Investigation of the gel effect in reactive extrusion processes for free radical polymerization

The gel effect in the reactive extrusion process for free radical polymerization in a closely intermeshing co-rotating twin screw extruder was investigated. First the reaction kinetic model was constructed mainly on the basis of entanglement theory. Next, numerical calculation expressions for the initiator and monomer concentrations, monomer conversion, average molecular weight and apparent viscosity were deduced. Finally, the evolution of the above variables were shown and discussed for the example of butyl methacrylate. The simulated results of the monomer conversion are in good agreement with experimental results.

High-dimensional assembly depending on polyoxoanion templates, metal ion coordination geometries, and a flexible bis(imidazole) ligand

By introducing the flexible 1,1'-(1,4-butanediyl)bis(imidazole) (bbi) ligand into the polyoxovanadate system, five novel polyoxoanion-templated architectures based on [As8V14O42](4-) and [V16O38Cl](6-) building blocks were obtained: [M(bbi)(2)](2)[As8V14O42(H2O)] [M = Co (1), Ni (2), and Zn (3)], [Cu(bbi)](4)[As8V14O42(H2O)] (4), and [Cu(bbi)](6)[V16O38Cl] (5). Compounds 1-3 are isostructural, and they exhibit a binodal (4,6)-connected 2D structure with Schlafli symbol (3(4)center dot 4(2))(3(4)center dot 4(4)center dot 5(4)center dot 6(3))(2), in which the polyoxoanion induces a closed four-membered circuit of M-4(bbi)(4). Compound 4 exhibits an interesting 3D framework constructed from tetradentate [As8V14O42](4-) cluster anions and cationic ladderlike double chains. There exists a bigger M-8(bbi)(6)O-2 circuit in 4. The 3D extended structure of 5 is composed of heptadentate [V16O38Cl](6-) anions and flexural cationic chains; the latter consists of six Cu(bbi) segments arranged alternately. It presents the largest 24-membered circuit of M-24(bbi)(24) so far observed made of bbi molecules and transition-metal cations. Investigation of their structural relations shows the important template role of the polyoxoanions and the synergetic interactions among the polyoxoanions, transition-metal ions, and flexible ligand in the assembly process.

Molecular cloning and response to laminarin stimulation of arginine kinase in haemolymph in Chinese shrimp, Fenneropenaeus chinensis

Arginine kinase (AK) was previously reported as a phosphagen-ATP phosphotransferase found in invertebrates. In this study, an 1184 bp cDNA was cloned and sequenced. It contained an open reading frame of 1068 bp that coded for 356 deduced amino acids of AK in Fenneropenaeus chinensis. The calculated molecular mass of AK is 40129.73 Da and pI is 5.92. The predicted protein showed a high level of identity to known AK in invertebrates and creatine kinase from vertebrates, which belong to a conserved family of ATP:guanidino phospho-transferases. In addition, AK protein in plasma of F. chinensis was identified using two-dimensional electrophoresis (2DE) and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) according to the calculated molecular mass and pI. AK was significantly decreased in the plasma of F. chinensis at 45 min and recovered at 3 It after laminarin injection as confirmed by 2DE and ESI-MS. The results showed that AK was one of the most significantly changed proteins on two-dimensional gel in the plasma proteins of F. chinensis at 45 min and 3 It after simulation. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Simulation of barotropic and baroclinic tides in the South China Sea

The four leading tidal constituents M-2, S-2, K-1 and O-1 in the South China Sea are simulated by using POM. The model is forced with tide-generating potential and four leading tidal constituents at the open boundary. In order to simulate more exactly, TOPEX/Poseidon altimeter data are assimilated into the model and the open boundary is optimized. The computed co-tidal charts for M-2 and K-1 constituents are generally consistent with previous results in this region. The numerical simulation shows that energetic internal tides are generated over the bottom topography such as the Dongsha Islands, the Xisha Islands, the Zhongsha Islands, the Nansba Islands and the Luzon Strait.

