Analysis of diets of upland buzzards using stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes

We measured the stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios for muscles of the upland buzzards (Buteo hemilasius) and their potential food sources, plateau pikas (Ochotona curzoniae), Qinghai voles (Lasiopodomys fuscus), plateau zokors (Myospalax fontanierii), and several passerine bird species at the alpine meadow in Maduo county, Guoluo prefecture of Qinghai province, People's Republic of China, to provide diet information of upland buzzards, highlighting different diet composition of upland buzzards exposed to different locations. The results demonstrated that stable carbon isotope ratios of upland buzzards, passerine birds, plateau pikas, plateau zokors, and Qinghai voles were -24.42 +/- 0.25parts per thousand, -22.89 +/- 1.48parts per thousand, -25.30 +/- 1.47parts per thousand, -25.78 +/- 0.22parts per thousand, and -25.41 +/- 0.01parts per thousand, respectively, and stable nitrogen isotope ratios were 7.89 +/- 0.38parts per thousand, 8.37 +/- 2.05parts per thousand, 5.83 +/- 1.10parts per thousand, 5.23 +/- 0.34parts per thousand, and 8.86 +/- 0.06parts per thousand, respectively. Fractionation of stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios between upland buzzards and their food were 1.03parts per thousand and 2.11parts per thousand, respectively. Based on mass balance principle of stable isotopes and the Euclidean distance mixing model, upland buzzards depended mainly on plateau pikas as food (74.56%). Plateau zokors, Qinghai voles, and passerine birds only contributed a small proportion (25.44%) to diets of upland buzzards. The results were closely accordant with analyses of stomach contents and food pellets, which firmly supported the feasibility of using stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios to investigate diet information of upland buzzards. Another study based on stable carbon isotopes showed that upland buzzards living in the Haibei prefecture (another prefecture located in the southeast Qinghai province) mainly preyed on passerine birds (64.96% or more) as food supply. We were alarmed by the preliminary results that widespread poisoning activities of small mammals could reshape the food composition of upland buzzards, influencing the stability and sustainability of the alpine meadow. Bio-control on rodent pests should be carried out rather than the chemical measures.

X射线在介质中的剂量分布计算

研究了放射治疗中X射线在介质中的输运过程,编程实现了基于蒙特卡罗方法的剂量计算．并在便于图形处理的软件Matlab中对光子输运结果进行了可视化处理．对X射线在均匀介质和菲均匀介质中的蒙特卡罗模拟结果与实测结果、其他蒙特卡罗软件模拟结果进行了比较,结果符合较好．实验结果表明该方法既可以获得很快的仿真速度,又能得到精确直观的剂量计算结果,为提高放射治疗水平具有重要的指导意义和应用价值．

