会泽超大型铅锌矿床成矿时代研究

云南会泽超大型铅锌矿床由麒麟厂和矿山厂两个独立的铅锌矿床组成。利用两组同源矿物组合Rb-Sr等时线方法测定了麒麟厂6号矿体的成矿时代，测定结果分别为(225．1±2．9)Ma和(225．9±3．1)Ma，根据已知的分布于该矿床北部和西南部分布的峨眉山玄武岩成岩时代为250Ma左右，有多个火山喷发旋回，显示多期次的喷发活动，认为川-滇-黔成矿区内铅锌成矿作用与蛾眉山玄武岩岩浆活动存在成因联系。

中国混汞法采金地区汞的环境地球化学研究-以陕西潼关为例

本研究选择有代表性的陕西省潼关县（小秦岭地区）采金地区作为研究对象，从环境地球化学的角度出发，研究了该地区由于受采金活动的影响后，大气、水体、土壤以及农作物中总汞和甲基汞的分布，探讨汞在采金地区环境中迁移、转化和富集的环境地球化学行为和规律，并估算了渲关县及全国在过去二十多年里，由混汞法炼金活动向环境释放汞的总量，最后对混汞法采金地区的环境管理提出可行性建一议。通过本论文的详细研究，主要得出以下结论：1．潼关县辖区大气汞的分布呈明显的空间梯度关系，炼金厂密集区大气汞含量明显高于其它地区，距离炼金厂越远，大气汞含量越低。大型炼金厂混汞提金车间内的平均大气汞浓度为18，047ng／m~3，最高达33，080ng／m~3；距离炼金厂密集区较近和较远的居民区的平均大气汞浓度分别为385ng／m~3和77ng／m~3；而一些偏远地区大气汞的平均浓度降至29ng／m~3，受炼金活动影响较 小的黄河沿岸背景区的平均大气汞浓度只有2ng／m~3。通过估算，潼关县炼金矿工汞蒸气的平均摄入量高达72，804～75，268ng／d，而当地非矿工居民（成人）每天的摄入量也有924～4，620ng。2．潼关县内泉水和井水中总汞的平均浓度有329.2ng／L，其中各形态汞的浓度都相对较高，说明金矿地区的汞背景值可能较高，且地下水也可能受到一定程度的汞污染；冷暖两季水样中溶解态汞浓度和暖季的甲基汞浓度要比泉水和井水中的溶解态汞和甲基汞浓度分别高出几倍，其它形态汞则要高出几百倍；水样中的活性汞和溶解态汞浓度表现出极显著的相关关系；冷季水样的活性汞和溶解态汞平均浓度要略高于暖季的水样，而颗粒态汞恰恰相反；两季采集的一些水样中活性汞在溶解态汞中占有较高的比例，但总汞均以颗粒态为主，大多超过50％。3．冷暖两季沉积物中平均总汞浓度分别高达151.1和44.6μg／g，甲基汞平均浓度分别为7.1和3.6ng／g，而暖季沉积物中总汞与甲基汞含量表现出极显著的相关关系；水体颗粒物和沉积物主要来源于炼金厂排出的废渣和尾矿，拥有较高的重金属（Hg、Fe、Mn和Cu）含量，且两者之间体现出一定的继承关系，但颗粒物由于粒径小，表面积大，含有机颗粒多，吸附能力强，所以其中的重金属含量要明显高于沉积物中的重金属含量；颗粒物中汞含量与Fe、Mn、Cu的含量之间均表现出极显著的相关性，而沉积物中汞含量仅与Cu含量之间有一定的相关性，与其它重金属含量的相关性不明显。4．潼关县辖区金矿石中汞的平均含量是69.2ng/g，而炼金尾矿中汞的平均含量竟高达628，4林吮，高出原矿石样中汞平均含量10，000倍，其它重金属（Fe、Mn、Cu）由于受炼金活动影响较小，其含量变化并不十分明显；黄土由于自身的特殊质地和性质，受炼金活动的干扰较小，其中的各重金属含量能够较好的反映其背景含量水平；撞关地区采集的土壤样品中总汞和甲基汞含量均要比黄土中的含量高约50倍，而其它重金属含量与黄土背景值无明显差异；土壤中甲基汞在总汞含量中所占比例较小（分布在0.001％～0.57％之间），说明潼关地区土壤中汞的甲基化水平较低。5．苔鲜样品中的高汞含量反映了采金地区较高的大气汞沉降水平；河流水藻中高含量的总汞和甲基汞体现出汞在生物体内超强的富集作用；潼关县大多数农作物样品中的汞主要来源于大气，且几乎所有样品的汞含量都严重超出国家食用标准，最高超标倍数达到60；农作物中甲基汞含量占总汞的比例在0.12％～12.34％之间波动，其中蔬菜类作物的甲基汞比例要高于粮食作物，而总体来说，作物体内的总汞和甲基汞含量之间表现出一定的负相关关系；通过估算，潼关县居民由于粮食作物（小麦）的食用每天摄入的总汞量高达54，72Ong，要高于当地居民（非矿工）通过呼吸吸入的汞蒸气量，且已超出国际上对人体汞摄入量标准的有关规定。6．潼关县水体、沉积物、土壤以及农作物中的甲基汞含量相对总汞而言，都表现了相对较低的水平，原因可能是受石英脉型金矿地区地质背景的影响，大量存在的Fe、Mn类化合物对离子态汞有着较强的束缚能力，减缓或抑制了甲基化的发生。7．通过混汞法生产黄金的产量和汞释放因子的调研和确定，估算在1980～2003年期间，全国混汞炼金行业向环境释放汞累计达1476.6t，其中约有78％进入大气；而仅潼关县就有116.5t，约占全国的7.9％：目前（1996年以后），由于混汞法工艺的改进，汞的释放量大大降低，全国混汞炼金行业平均每年释放汞约30t，憧关县平均每年有3.9t，约占全国年平均释放量的13％。