Tidally induced upwelling off Yangtze River estuary and in Zhejiang coastal waters in summer

MASNUM wave-tide-circulation coupled numerical model (MASNUM coupled model, hereinafter) is developed based on the Princeton Ocean Model (POM). Both POM and MASNUM coupled model are applied in the numerical simulation of the upwelling off Yangtze River estuary and in Zhejiang coastal waters in summer. The upwelling mechanisms are analyzed from the viewpoint of tide, and a new mechanism is proposed. The study suggests that the tidally inducing mechanism of the upwelling includes two dynamic aspects: the barotropic and the baroclinic process. On the one hand, the residual currents induced by barotropic tides converge near the seabed, and upwelling is generated to maintain mass conservation. The climbing of the residual currents along the sea bottom slope also contributes to the upwelling. On the other hand, tidal mixing plays a very important role in inducing the upwelling in the baroclinic sea circumstances. Strong tidal mixing leads to conspicuous front in the coastal waters. The considerable horizontal density gradient across the front elicits a secondary circulation clinging to the tidal front, and the upwelling branch appears near the frontal zone. Numerical experiments are designed to determine the importance of tide in inducing the upwelling. The results indicate that tide is a key and dominant inducement of the upwelling. Experiments also show that coupling calculation of the four main tidal constituents(M-2, S-2, K-1, and O-1), rather than dealing with the single M-2 constituent, improves the modeling precision of the barotropic tide-induced upwelling.

Factors influencing the climatological mixed layer depth in the South China Sea: numerical simulations

The mixed layer depth (MLD) in the upper ocean is an important physical parameter for describing the upper ocean mixed layer. We analyzed several major factors influencing the climatological mixed layer depth (CMLD), and established a numerical simulation in the South China Sea (SCS) using the Regional Ocean Model System (ROMS) with a high-resolution (1/12A degrees x1/12A degrees) grid nesting method and 50 vertical layers. Several ideal numerical experiments were tested by modifying the existing sea surface boundary conditions. Especially, we analyzed the sensitivity of the results simulated for the CMLD with factors of sea surface wind stress (SSWS), sea surface net heat flux (SSNHF), and the difference between evaporation and precipitation (DEP). The result shows that of the three factors that change the depth of the CMLD, SSWS is in the first place, when ignoring the impact of SSWS, CMLD will change by 26% on average, and its effect is always to deepen the CMLD; the next comes SSNHF (13%) for deepening the CMLD in October to January and shallowing the CMLD in February to September; and the DEP comes in the third (only 2%). Moreover, we analyzed the temporal and spatial characteristics of CMLD and compared the simulation result with the ARGO observational data. The results indicate that ROMS is applicable for studying CMLD in the SCS area.

海上低空大气波导的遥感反演及数值模拟研究

由于电磁波传播技术的广泛应用，大气环境成为电磁波传播研究的一个重要领域，尤其是天气变化多端的对流层。对流层大气波导是对流层大气的一种异常结构。大气波导可以使通信电路的相互干扰问题变得复杂，既可能干扰其他系统,又可能形成另外的系统，可以使探测系统产生超视距探测、雷达盲区等反常传播问题。然而通信系统或雷达探测系统遭受大气波导影响的时机具有很大的偶然性，它完全取决于对流层大气的特点。假如能够掌握大气波导的变化规律，准确而及时地预测、预报其出现的时间和地域，结合频率、射线波束、天线仰角和发生功率的选择，就能更好地发挥探测及通信设备的作用。因此，根据实际大气环境，分析、预测和预报大气波导，对于评估大气环境对电磁波传播和探测系统性能具有重要的理论意义和实际价值，尤其是在军事领域。然而在海洋大气环境中，特别是在广阔的海洋上，传统的海洋测量手段，如浮标、船只，获取的海洋水文数据稀少，探空数据更少，无法满足现代海洋大气环境监测所需的大范围观测信息，即使获取数据也很难保证数据点时间和空间的有效性；同时海洋大气边界层日变化缓慢，发生的大气波导持续时间长，比较稳定，对于海上舰船通讯等急需开展大气波导环境区域研究。我国是海洋大国，海岸线狭长，更需要开展沿海区域及近海对流层大气波导研究，特别是边界层内低空大气波导环境预测、预报研究。 目前国内大气波导的研究大多数情况下只注重单站波导发生情况，其代表的时空有效性是有限的，而在实际应用中，人们更加关注波导存在区域，因为波导区域决定了电磁波传输范围。本文针对我国近海区域大气波导不同的形成机理和类型，分别进行了研究。对于蒸发波导，本文利用卫星遥感获取海水表面温度、海面风场、气温、相对湿度等资料，建立卫星遥感资料与蒸发波导高度之间的诊断模式，研究大气波导反演算法和预测模型，首次分析了蒸发波导高度的空间不均匀性。对于低空表面波导和悬空波导，利用中尺度数值模式MM5对大气波导进行了系统的研究，填补了国内中尺度大气波导数值模拟研究的空白，同时选取典型的天气过程，进行了中尺度数值模拟个例研究，分析了大气波导形成机理。 本文主要工作如下： 一、结合P-J模式，利用AMSR-E卫星数据用两种神经网络方法反演了热带海域的蒸发波导高度，并进行了比较，两种方法得到的与浮标实测参数计算得到的蒸发波导高度之间的相关系数相当，都为0.82左右，均方根差后者比前者小，分别为2.64米和1.89米。神经网络直接反演蒸发波导高度方法要优于间接反演蒸发波导高度的方法。利用AMSR-E卫星数据直接反演了南海海域的蒸发波导高度，可以清楚看出蒸发波导高度的空间分布的不均匀性，为研究蒸发波导的环境特性奠定基础。 二、以2005年6月2日出现在黄海海域的大气波导为例，设计了三种数值试验，利用MM5模式对大气波导进行了24h数值模拟研究，包括是否加入常规探空资料进行格点分析同化，垂直分层的多寡，粗、细网格模拟比较分析。通过研究得到了以下结论：（1）利用常规资料进行格点同化对海上大气波导影响较小，对陆地影响较大；（2）垂直分层对大气波导特征参数影响明显，层数较多描述大气波导比较合适；（3）对于海上大气波导，细网格刻画大气波导特征参数比较细致，但粗网格的模拟已经足够进行大气波导分析。 三、以NCEP再分析资料为背景场,利用MM5模式，对2005年6月2日至4日出现在黄海海域的大气波导和2008年5月10日12时到11日12时由‘威玛逊’台风引起的大气波导分别进行了数值模拟研究。通过研究发现：模拟的修正折射率廓线与探空数据得到的廓线基本吻合，但是模拟的较强波导强度和高度普遍比实测的要小得多；同时给出了大气波导参数的演变过程，分析了两次大气波导形成的天气过程，说明了模拟的大气波导区域是可靠的和可信的； MM5模式能够模拟出特定天气条件下低空较强大气波导三维空间变化过程，可以为定量地描述大气波导特征提供理论和试验依据。

