Current status of bacteriological parameters and DOC/POC in Xiamen coastal waters

The surface and bottom waters samples were collected from six locations in Xiamen western sea. The quantified estimation of bacterial production (H-3-thymidine method) and observation of bacterial heterotrophic activity (C-14-glucose method) have been made in order to have a better understanding of the role of marine bacteria and their activities. The results showed that the mean value of bacterial heterotrophic activity was 9 X 10(8) cells/(L. h) in the surface waters and 2.6 X 10(8) cells/(L. h) in the bottom waters. The mean value of bacterial production was 38 X 108 cells/( L. h) in the surface waters and 7.1 X 10(8) cells/(L. h) in the bottom waters. The relationship between bacterial production, heterotrophic activity, PCC and DOC measured during this survey were discussed. The good understanding of the relationship between bacteria activity and total coliform was addressed.

The distribution, enrichment and source of potential harmful elements in surface sediments of Bohai Bay, North China

A geochemical study of Bohai Bay surface sediments was carried out to analyze the potential harmful element (PHE: Ge, Mo, In, Sn, Sb,Te, Tl, Bi and V) concentrations, transportation and deposition, enrichment factors and sources. Germanium, Mo, In, Sn, Sb, Te, Tl, Bi and V concentrations in the surface sediments were: 1.43-1.71, 0.52-1.43, 0.04-0.12, 2.77-4.14, 1.14-2.29, 0.027-0.085, 0.506-0.770, 0.27-0.63 and 70.35-115.90 mu g/g, respectively. The distributions of total PHE concentrations, together with sequential extraction analyses, showed that the PHEs were mainly due to natural inputs from the continental weathering delivered to the bay by rivers and atmospheric transportation and deposition. However, high Mo, Sb, Te, Bi and V occurred in non-residual fractions, suggesting some anthropogenic inputs in addition to the natural inputs. Besides sources, the distributions of PHEs were influenced by the coupling of physical, chemical and biological processes. Enrichment factor (EF) was computed for each site for each element in order to assess the polluting elements and the degree of pollution at each site. Results revealed that the EFs were generally lower than 1.0, particularly for Ge, Mo, In, Sn, Tl and V; however, the EFs were higher (>1.5), particularly for Sb, Te and Bi, revealing moderate contamination. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关节型模块化机器人的设计与实验研究

本文以国家“863”计划支持项目“机器人模块化体系结构设计”（编号2007AA041703）为依托，针对模块化机器人研究的难点和热点问题，在广泛调研模块化机器人国内外研究现状的基础上，研究开发了一套关节型模块化机器人样机。本文主要包括以下四方面的工作：1 模块库的建立及拓扑构型研究；2 运动学的研究；3 模块结构设计；4 实验研究。具体工作如下： 分析了模块化与重构性两个概念的区别与联系，在分析一般机电产品的库设计的基础上阐述了面向功能的模块化机器人模块划分原则。在此基础上，建立了含有五种单元模块的模块库，并对其可实现构型进行了拓扑分析。最后，从拓扑构型分析结果中挑选出了20种代表性构型，为基于任务的构型选择奠定了基础。 对关节型模块化机器人的运动学进行了研究，提出了一种新的坐标系建立方法，建立了各模块的运动学变换矩阵，采用运动旋量的指数积公式实现了正运动学分析的模块化，并推导出正运动学公式。对于逆运动学问题，根据推导出的正运动方程和微分运动学公式建立了逆运动学数学模型，并用牛顿—拉夫逊迭代法得出逆运动学迭代公式。 分析了一个六自由度关节型机器人的危险工况，从而确定了机器人运动时各关节所需的最大功率。以此为基础，确定了三种不同功率的旋转模块Rl、Rm、Rs和一个移动模块Tl，并根据功率的计算结果为各模块进行了电机和减速器等器件的选型。最后，以旋转模块Rl为例详细介绍了模块的结构设计过程。 通过软件平台的搭建，对前面章节的拓扑构型的实现及运动学算法进行了仿真验证。通过该软件平台，可以任意选择第二章分析出的拓扑构型，并可以自动生成运动学正解。后以一个六自由度构型为例进行了轨迹规划，验证了软件平台的构型选择，运动学正逆解算法等功能。该仿真中使用的插补算法，既能保证末端执行器的期望路径，又可以实现关节角的平滑过渡。

