Stress Resistance and Disease Resistance in Seaweeds:The Role of Reactive Oxygen Metabolism

It has become clear that the last 15-20 years that the immediate effect of a wide range of environmental stresses,and of infection,on vascular plants is to increase the information of reactive oxygen species(ROS) and to impose oxidative stress on the cells.Since 1994,sufficient examples similar responses in a broad range of marine macroalgae have been decribed to show that reactive oxygen metabolism also underlies the mechanisms by which seaweeds respond(and become resistant) to stress and infection.Desiccation,freezing,low temperatures,high light,ultraviolet radiation,and heavy metals all tend to result in a gradual and continued buildup of ROS because photosynthesis is inhibited and excess energy results in the formation of singlet oxygen.The response to other stresses (infection or oligosaccharides which signal that infection is occurring,mechanical stress,hyperosmotic shock) is quite different-a more rapid and intence,but short-lived production of ROS ,discribed as an "oxidative burst"-which is attributed to activation of NADPHoxidases in the plasma membrane.Seaweed species that are able to survive such stresses or resist infection have the capacity to remove the ROS through a high cellular content of antioxidant compounds,or a high activity of antioxidant enzymes.

Methods for physical separation and characterization of soil organic matter fractions

Turnover of soil organic matter (SOM) is coupled to the cycling of nutrients in soil through the activity of soil microorganisms. Biological availability of organic substrate in soil is related to the chemical quality of the organic material and to its degree of physical protection. SOM fractions can provide information on the turnover of organic matter (OM), provided the fractions can be related to functional or structural components in soil. Ultrasonication is commonly used to disrupt the soil structure prior to physical fractionation according to particle size, but may cause redistribution of OM among size fractions. The presence of mineral particles in size fractions can complicate estimations of OM turnover time within the fractions. Densiometric separation allows one to physically separate OM found within a specific size class from the heavier-density mineral particles. Nutrient contents and mineralization potential were determined for discrete size/density OM fractions isolated from within the macroaggregate structure of cultivated grassland soils. Eighteen percent of the total soil C and 25% of the total soil N in no-till soil was associated with fine-silt size particles having a density of 2.07-2.21 g/cm3 isolated from inside macroaggregates (enriched labile fraction or ELF). The amount of C and N sequestered in the ELF fraction decreased as the intensity of tillage increased. The specific rate of mineralization (mug net mineral N/mug total N in the fraction) for macroaggregate-derived ELF was not different for the three tillage treatments but was greater than for intact macroaggregates. The methods described here have improved our ability to quantitatively estimate SOM fractions, which in turn has increased our understanding of SOM dynamics in cultivated grassland systems.

separation of duty in trust-based collaboration

Chinese Assoc Cryptol Res, State Key Lab Informat Secur, Inst Software, Grad Univ Chinese Acad Sci, Natl Nat Sci Fdn China

Separation and detection of chlorpromazine hydrochloride and promethazine hydrochloride using electrochemiluminescence followed by capillary electrophoresis

Phenothiazine drugs, chlorpromazine hydrochloride (CPZ) and promethazine hydrochloride (PMZ), were determined with Ru(bpy)(3)(2+) electrochemiluminescene by the capillary electrophoresis (CE-ECL). It was found that both CPZ and PMZ could produce an intermediate that acted as coreactants to react with Ru(bpy)(3)(2+) to produce excited states which were capable of emitting light. This CE-ECL detection method had high sensitivity, good selectivity and reproducibility for CPZ and PMZ determination.

A Simple and Inexpensive Method for Fabrication of Ultramicroelectrode Array and Its Application for the Detection of Dissolved Oxygen

Herein, we report a simple and inexpensive way for fabrication of ultra microelectrode arrays (UMEAs) and the relative characterization methods. The fabrication of UMEAs involves only a few steps of handwork. Since only metal wires and epoxy are used through the fabrication process, it is supposed to be a quite straightforward method for preparing UMEAs. A dissolved oxygen (DO) sensor based on UMEAs was constructed.

Phase separation and crystallization in a melt-spun Ti45Zr35Ni17Cu3 alloy

Structure and crystallization behavior of amorphous and quasicrystalline Ti45Zr35Ni17Cu3 alloy have been studied. DSC trace of the amorphous alloy obtained during continuous heating to 1300 K shows distinctly an exothermic peak and two endothermic peaks.