华北克拉通新生代玄武岩携带的地幔橄榄岩Fe同位素地球化学及含金云母地幔岩岩石学研究

In recent years, thanks to the improvement of analytical methods and the use of MC-ICP-MS, Fe isotope can be measured precisely. Fe isotope shows considerable variation both in biological and inorganic processes (from low T to high T) in nature, Therefore, Fe isotope has become one of the exciting frontier sciences and has favorable prospects of the application to the geosciences and life sciences. Based on a comprehensive review of available references in the related field, this study focuses on the development of techniques for high-precision measurement of iron isotope using MC-ICP-MS, and application of the techniques developed to study the Fe isotopes as well as major and trace element compositions of minerals (Ol, Opx, Cpx and Sp) from spinel peridotitic xenoliths from Cenozoic alkaline basalts to investigate Fe isotopic features of the lithospheric mantle beneath the North China Craton. The minerals from these xenoliths are similar to those off-cratonic peridotites world-wide, but are remarkably different from those on-cratonic peridotites and clinopyroxenes from these spinel lherzolites exhibit two types of chondrite-normalized REE patterns i.e. LREE-depleted and flat or spoon-shaped. It is noted that total abundances of REE in clinopyroxenes from these peridotites show a broad negative correlation with Cr# numbers of Cpx and Sp. The Fe isotope results show that the spinel peridotitic xenoliths have small but distinguishable Fe isotopic variations in minerals (generally Ol < Opx < Cpx) and samples, and the isotopic range in spinel is relatively large. Positive linear relationship with the ε57Fecpx/ε57Feopx ratio close to one unit has been observed between Fe isotopes of coexistent Opx and Cpx, indicating that the Cpx and Opx have generally reached Fe isotopic equilibrium. However, Fe isotopes between the Ol and Sp show apparent disequilibrium. The broadly negative correlation between mineral Fe isotopes and oxygen fugacity (fo2), metasomatic indexes such as spinel Cr#, (La/Yb) N and (La/Sm) N ratios of clinopyroxenes suggest that Fe isotopic variations in different minerals and peridotites were probably produced by melt-peridotite interaction. This study further confirms the previous observation that the lithospheric mantle has distinguishable and heterogeneous Fe isotopic variations at a scale of xenoliths. Mantle metasomatism that induces the interaction of the lithospheric mantle peridotite with metasomatic agent is a most potential mechanism for the Fe isotope fractionation in mantle peridotites. Therefore, Fe isotope could be a new and powerful tool to probe the evolution of the lithospheric mantle. We also report mineral compositions, clinopyroxene trace element concentrations and Sr-Nd isotopes for newly-discovered phlogopite-bearing spinel lherzolite and olivine clinopyroxenite xenoliths from three different localities （Hannuoba, Hebei Province; Jining Sangyitang, Inner Mongolia; Hebi, Henan Province）of the North China Craton. Systematic comparisons with phlogopite-free spinel lherzolite xenolith from the same locality reveals that the phlogopite-bearing peridotitic xenoliths have relatively higher Al2O3, CaO, Na2O, K2O, TiO2 contents and lower MgO contents than those phogopite-free counterparts. The former also has higher LREE concentrations, but relatively less radiogenic Sr-Nd isotopic ratios. This demonstrates that mantle metasomatism can not only enrich the basaltic components and trace element concentrations, but also make a decrease in Mg# of the peridotites and olivines and a relative depletion in Sr-Nd isotopes. 87Rb/86Sr-87Sr/86Sr isochrons of the phlogopite-bearing xenoliths indicate that mantle metasomatism happened in the Mesozoic and/or Cenozoic time. The metasomatic agent was derived from the asthenosphere. The result also manifests that the widespread similarity of the geochemical features such as major and trace elements and isotopic compositions in the Cenozoic lithospheric mantle beneath the North China Craton to those “oceanic” lithospheric mantle could be as a result of the ubiquitous presence of the interaction between the old refractory peridotites and the infiltrated asthenospheric melt, rather than the actually newly-accreted lithospheric mantle.

山东莒南地区韧性剪切带的变形特征与形成演化

Ju Nan of Shandong province is located at southwest of Sulu UHP (ultrahigh-pressure) metamorphic terrane. It is composed of gneiss, paragneiss, eclogites, ultramafic rocks, marble and quartzite. A large ductile shear zone extends east-west has been found at the Zhubian, The south of Junan county. The Zhubian ductile shear zone is composed of high srain rock and mylonites. The mylonites fall into 3 types: Initial gneiss mylonite, mylonite and altramylonit.obvious lineation of penetration,foliation,S-Cfabrics,porphyroclasts,folds,irregularundulatory,extinction,subgrain boundary, dynamic recrystallization microstructure, core-mantle structure and are common in the ductile shear zone. Based on field work and microstructural analyse, a conclution is arrived: The ductile shear zone is an approximately SE trending faults. The Zhubian ductile shear zone formed at Ep ―Hb facies conditions which could be proved by deformaed and metamorphosed mineral aggregates, Deformation behavior, Ternary-feldspar geothermometry and so on. Zircon MC―ICP―MS U-Pb analysis is performed on the mylonite and have an average age ―835.9±13.9Ma, it’s the primary rocks formed age. The Zhubian ductile shear zone maybe formed at 224-242Ma.