渤海湾地区末次冰期古环境

The loess-paleosol sequence in China is one of the best archives for studying paleoenvironmental and paleoclimatic processes. The loess deposits in the coast of the Bohai Sea are suitable for the study of aridification in the northern China during glacial periods (fig.2-1). In this paper, stratigraphy was correlated by using magnetic susceptibility, grain size, and thermoluminence (TL) and accelerater mass spectrometer (AMS) ~(14)C ages. Based on the loess records, an interpretation has been made for paleoenvironmental changes on the coast of the Bohai Sea during the last glacials. The results of magnetic susceptibility, grain size, biostratigraphy, TL and ~(14)C dating, suggest that the loess-paleosol sequence in the coast of the Bohai Sea is discontinuous. The loess deposits correlated with the marine δ~(18)O stage 2 are usually absent in some profiles. Also, the thickness of the loess deposits in the same period varied significantly in different sections. In the coast of the Bohai Sea, the higher magnetic susceptibility corresponds to the finer grain size, consistent with the results of the Loess Plateau. It is indicated that the changes in magnetic susceptibility and grain size may record the paleoclimatic fluctuations of the last glacial. Although the loess deposits during the last glacial have been slightly altered by slope runoff, they have still remained main characters as the representative loess deposits of the Loess Plateau. During the last glacial, the less accumulation rate in the coast of the Bohai Sea is similar to that of the desert-loess transition zone in the northwestern Loess Plateau, and the all section contain high concentrations of sand (>60μm), indicate that the aridification in the Bohai Sea occurred during the glacial. But the changes in sand content of loess deposits along a north-south transect of the Bohai Sea and the changes of magnetic susceptibility implicate that desertification might not occur in the shelf of the Bohai Sea during the last glacial. The frequent fluctuations of summer monsoon during the marine δ~(18)O stage 4 are demonstrated by magnetic susceptibility, frequency-dependent susceptibility and the abundance of foraminifera. 46 genera, 71 species of foraminifera were identified from 138 loess samples. Almost all of the foraminifera are present in the last glacial loess, but the distribution patterns of foraminifera show significant temporal changes. The results of magnetic susceptibility, grain size and XRD indicate that not only sea-level changes had influences on foraminifera abundance, but also variations in sediment flux by rivers when sea-level drops might control the abundance of foraminifera. In addition, the diversity and exquitability of the foraminifera suggest that the frequent fluctuations of foraminifera fossil abundance during the marine δ~(18)O stages could be partly attributed to leaching. In summary, the changes in foraminifera of abundance related to the paleoclimatic variations, and the aridification extends to the coast of the eastern China during the last glacial.

