CRYSTALLINITY AND MECHANICAL-PROPERTIES OF ULTRAHIGH MOLECULAR-WEIGHT POLYETHYLENE

Ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) has been irradiated (0-40 Mrad) with a Co-60 source at room temperature under vacuum. The crystallinity has been investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). The mechanical properties have been determined at room temperature. A significant increase of heat of fusion can be seen at low irradiation doses, which is attributed to crystallization, caused by chain scission during the process of irradiation. It is also observed that the thickness of the lamellae changes with irradiation dose. The Young's modulus has been improved significantly after irradiation at low doses. (C) 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

IONIC-CONDUCTIVITY AND DYNAMIC MECHANICAL RELAXATION OF A 2-COMPONENT EPOXY NETWORK-LICLO4 ELECTROLYTE SYSTEM

The correlation between mechanical relaxation and ionic conductivity was investigated in a two-component epoxy network-LiClO4 electrolyte system. The network was composed of diglycidyl ether of polyethylene glycol (DGEPEG) and triglycidyl ether of glycerol (TGEG). The effects of salt concentration, molecular weight of PEG in DGEPEG and the proportion of DGEPEG (1000) in DGEPEG/TGEG ratio on the ionic conductivity and the mechanical relaxation of the system were studied. It was found that, among the three influential factors, the former reinforces the network chains, reduces the free volume fraction and thus increases the relaxation time of the segmental motion, which in turn lowers the ionic conductivity of the specimen. Conversely, the latter two increase the free volume and thus the chain flexibility, showing an opposite effect. From the iso-free-volume plot of the shift factor log at and reduced ionic conductivity, it is noted that the plot can be used to examine the temperature dependence of segmental mobility and seems to be useful to judge whether the incorporated salt has been dissociated completely. Besides, the ionic conductivity and relaxation time at constant reference temperature are linearly correlated with each other in all the three cases. This result gives an additional experimental confirmation of the coordinated motion model of the ionic hopping with the moving polymer chain segment, which is generally used to explain the ionic conduction in non-glassy amorphous polymer electrolytes.

BLENDS OF POLY[3,3-BIS(CHLOROMETHYL)OXETANE] WITH POLY(VINYL ACETATE) .1. THERMAL AND MECHANICAL-PROPERTIES

Blends of poly[3,3-bis(chloromethyl)oxetane] (Penton) with poly(vinyl acetate) were prepared. Compatibility, morphology, thermal behavior, and mechanical properties of blends with various compositions were studied using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dynamic mechanical measurements (DMA), tensile tests, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). DMA study showed that the blends have two glass transition temperatures (T(g)). The T(g) of the PVAc rich phase shifts significantly to lower temperatures with increasing Penton content, suggesting that a considerable amount of Penton dissolves in the PVAc rich phase, but that the Penton rich phase contains little PVAc. The Penton/PVAc blends are partially compatible. DSC results suggest that PVAc can act as a beta-nucleator for Penton in the blend. Marked negative deviations from simple additivity were observed for the tensile strength at break over the entire composition range. The Young's modulus curve appeared to be S-shaped, implying that the blends are heterogeneous and have a two-phase structure. This was confirmed by SEM observations.

STUDY ON STRUCTURE-PROPERTY RELATIONSHIP OF POLYIMIDE BLENDS .1. A DYNAMIC MECHANICAL STUDY OF THE MISCIBILITY OF POLYIMIDE POLYIMIDE BLENDS

Three pairs of polyimide/polyimide blends (50/50 wt%) with different molecular structures were prepared by two ways, i.e. mixing of the polyamic acid precursors with subsequent imidization, and direct solution mixing of the polyimides. The blends were studied with DMA technique. The results obtained show that all the blends prepared with these two different ways are miscible, as there existed only one glass transition temperature(Tg) for all the blends. It is suggested that the miscibility of these polyimide/polyimide blends is a result of the strong inter-molecular charge-transfer interaction between the chains of their components.

MORPHOLOGY AND DYNAMIC MECHANICAL-PROPERTIES OF AB CROSS-LINKED POLYMERS BASED ON POLYURETHANES

Polyoxypropylene glycol (PPG) (or castor oil) and toluene diisocyanate (TDI) were mixed, and the prepolymer polyurethane (PU) (I) was formed. Vinyl-terminated polyurethane (II) was prepared from (I), and hydroxyethyl acrylate, AB crosslinked polymers (ABCPs) were synthesized from (II) and vinyl monomers such as styrene, methyl methacrylate, vinyl acetate, etc. The dynamic mechanical properties and morphology of ABCPs were measured. The ABCPs based on PPG have double glass transition temperatures (T(g)) on the sigma-vs. temperature curves. They display a two-phase morphology with plastic components forming the continous phase and PU-rich domains forming the separated phase on the electron micrographs. Irregular shapes and a highly polydisperse distribution of PU-rich domain sizes were observed. The crosslink density of ABCPs has a notable effect on the morphology and properties. The average diameter of the PU-rich domains depends on the molecular weight of prepolymer PPG. The highly crosslinked structures will produce large numbers of very small domains. ABCPs based on castor oil show a single T(g) relaxation on the dynamic mechanical spectra. The compatibility between the two components is much better in ABCPs based on castor oil than in those based on PPG, because there is a high crosslink density in the former. Comparison of the dynamic mechanical spectra of ABCP and interpenetrating networks (IPN) based on castor oil with similar crosslink density and composition imply that the two components in ABCP are compatible whereas microphase separation occurs in IPN. An improvement in the compatibility is achieved by the crosslinking between the two networks.

STUDY ON CYCLODEXTRIN AND ITS INCLUSION COMPLEXES - MOLECULAR MECHANICAL CALCULATION

We studied several inclusion complexes of beta-CD by means of molecular mechanical calculation. The inclusion process and the driving force were discussed, and the conclusion on stability agrees with the results of electrochemical experiments.