Separation of ethyl acetate-ethanol azeotropic mixture using hydrophilic ionic liquids

The separation of ethyl acetate and ethanol (EtOH) is important but difficult due to their close boiling points and formation of an azeotropic mixture. The separation of the azeotropic mixture of ethyl acetate and EtOH using the hydrophilic ionic liquids (ILs) 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (alkyl = butyl, hexyl, and octyl) ([C(n)mim]Cl, n = 4, 6, 8) and 1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride and bromide ([Amim]Cl and [Amim]Br) has been investigated. Triangle phase diagrams of five ILs with ethyl acetate and EtOH were constructed, and the biphasic regions were found as follows: [Amim]Cl > [Amim]Br > [C(4)mim]Cl > [C(6)mim]Cl > [C(8)mim]Cl. The mechanisms of the ILs including cation, anion, and polarity effect were discussed.

Separation of ternary systems of hydrophilic ionic liquid with miscible organic compounds by RPLC with refractive index detection

A rapid and simple analytical method was developed for the simultaneous and quantitative determination and separation of hydrophilic imidazolium ionic liquids (ILs) (1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, [C(4)mim]Cl; 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, [C(6)mim]Cl; 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, [C(8)mim]Cl; 1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, [Amim]Cl; or 1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide, [Amim]Br) with miscible ethyl acetate and EtOH and their mixtures using reverse phase liquid chromatography coupled with refractive index detection (RPLC-RI). The influence of 60 to 100% (volume percentage) methanol in the mobile phase on the IL systems ([C(4)mim]Cl, [C(6)mim]Cl, [C(8)mim]Cl, [Amim]Br, or [Amim]Cl)-ethyl acetate-EtOH was investigated.

Microchip Micellar Electrokinetic Chromatography Based on One Functionalized Ionic Liquid and Its Excellent Performance on Proteins Separation

Herein, one water-soluble functionalized ionic liquid (IL), 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium dodecanesulfonate (BAS), was designed, investigated and successfully applied to microchip micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) construction. It possessed the properties of both IL and surfactant. A fairly stable pH value similar to 7.4, which was fit to pH values of general biological buffers, was nicely placed at the optimum concentration of 20 mM BAS solution. While applying BAS solution as running buffer in poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) microfluidic systems, significantly enhanced electroosmotic flow (8-fold) and resolutions between analytes were obtained than that using other supporting electrolytes or surfactants.

Separation and detection of narcotic drugs on a microchip using micellar electrokinetic chromatography and electrochemiluminescence

A new approach for fast and sensitive electrochemiluminescence (ECL) detection of narcotic drugs on a microchip after separation by micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) is presented, taking the cocaine and its hydrolysate ecgonine as the test analytes. The mixture of hydrophilic BMIMBF4 ionic liquid (IL) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) was used directly as the buffer of MEKC with less noisy baselines, lower electrophoretic current and satisfactory separation performance.

Carbon nanotubes decorated with Pt nanocubes by a noncovalent functionalization method and their role in oxygen reduction

Combined with polymer wrapping and layer-by-layer techniques, a noncovalent functionalization method is developed to disperse Pt nanocubes (NCs) onto carbon nanotubes (CNTs). By adjusting the relative ratio of Pt NCs to CNTs, nanotubes with different Pt NC loadings are produced. The composites exhibit excellent electrocatalytic activity towards oxygen reduction.

Constructing porous frameworks from one-dimensional cobalt-oxygen clusters and pyridinedicarboxylate ligands adopting two rare coordination modes

A porous material with cobalt-oxygen cluster framework has been synthesized hydrothermally, which possesses large and rigid channels and manifests strong antiferromagnetic interactions, and the pyridinedicarboxylate ligand exhibits two types of rare coordination modes.

Carbon-supported Pd nanocatalyst modified by non-metal phosphorus for the oxygen reduction reaction

A carbon-supported palladium catalyst modified by non-metal phosphorus(PdP/C) has been developed as an oxygen reduction catalyst for direct methanol fuel cells.The PdP/C catalyst was prepared by the sodium hypophosphite reduction method. The as-prepared Pd nanoparticles have a narrow size distribution with an average diameter of 2 nm. Energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) results indicate that P enters into the crystal lattice of Pd and forms an alloy.

Single mode and multimodes lasing emission from MEH-PPV doped polystyrene thin films with surface ripples formed by vapour-induced phase separation

We report single mode and multimodes lasing emission from conjugated polymer poly[2-methoxy-5-(2-ethylhexyloxy)-1,4-phenylenevinylene] (MEH-PPV) doped polystyrene ( PS) thin films with surface ripples. Surface ripples were formed by water vapour-induced phase separation. A single mode lasing emission at 606 nm with a line-width of less than 0.4 nm was obtained. The laser threshold was as low as 3.5 mu J pulse(-1). The side mode suppression ratio was 5.76 dB. The periodic changes of the refraction index in the MEH-PPV : PS blending film due to the phase separation should be attributed to the lasing actions.