释光测年实验室的建立与沉积物释光测年技术研究

The main research projects reported in this paper are the establishment of a luminescence (OSL/TL) dating laboratory in The Institute of Geology and Geophysics, CAS, and studies on OSL dating technique and protocol of sediments from North China. These projects have been suggested in order to fit in with the needs of research developments in environmental changes, in particular the aridity and desertification in North China. A new luminescence dating laboratory in which there are a Rise TL/OSL-DA-15B/C reader with Sr-90 beta source, a set of Little More Tape 9022 alpha and beta irradiators, three set of Daybreak 583 intelligent alpha counters and sample preparation system has been set up in the Institute in June 2001. The courses of the establishment of a new laboratory involved a series of technical works, besides making a suitable choice of the equipment, as follows: installing and testing TL/OSL reader, calibrating the dose rate of the beta and alpha sources in the irradiators with the standard sources, testing and calibrating the count rates of the thick source alpha counting in the alpha counters with a standard sample, and then dating of the know age samples to check and examine the OSL/TL dating system. All data obtained from above calibrations and tests show that the established OSL/TL system, including the used equipment in it, can be used to determine age of the geological and archaeological samples with an error of equivalent dose (De) of less than 5%. The OSL dates of several sediment samples obtained from the system are good agreement with those from the OSL dating laboratory in Hong Kong University and ~(14)C dates within 1 - 2 standard deviations. The studies on OSL dating technique and protocol of sediment samples being in progress involve the De determinations with single aliquot regeneration (SAR) (Murray and Wintle, 2000) of the coarse grain quartz from sand dune samples and comparison of the De determinations obtained from SAR with those measured by using multiple aliquot regeneration of loess fine grains. The preliminary results from these research works are shown as follows. The very low natural equivalent dose (De) of about 0.012 - 0.03 Gy, corresponding age of less than 10 years, for BLSL (blue light stimulated luminescence) of the coarse grain quartz from modern sand dune samples in Horqin sand fields has been determined with both the SAR and multiple aliquot regeneration (MAR) techniques. This imply that the BLSL signal zeroing of the quartz could be reached before burying of the sand in Horqin sand fields. The De values and ages of the coarse grain quartz measured with SAR protocol are in good agreement with those obtained from multiple aliquot technique for the modern sand dune samples, but the errors of De from the MAR is greater than those from the SAR. This may imply that the higher precision of age determination for younger sand dune samples could be achieved with the SAR of coarse grain quartz. The MAR combining with "Australian Slide method" may be a perfect choice for De measurements of loess fine grain samples on the basis of analysis of De values obtained from the SAR and from the MAR. The former can be employed to obtain a reliable age estimate of loess sample as older as approximately SO ka BR There is a great difference between De determinations from the (post-IR) OSL of the SAR (Roberts and Wintle, 2001) and those from independent or expected estimates for the older samples. However, the age estimates obtained from the (post-IR) OSL of the SAR are mostly closed to the independent age determinations for the younger (age less than 10 ka) fine grain samples. It may be suggested that the (post-IR) OSL of the SAR protocol of the fine grain fraction would be a suitable choice to dating of the younger samples, but may be unsuitable for the older samples.