6-12岁儿童自发脑电频谱相干的发展及认知水平的脑诱发电位研究

发展心理学中关于儿童心理发展一直以来存在阶段论和连续论两种观点，阶段论和连续论都有各自的支持依据，但目前心理学家倾向于认为儿童心理发展是阶段性和连续性的统一，一些脑电生理的数据也支持这一观点，脑电发展对认知发展有很好的提示作用。但现有的脑电生理研究在探讨这一问题尚存在一些不足。由于童年中期是个体发育成熟前的最后一个关键期，大脑重量、额叶发育都非常显著，因此，本研究自童年中期大脑发育的特点入手，从自发脑电和诱发脑电两个角度考察童年中期儿童自发脑电基本频谱相干的发展特点及不同认知发展水平、不同年龄的儿童认知发展与脑电发展的关系。研究一主要考察童年中期自发脑电频谱相干发展特点；研究二考察重量守恒水平不同的儿童在完成重量守恒任务时的脑电活动的时间进程；研究三考察不同年龄儿童完成认知任务的脑诱发电位表现。所得结果如下： 1. 自发脑电频谱相干研究发现在童年中期大脑发育存在7-8岁的加速期，并在11岁存在转折，在9、12岁达到高峰。支持儿童发展是阶段性和连续性的统一的观点。 2. 不同守恒水平儿童在完成重量守恒任务时，主要表现为晚正成分的波幅差异，且波幅存在守恒水平与电极位置的交互作用，守恒组倾向于激活右侧额中央区，而不守恒组则倾向于激活中央额区。结果不能支持阶段论，但发展是否表现为连续性，有待于进一步探索。 3. 9-10-11岁三组儿童在完成同一任务时的大脑活动存在显著差异，在脑电水平上，主要表现为N2波幅和电位图的差异，11岁组明显不同于9、10岁组。进一步考察9岁组、10岁普通智力组、10岁高智力水平组、11岁组四组儿童的诱发电位特点（潜伏期、波幅和电位图），发现，9岁组与10岁普通智力组之间N2波幅和电位图差异不显著，而10岁高智力水平组与11岁组在N2波幅和电位图上差异不显著。本实验结果提示认知发展在不同年龄段表现为阶段性，而由于同一年龄段的不同水平与其他年龄组存在水平相当的现象，认知发展从整体上看来表现为一定的连续性。 综合EEG与ERP的研究结果，得出结论，童年中期认知发展和脑电发育是阶段性和连续性的统一。