地质体科学计算可视化研究及其应用

Describing visually space-time properties of geological phenomena consists of one of the most important parts in geology research. Such visual images are of usually helpful for analyzing geological phenomena and for discovering the regulations behind geological phenomena. This report studies mainly three application problems of scientific visualization in geology: (Dvisualizing geological body A new geometric modeling technique with trimmed surface patches has been eveloped to visualize geological body. Constructional surfaces are represented as trimmed surfaces and a constructional solid is represented by the upper and lower surface composed of trimmed surface patches from constructional surfaces. The technique can completely and definitely represent the structure of geological body. It has been applied in visualization for the coal deposit in Huolinhe, the aquifer thermal energy storage in Tianjin and the structure of meteorite impact in Cangshan et al. (2)visualizing geological space field Efficient visualization methods have been discussed. Marching-Cube algorithm used has been improved and is used to extract iso~surface from 3D data set, iso-line from 2D data set and iso-point from ID data set. The improved method has been used to visualize distribution and evolution of the abnormal pressures in Zhungaer Basin. (3)visualizing porous space a novel way was proposed to define distance from any point to a convex set. Thus a convex set skeleton-based implicit surface modeling technique is developed and used to construct a simplified porous space model. A Buoyancy Percolation numerical simulation platform has been developed to simulate the process of migration of oil in the porous media saturated with water.

铜锌同位素方法在环境地球化学研究中的应用

近年来，随着多接收电感耦合等离子体质谱 (MC-ICP-MS)逐渐应用，过渡族金属(Cu，Zn 和Fe 等)同位素测试方法逐渐成熟，测定精度可达0.04‰，使得铜锌铁等同位素地球化学研究成为近年来国际地学研究领域的热点。本文对铜锌同位素的测试方法、分馏机理及其在环境地球化学研究领域的应用进行了较系统综述。

喀斯特高原湖泊生物地球化学过程中的锌同位素特征

采用多接收电感耦合等离子体质谱仪（MC-ICP-Ms）对喀斯特高原湖泊红枫湖、阿哈湖水体及其主要支流水体悬浮物和一些生物样品中的锌同位素进行了测定，测试精度小于0．11％。（2SD）。结果显示，红枫湖水体与其主要支流水体悬浮物中的δ^66Zn变化范围分别为-0.29‰～0.26‰和-0.04‰～0．48‰，阿哈湖水体与其主要支流水体悬浮物中的δ^66Zn变化范围分别为-0．18‰～0．27‰和-0．17‰～0.46‰，均表现出支流中的锌同位素组成较重的特点。两湖生物样品中的δ^66Zn变化范围较大，为-0．35‰～0．57‰，说明湖泊生态系统中各端员的锌同位素组成存在一定差异。根据同位素组成分析，湖泊主要入湖河流及所携带的陆源物质是阿哈湖？白水体中锌的主要来源，锌同位素是一种较好的物源示踪工具。红枫湖夏季δ^66Zn与Chla（叶绿素）呈显著的正相关（R=0. 97），主要是藻类对锌的有机吸附和吸收过程导致锌同位素组成发生变化。此外，湖泊水体悬浮物中的锌同位素组成均在夏季较轻，表明大气的干湿沉降可能是一个较负的锌同位素源。水体悬浮物中的δ^66Zn变化范围小于生物样品中的δ^66Zn变化范围，说明由于生物作用过程导致的锌同位素分馏大于非生物过程.

铁同位素方法在环境地球化学研究中的应用与进展

由于同位素分析方法的改进和多接收电感耦合等离子体质谱仪的使用，近年来Fe同位素地球化学研究有了很大进展，成为国际地学领域的一个热点研究方向。Fe在自然界广泛存在，分布于各类矿物、岩石、流体和生物体中，并广泛参与成岩成矿作用、热液活动和生命活动过程。自然界中各类无机过程（从高温到低温）、生物及有机过程均能使Fe同位素发生分馏，δ56Fe值约为-1.62‰～+0.91‰。文章系统介绍了Fe同位素研究的最新进展，包括Fe同位素测试方法简介、样品前处理、质谱测定、Fe同位素分馏机理和应用前景展望等，着重对该技术在环境地球化学、生物示踪、古海洋学研究等领域中的应用及前景做了阐述。

天然样品中锂的分离及其同位素比值的测定

以锂元素标准样品和K、Na、Ca、Mg元素标准样品的混合溶液为主要研究对象,采用阳离子交换树脂AG-50W X8（0.032～0.098 mm粒径）来分离富集Li,探索不同淋洗介质（包括盐酸、硝酸以及与甲醇、乙醇的混合）对Li分离纯化的最佳效果.在对比研究的基础上,建立了一种有效分离提纯天然样品中Li的方法.用本方法分离了水体、土壤、岩石等天然样品中的Li,并用MC-ICP-MS准确测定了Li同位素组成.研究结果表明,该方法的精度在0.1‰～1.0‰,与目前文献报道的分析方法具有相似的精度.经过流程前后单元素标准Li同位素比值（δ^7Li）的比较,发现化学处理过程所产生的同位素分馏约为0.3‰,化学处理的流程空白可以忽略不计.该方法测定海水δ^7Li值为（31.6±1.0）‰,与前人的分析结果吻合.因此,本方法可用于测定天然样品中的Li同位素组成.