内陆湖沼相和近海沼泽相沉积环境煤中微量元素和矿物的对比研究—以辽宁北票、江西建新和桥头煤研究为例

Using knowledge of geology, geochemistry, coal petrology, mineralogy, by means of a variety of advanced measuring methods such as inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), inductively coupled atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive spectrometer(SEM-EDS), sequential chemical extract and density fractions, the characteristics of trace elements and minerals in Jurassic Beipiao coal mine under inland limnetic sedimentary environment and in late Permian Jianxin and Qiaotou coal mines under paralic swamp sedimentary environment were studied. Compared with the average concentration in the world bituminous coals, the Beipiao coal was characterized by relatively high contents of Sc, Ti, Cr, Co, Ni, Zn, Se, Sr, Zr, Y, Ba, REE and Th, and lower contents of V, Rb, Cd, Sn, Pb, Bi and U; while the Jianxin coal was relatively enriched in Li, Sc, Ga, Sr, Y, Nb, Sb, Th and U, with low concentration of Be, Co, Ni, Cu, Ge, Zr, Mo, Cd, Cs, Ba, Pb and Bi; and the Qiaotou coal was enriched in Li, Sc, Sr, Nb, Ta, Zr, REE, Hf, Th and U, with low concentration of Be, V, Co, Ni, Cu, Ge, Mo, Cd, Cs, Ba, Tl, Pb and Bi. The concentrations of Ca, Mg and K in Beipiao coal are higher than those in Jianxin coal and Qiaotou coal, while Fe, S and Ti in Beipiao coal are lower than those in Jianxin coal and Qiaotou coal. The proximate analysis of coal samples was carried out, which indicated that Beipiao coal was medium- to high- ash (5.92-60.68%) with low sulphur coal, and Jianxin coal and Qiaotou coal was medium to high ash (8.85-46.33%) with high sulphur. The reflectivity was measured, which explained that Beipiao coal belonged to high volatile bituminous coal, Jianxin coal was low volatile bituminous coal and Qiaotou coal was low volatile anthracite. Quantitative maceral analyses were studied. The characteristics of rare earth elements (REE) were investigated, which showed that the total contents of REE were higher than that of the world's average content. With the increase of coal's metamorphic grade, the total contents of REE decreased from 98.5 X 10"6 of Beipiao coal to 94.2 X 10"6 of Jianxin coal, and to 75.9 X 10"6 of Qiaotou coal, and 5Eu reduced which indicated that the element Eu depleted. The characteristics of REE was controlled by the metamorphic grade of coal. And REE were mainly absorbed in clay minerals in Beipiao coal samples, while in Jianxin and Qiaotou coal mines, REE were primarily related to clay mineral and pyrite. The variation of trace elements in vertical direction of coal seams was studied, and the results showed that different trace elements differed greatly. The correlation between trace elements and ash were determined. Four major trace elements (aluminium-silicates, sulphide, carbonate and phosphate) accounted for the occurrence and distribution of most elements studied were determined. Coal samples were separated by density fraction, which showed that Cr, Cu, Mo and Pb were closely related to inorganic matters mainly distributed in P >2.6 and dropped remarkably in the density fractions P <2.3 . The occurrences of Co, Cr, Ni, As, Se, Mo, U were studied directly and quantitatively using sequential chemical extract with six steps, which showed that Co. Ni, Mo and U were mainly in the form of mineral, and As, Se chiefly in the form of organic state, while Cr mostly in the form of organic state and mineral. Major mineral phases presented in the Beipiao coal were Kaolinite, illite, quartz, calcite, and small amount of siderite, barite. While major mineral phases in Jianxin and Qiaotou coal were pyrite, kaolinite, and small amount of marcasite, rutile, sphalerite. This is the first time that the chromite in the coal was discovered in China, which indicates that Cr occurrence appeared in the form of chromite. The ratio of Sr/Ba, Sr/Ca and V/Ni in Beipiao coal mine under inland limnetic is smaller than that of in Jianxin and Qiaotou coal mines under paralic swamp. The ratio of K/Na and Th/U of Beipiao coal mine is higher than that of Jianxin and Qiaotou coal mine, which proved that Beipiao coal was not affected by sea water and Jianxin and Qiaotou coal were affected by sea water. Trace elements such as Cr, Ni, Mo in minerals were analyzed by SEM-EDS. The factors controlling the enrichment of trace elements can be divided into syngenetic stage factors and epigenetic stage factors.

黔西南滥木厂铊矿化区河流沉积物中重金属污染及其潜在生态危害

黔西南滥木厂铊矿化区河流沉积物中重金属元素的含量很高,其环境污染和生态危害值得关注。本文采用地质累积指数( Igeo ) 和潜在生态危害指数(RI) 对重金属污染及其潜在生态危害进行了评价。结果表明,滥木厂河流沉积物中重金属存在较强程度的污染,并具有较强程度的潜在生态危害。主要的污染元素为Tl 、As 和Cd ,而Cr 、Zn、Pb、Cu 基本上处于无污染或轻微污染的水平。河流沉积物重金属的污染在上游河段较下游河段严重。重金属平均潜在生态危害的排序为:矿山影响区Tl > Cd > As > Pb > Cr > Cu > Zn ;矿山未影响区Cd > Tl > Pb > Cr > As > Cu > Zn。

分散元素——金矿床中应引起注意的地球化学信息

分散元素Te、Se、Cd、Tl在某些类型金矿中可以富集,是黄金找矿的重要指示元素,甚至是最重要的指示元素。Te、Se主要富集在与碱性岩浆活动有关的金矿中, Cd主要富集在火山热液型金矿和古老结晶基底内的糜棱岩型金矿中,而Tl则在卡林型金矿中富集。分散元素在金矿床中的地球化学信息丰富了黄金找矿方法理论,拓宽了找矿思路。