并联柔索驱动操作臂静刚度的理论分析

文章对并联柔索驱动机器人(PWDRs)的静态刚度问题进行了理论分析。首先，基于微分变换原理，提出并证明了关于柔索矩阵微小变化变分形式的命题，在此基础上推导了操作臂完整刚度的解析公式，它包括与结构参数有关的刚度及与柔索张力有关的刚度两部分。然后，对这一理论结果进行了数值仿真。研究结果表明：操作臂刚度不仅依赖于机构几何尺寸、柔索与电机刚度及操作臂位置与姿态等结构参数，还与柔索的张力有关、因此，可以通过改变柔索张力来调节PWDRs操作臂的刚度．实现机构变刚度。

基于扰动方法的广义最佳鉴别矢量集求解的一种迭代算法

本文对广义最佳鉴别矢量的求解方法进行研究 ,根据矩阵的扰动理论 ,改进了郭提出的求解广义最佳鉴别矢量的一种迭代算法 ,提出了求解广义最佳鉴别矢量的一种新的迭代算法 .本文算法的一个突出优点是随着类别数目的增加 ,计算时间反而缩短 ;而老算法随着类别数目的增加计算时间随着增加 ;不仅如此 ,新算法的识别率不劣于老算法 .在 ORL人脸数据库的数值实验 ,验证了上述论断的正确性

基于3自由度并联机器人的船载炮6维运动模拟系统

本文系统基于3自由度并联机器人和3维图形仿真实现了空间6维运动的模拟，构造了一种3自由度并联机构来模拟船的3维转动，并给出了并联平台的运动学逆解，采用图形仿真虚拟作战环境，模拟船的3维移动，并分析了图形驱动原因。