多接收器等离子体质谱仪测钕同位素比值的质量歧视校正初探

利用国内首次引进的Nu Plasma型MC-ICPMS,对Nd同位素测试过程的质量歧视效应特征进行了研究.发现该类仪器测试过程的质量歧视效应并不完全符合指数函数,也不符合幂函数.质量歧视引起的同位素分馏随同位素对的平均质量数变化,但不严格遵从线性关系.只是在较小质量范围内呈近似线性关系.据此,用双分馏系数校正法可以获得143Nd/144Nd的校正系数,并用来校正143Nd/144Nd值.用此方法获得的JNdi-1的143Nd/144Nd值为O.512 107±O.OOO 008(2RSD),在测量误差范围内与TIMS测定值完全吻合.

钼的稳定同位素体系及其地质应用

近年来多接收杯电感耦合等离子体质谱仪（MC-ICP-MS）的广泛应用，大大提高了Mo同位素分析方法的精度和效率，使Mo同位素地球化学成为当前地学研究领域中的一个前沿方向。本文综述了Mo稳定同位素的最新研究进展及其地质应用。自然界中的Mo同位素（δ^98／^95 Mo）的一般变化范围是-1．35‰～2．60‰。Mo同位素分馏在充氧环境下取决于Mn氧化物的吸附或共沉淀，贫氧-缺氧环境下受控于水溶液中的[H2S]。沉积物中的Mo同位素既能指示古沉积环境的氧化还原条件，也能够指示与之相关的古海洋地理环境，因此，Mo同位素是了解局域至区域沉积环境的氧化还原条件、硫和碳地球化学循环及古海洋化学演化等的强有力工具。随着其分馏机理的进一步阐明和应用范围的拓展，Mo同位素将在地球与环境科学研究中得到广泛的应用。

高压密闭罐溶样-氢化物原子荧光法测定环境样品中的硒

使用浓HNO，＋HF混合液和浓HNO，液分别在高压密闭罐中消解土壤、沉积物、岩石和植物样品，6mol／LHCL加热还原样品后用氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法（HG-AFS）测定样品中的硒。使用该法对土壤标准参考物质GSS-4、GSS-5、GSS-6、GSS-7和植物标准GSV-1、GSV-3进行了分析，硒的测定结果与推荐值一致。加标回收实验的回收率在98．0％～101．4％，平均为99．8％。实测样品中的硒与中子活化分析（NAA）和氢化物-多接受杯质谱计（HG-MC-ICP-Ms）的分析结果基本一致，表明该法平行样的重现性好，分析速度快，提高了硒分析的准确度和分析精度。

铜同位素的分馏机制及其在矿床学研究中的应用

作为一种重要的成矿元素，铜广泛分布于不同地质体中，并广泛参与成岩成矿作用。近年来，由于同位素分析方法的改进和新一代多接收等离子质谱仪（MC-ICPMS）的应用，使得铜同位素的高精度测试成为现实，并已成为国际地学领域的一个前沿研究方向。铜同位素在自然界中具有较大的变化范围，δ^65Cu值介于-3．03‰～5．74‰之间。本文介绍和评述了铜同位素的分析方法和可能的分馏机制，并根据已发表数据，重点讨论了铜同位素组成与成矿温度、矿化阶段和成矿物质来源的关系。认为铜同位素有可能作为一种灵敏的地球化学示踪剂，对指示成矿物质来源、成矿作用过程和矿床形成机理具有重要作用。

Mo稳定同位素研究进展

随着表面热离子质谱（TIMS）和多接收器电感耦合等离子体质谱（MC-ICP-MS）的广泛应用以及同位素分析方法的改进,近10年来非传统稳定同位素（Cu、Zn、Fe、Se、Mo、Cr、Hg等）的研究得到迅速发展。其中,由于Mo同位素的分馏明显受氧化还原条件的控制,使其在指示古环境及古气候的变化方面有独特的地球化学指示意义。同时,Mo同位素在指示成矿物质来源和海洋Mo循环等方面也取得较大成果。因此,Mo同位素地球化学研究已成为国际地学领域的一个前沿和热点。本文综合前人的研究成果,结合近期自己的工作,论述了Mo同位素地球化学研究领域的一些重要进展,详细介绍了Mo同位素的化学分离、提纯和质谱分析技术,并对其应用前景进行了展望.