8～12岁男孩的性激素与智力、人格的关系

Recently there emerged more and more researhes concerning about sex hormone-related cognitive ability and behaviours. Few were carried out in pre- to early adolescent children., and the objective of the current study is to investigate whether there are covariance between sex hormones, intelligence and personality in 232 pre- to early adolescent boys, including 62 gifted boys. Indexes of sex hormone levels were salivary testosterone and estradiol concentrations, the 2D:4D digit ratio ( a reliable pointer of prenatal sex hormone concentraions). The Cattell Culture Fair Intelligence Test and a Chinese version of Children’s Personality Questionaire was applied in the current study. The main findings are: 1) salivary sex hormone concentrations significantly positively correlated with intelligence performance in 10-year-old boys; 2) salivary testosterone negatively related to intelligence performance in 12-year-old boys; 3) gifted boys bears lower testosterone concentrations in both prenatal period and pre- to early adolescence; 4) for personality, higher salivary estradiol was related to extraversion and digit ratios correlated with several personality factors in 8-year-old boys. In conclusion, results in the current study suggested that for male early maturers, intelligence may be negatively influenced by early coming androgen surge. In contrast, male late matures may benefit from their lately and moderately increasing hormone. Besides, the results suggested that the relationship between 2D:4D digit ratio and personality may also be paid attention to.

7-12岁儿童执行功能与智力的关系

The nature of individual differences among children is an important issue in the study of human intelligence. There are close relation between intelligence and executive functions. Traditional theories, which are based mainly on the factor analysis, approach the problem only from the perspective of psychometrics. However, they do not study the relation of cognition and neurobiology. Some researchers try to explore the essential differences in intelligence from the basic cognitive level, by studying the relationship between executive function and intelligence. The aim of this study was to do the followings 1) to delineate and separate the executive function in children into measurable constructs; 2) to establish the relationship between executive function and intelligence in children; 3) to find out the difference and its neural mechanism between intellectually-gifted and normal children’s executive function. The participants were 188 children aged 7-12 year old. There were 6 executive function tasks. The results were follows: 1) The latent variables analyses showed that there was no stable construct of executive function in 7-10 year old children. The executive function construct of 11-12 year old children could be separated into updating, inhibition and shifting. And they had grown to be more or less the same as adults in the executive function. There were only moderate correlations between the three types of executive function, but they were largely independent of each other. 2) The correlations between the indices of updating, inhibition, shifting and intelligence were different in 7-12 year old children. The older the age, the more the indices were related to intelligence. The updating and shifting were related to intelligence in 7-10 year old children. There were significant correlations between the updating, inhibition, shifting and intelligence in 11-12 year old children. The correlation between updating and intelligence was higher than the correlation between shifting and intelligence. Furthermore, in structural equation models controlling for the three executive functions correlations, updating was highly related to intelligence, but the relations of inhibition and shifting to intelligence were not significant. 3) Intellectually-gifted children performed better than normal children in executive function tasks. The neural mechanism differences between intellectually gifted and average children were indicated by ERP component P3. The present study helps us to understand the relationship between intelligence and executive function; and throws light on the issue of individual differences in intelligence. The present results can provide theoretical support for the development a culture-free intelligence test and a method to promote the development of intelligence. Our present study lends support to the neural efficient hypothesis.

Hydroisomerization of long-chain alkane over Pt/SAPO-11 catalysts synthesized from nonaqueous media

SAPO-11 molecular sieves were synthesized from nonaqueous media. The effects of Si and Al sources as well as solvents on the catalytic performance of SAPO-11 were investigated by the hydroisomerization reaction of n-dodecane. The samples were characterized by XRD, XRF, N-2-adsorption, SEM, NH3-TPD, IR-NH3 and Si-29 CP MAS NMR. The SAPO-11 samples synthesized with tetraethoxysilane as the Si source showed higher Si incorporation contents than the SAPO molecular sieves prepared with polymeric Si sources (fumed silica and Si colloidal gel). The reaction results showed that Pt/SAPO-11 catalysts synthesized from ethylene glycol and glycerol media with the monomeric Si and Al sources (tetraethoxysilane, aluminum isopropoxide) exhibited higher catalytic activities than those catalysts with the polymeric Si or Al (pseudo-boehmite) sources, due to the larger external surface area and higher acidity of the former ones. Especially, the catalyst synthesized in an ethylene glycol medium possessed the highest catalytic activity. Over this catalyst, 88% conversion of n-dodecane was achieved at a low temperature of 250 degrees C.