基于动态混合网格的AUV水下发射与对接数值仿真研究

实现AUV水下发射和对接是解决AUV水下能源补充，水下数据交换和故障检测，实现AUV整个作业过程完全自主的必要前提。而AUV水下发射和对接运动的流场为多个物体运动的流场耦合叠加，对AUV的运动影响不同于无界流场中的单体运动，因此非常有必要研究多体相对运动的绕流场对AUV运动的影响，以实现AUV水下发射和对接的高精度控制，最终实现AUV水下发射和对接工程。 本文为获得AUV水下发射和对接过程数值模拟，针对水下单体、多体的三维大位移运动边界数值仿真问题提出了一种基于动态混合网格数值仿真的方法。主要解决了关键的三个方面问题：1)如何根据流场的特性划分网格拓扑结构，建立适合物体运动的网格；2)如何适应移动边界运动的任意性，建立相应的控制方程，并构建相应的运动区域方法和网格更新方法；3)如何实现移动网格的加速求解并保持计算精度。本文的主要研究内容为： 1) 针对复杂单一域提出一种基于八叉树、Delaunay三角化、层面推进法和前沿推进法的三维混合网格生成方法；对复杂多域提出块混合网格生成方法。数值结果表明，采用本文提出的这两种网格划分方法能适应复杂区域的网格划分，同时能满足流场分布特性，减少网格数量，提高网格划分的质量，提高数值求解精度。 2) 从提高ALE描述的控制方程计算精度方面，提出了三维动态混合网格方 法、改进动态混合网格方法和动态层混合网格方法分别适用于不同运动模式下的网格运动更新。这样不仅能描述任意形式的物体运动，而且能遵守ALE描述控制方程的守恒性，同时提高网格更新的速度，网格更新后的质量和数值求解的精度。 3) 针对多体非定常数值求解耗时，本文提出了动态混合网格并行计算模型，采用基于区域分解的分块耦合并行算法来加速数值求解速度。在不损失计算精度的前提下获得了很高的并行计算加速比。 4) 为了验证移动网格法数值求解的精度，本文首先对单个复杂形状的AUV进行了非定常直航和非定常回转运动的运动边界数值仿真，并用试验和定常求解结果和非定常附加动量源方法验证了移动网格法数值求解的精度。 5) 本文将混合网格方法、移动网格方法和并行计算方法应用到了AUV从发射管发射和对接发射管两个过程的三维大位移运动边界数值仿真中，并用理论值和定常结果验证了数值求解的精度，得到AUV发射过程和对接过程的流场水动力特性，并通过理论和数值试验，提出AUV水下发射和对接方案。

基板预热对激光金属沉积成形过程热应力的影响

为降低沉积过程的热应力,抑制成形过程中裂缝的产生,研究基板预热对激光金属沉积成形(Laser metal deposition shaping,LMDS)过程热应力的影响具有非常重要的意义。根据有限元分析中的"单元生死"思想,利用APDL(ANSYS parametric design language)编程建立多道多层激光金属沉积成形过程的数值模拟模型,深入探讨基板未预热和预热到400℃时对成形过程热应力的影响。计算结果表明,基板预热到400℃可以显著降低成形过程中试样的热应力变化波动性,试样的Von Mises热应力最大值可降低10%左右,其中x方向热应力最大值可降低8.5%左右,z方向热应力最大值可降低8.1%左右。在与模拟过程相同的条件下,利用自行研制的激光金属沉积成形设备进行了成形试验,成形试验的结果与模拟结果基本吻合。

地球介质非线性与各向异性的地震波响应及其成像效应

The practice of geophysical prospecting shows us the complex interior earth. The studies of the complexity play an important role and practical guide for the subsurface structure. At present, the complexity of the earth mainly means lateral and vertical homogeneity, anisotropy and non-linear quality. And the anisotropy and non-linear media studies become the frontier in seismology and exploration seismology. This paper summarizes the development of complexities and presents the forward and inverse in the non-linear and anisotropic media. Firstly, the paper introduces the theory of seismic wave propagation in the non-linear and anisotropic media, the theoretical basis for simulation and inversion research. Secondly, high quality numerical simulation method with little dispersion has been developed to investigate the influence of complexity including anisotropy and non-linear multi-component seismograms. Because most real data in seismology have a single component, we developed two aspects work on anisotropic multi-component imaging. One is prestack reflection migration. The result show that distorted images are obtained if data from anisotropic media are migrated using isotropic extrapolation. Moreover, image quality will be improved greatly after considering anisotropy in subsurface layers. The other one is the we take advantage of multi-component data to inversion of the anisotropic parameters jointly seimic reflection travel time and polarization information. Based on these research works, we get the following results: 1.Combing numerical simulation, systematical studies indicate that anisotropy and non-linear seismograms characters are significant to detect cracked belts in the earth and to understand deformation field and mechanism. 2.Based on anisotropic media models, we developed an efficient prestack migration method for subsurface structure and different observation methods seismic data, which improving the imaging quality with VSP, seismograms and real data. 3.Jointly seismic inversion combining seismic anisotropic reflection traveltimes and polarizations data show that the complete wrong inversion and the following explanation will be resulted by ignoring anisotropy.