矿物的微生物风化地球化学研究－－以磷矿石和方解石为例

微生物与矿物间的相互作用是自然界中广泛发生的一种地质作用，微生物直接参与了自然界的物质循环，微生物对矿物风化作用的过程和机理与矿物种类、菌种及环境条件密切相关。目前还缺乏对矿物风化微观过程及风化过程中微生物生理生化特征的研究资料，随着分子生物学理论与技术的快速发展，用地球化学结合微生物学与分子生物学的理论和方法来综合研究微生物的矿物风化过程已成为可能。从分子水平和微观作用过程研究其风化过程与机理，理解微生物与矿物界面之间的相互作用及其反馈机制，是表生作用过程中生物地球化学的重要研究内容。 选用胶质芽孢杆菌（Bacillus mucilaginosus）、黑曲霉（Aspergillus niger）和青霉（Penicillium sp.），以磷矿石和方解石为例，探讨实验条件下微生物对矿物的风化作用过程与机理。微生物对矿物风化作用具有能耗低、污染小和流程短等特点，充分利用这些特点是解决土壤中无效磷的有效利用、磷矿资源的开发以及减少环境污染等问题的有效途径，对矿产资源的可持续利用和建立健康的生态环境具有十分重要的意义。采用离子色谱、ICP-OES、XRD、TEM、EDS、2-DE、电子探针和MC-ICP-MS等分析测试手段，研究微生物对矿物的风化过程与机理，得到如下结果： (1) 在黑曲霉对磷矿石风化过程中，由黑曲霉生长引发的生物机械破坏作用和生物化学降解作用是对磷矿石风化的主要趋动力，包括菌丝生长对矿物的穿插作用以及机械剥蚀作用；此外，菌体及生物大分子形成生物膜覆盖在矿物表面形成易于发生生化降解的微环境，有机酸络合Ca生成次生矿物草酸钙促进了磷矿石的风化。磷矿石直接与菌体接触所发生的风化作用强于磷矿石装入透析袋中的间接风化作用。 (2) 在胶质芽孢杆菌对磷矿石的风化过程中，菌体及其胞外多糖类物质在矿粉表面形成生物膜、菌体生长、代谢产物及有机物的机械剥蚀破碎作用等是造成矿物风化的重要原因；磷矿石直接与菌体接触进行的风化作用强于磷矿石装入透析袋中的间接风化作用。 (3) 黑曲霉对磷矿石的风化作用强于胶质芽孢杆菌，两者对磷矿石进行风化时，生物物理风化作用是导致矿物风化的主要因素；胶质芽孢杆菌风化磷矿石的过程中没有草酸钙的产生。 (4) 胶质芽孢杆菌对磷矿石的风化过程中，菌体蛋白质的表达发生变化，蛋白质的量与质的变化与磷矿石的风化密切有关。磷矿石的加入导致菌体生理代谢途径改变以适应环境的变化，并分泌相关的蛋白质导致矿物的风化。 (5) 采用Sr同位素示踪研究黑曲霉与青霉对磷灰石和方解石混合物的风化差异。黑曲霉作用混合矿物的初期，培养液pH值相对较低，对其中方解石有风化作用；中后期由于pH值升高，对磷灰石有较强的风化作用,对磷灰石的风化是由黑曲霉产生的大分子有机物对磷灰石中Ca络合的结果。青霉与混合矿物发生相互作用时，在最初的很短时间内青霉对磷灰石有风化作用，但对方解石的风化作用却表现在整个风化作用时间段，相比而言，青霉对磷灰石的风化作用不明显。这种风化差异与真菌的生物学特性有关，并表现为微生物对矿物风化的选择性。 本项研究对进一步认识土壤植被生态系统中的磷循环规律和循环过程中微生物所起的作用，以及用微生物风化作用的方式促进磷矿资源开发利用具有重要理论和实际意义。