裂隙/孔隙型弹性介质中地震波场模拟与叠前逆时偏移

With the development of oil/gas seismic exploration, seismic survey for fracture/porosity type reservoir is becoming more and more important. As for China, since it has over 60% store of low porosity and low permeability oil/gas reservoir, it’s more urgent to validly describe fracture/porosity type oil/gas trap and proposing the related, developed seismic technique. To achieve mapping fracture/porosity region and its development status, it demands profound understanding of seismic wave propagation discipline in complex fractured/pored media. Meanwhile, it has profound scientific significance and applied worth to study forward modeling of fracture/porosity type media and pre-stacked reverse time migration. Especially, pre-stacked reverse-time migration is the lead edge technique in the field of seismology and seismic exploration. In this paper, the author has summarized the meaning, history and the present state of numerical simulation of seismic propagation in fractured/pored media and seismic exploration of fractured/pored reservoirs. Extensive Dilatancy Anisotropy (EDA) model is selected as media object in this work. As to forward modeling, due to local limitation of solving spatial partial derivative when using finite-difference and finite-element method, the author turns to pseudo-spectral method (PSM), which is based on the global characteristic of Fourier transform to simulate three-component elastic wave-field. Artifact boundary effect reduction and simulation algorithm stability are also discussed in the work. The author has completed successfully forward modeling coding of elastic wave-field and numerical simulation of two-dimensional and three-dimensional EDA models with different symmetric axis. Seismic dynamic and kinematical properties of EDA media are analyzed from time slices and seismic records of wave propagation. As to pre-stacked reverse-time migration for elastic wave-field in fractured/pored media, based on the successful experience in forward modeling results with PSM, the author has studied pre-stacked reverse-time depth-domain migration technique using PSM of elastic wave-field in two dimensional EDA media induced by preferred fracture/pore distribution. At the same time, different image conditions will bring up what kind of migration result is detailed in this paper. The author has worded out software for pre-stacked reverse-time depth-domain migration of elastic wave-field in EDA media. After migration processing of a series of seismic shot gathers, influences to migration from different isotropic and anisotropy models are described in the paper. In summary, following creative research achievements are obtained:  Realizing two-dimensional and three-dimensional elastic wave-field modeling for fractured/pored media and related software has been completed.  Proposed pre-stacked reverse-time depth-domain migration technique using PSM of elastic wave-field.  Through analysis of the seismic dynamic and kinematical properties of EDA media, the author made a conclusion that collection of multi-component seismic data can provide important data basis for locating and describing the fracture/pore regions and their magnitudes and the preferred directions.  Pre-stacked reverse-time depth-domain migration technique has the ability to reconstruct complex geological object with steep formations and tilt fracture distribution. Neglecting seismic anisotropy induced by the preferred fracture/pore distribution, will lead to the disastrous imaging results.

裂缝性油气藏储层预测方法研究

In this paper, based on the E & P situation in the oilfield and the theory of geophysical exploration, a series researches are conducted on fracture reservoir prediction technology in general，and it especially focus on some difficult points. The technological series which integrated amplitude preserved data processing、interpretation and its comprehensive application research as a whole were developed and this new method can be applied to the other similar oilfield exploration and development. The contents and results in this paper are listed as follows: 1. An overview was given on the status and development of fracture reservoir estimation technique, compare and analyze those geophysical prediction methods. This will be very helpful to the similar reservoir researches. 2. Analyze and conclude the characters of geologies and well logging response of burial hills fracture reservoir, those conclusions are used to steer the geophysical research and get satisfying results. 3. Forward modeling anisotropy seismic response of fracture reservoir. Quantitatively describe the azimuthal amplitude variation. Amplitude ellipse at each incidence angle is used to identify the fracture orientation. 4. Numerical simulation of structure stress based on finite difference method is carried out. Quantitatively describe and analyze the direction and intensity of fracture. 5. Conventional attributes extraction of amplitude preserved seismic data、attributes with different azimuthal angle and different offset are used to determine the relationship between the results and fracture distribution. 6. With spectrum decomposition method based on wavelet transform， the author disclose the reservoir distribution in space. It is a powerful tool to display its anisotropy. 7. Integrated seismic wave impendence、elastic impendence、spectrum decomposition、attribute extraction、fracture analysis result as a whole to identify and evaluate the fracture reservoir. An optimum workflow is constructed. It is used to practical oil&gas production and good results are obtained. This can indicate the wide foreground of this technique series.