铊的水地球化学及环境影响

铊(Tl) 是一个典型的毒害金属元素,其对哺乳动物的毒性高于Hg、Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn 等元素。Tl 在自然水体中存在两种氧化状态:Tl + 和Tl3 + ,通常主要以Tl + 形式存在。Tl + 易随地下水或地表水的流动而迁移到更远的距离,但在较强的氧化环境中,Tl + 能够氧化成Tl3 + 形成Tl (OH) 3 的沉淀,可以制约水环境中Tl 的总含量。Tl 可以通过饮用水进入人体,其中Tl + 在人体的酶化反应过程中可以置换K+ ,并与酶产生很强的亲和力,从而诱发Tl 的毒害效应。活性铝净化法、离子交换法和NaCl 溶液可以用来去除饮用水中的Tl 。基于Tl 的毒害性,Tl 所产生的水环境问题应该引起重视。

重庆城口地区早前寒武系黑色岩系研究：（1）铂族元素成矿潜力评估

重庆城口地区从震旦统到下寒武统发育有丰富的黑色岩系，20世纪末期在该地区黑色岩系中开展了大量的铂族元素（PGE）的找矿工作，但是由于种种原因，关于该地区是否存在PGE矿化异常，还没有得到最终的结论。本次研究在PGE分析方法论证的基础上，进行了大量样品的PGE分析和微量元素分析。主要结论如下：①区域上上震旦统槽区和断块区两套黑色岩系在原始的沉积环境和物源供给上有较大的差异，虽然槽区上震旦统的黑色岩系具有和下寒武统黑色岩系相似但强度较低的V-Cu-Y-Mo—U异常，但基本上不具有明显的PGE-Au-Ag异常。②断块区水井沱组黑色岩系：和平剖面西段新发现的U-V-Mo-PGE异常可能是今后工作的重点，Pt＋Pd最高达248．9×10^-9,局部U-V都达到了工业品位。③槽区巴山组硅质岩：四个剖面都揭示了在硅质岩中广泛存在连续的PGE异常，87个碳质硅质岩平均含Pt＋Pd 57．2×10^-9，有10个样品Pt＋Pd〉100×10^-9，最高达196．5×10^-9；大部分碳质硅质岩都具有不同程度的V-Cu-Y-Mo-Tl-U组合异常，V都达到了独立矿床的品位要求，其中猪草河、燕子河等剖面还存在厚度较大的富矿地段，特别是燕子河剖面，局部还存在REE＋Y的高异常，值得深入研究。④城巴地区下寒武统黑色岩系存在广泛的PGE异常，但没有达到PGE的矿化要求，建议加强该地区的钒矿和铀矿勘探研究，PGE可以综合评价。

遵义牛蹄塘组黑色岩系中多元素富集层的主要矿化特征

在对大量数据进行系统分析的基础上，将贵州遵义下寒武牛蹄塘组黑色岩系中多元素富集层矿化元素按富集系数分为三组。超富集元素：富集系数大于1000，包括Mo、As、Se、Re等；强富集元素：富集系数介于100～1000，包括Ni、U、Au、Ag、Pt、Pd、Tl等；弱富集元素：富集系数近于5～100，包括V、Co、Cu、Pb、Zn、Y、Cd等。结合上述元素的地球化学性质和矿化岩石类型，指出贵州牛蹄塘组多元素富集层综合了岩浆作用、热水沉积和机械沉积作用的特点，是深部岩浆活动强烈喷发期的产物，提出了可能的成矿模式：早期岩浆(火山)活动伴随热水沉积，形成磷块岩(和硅质岩)；中期岩浆活动减弱，表现为剥蚀沉积；晚期火山爆发，除大量射气元素的富集，还带出深部的成矿物质，然后通过水流机械富集成矿。

隐伏卡林型金矿区碳酸盐脉地球化学及其对深部矿体的指示作用

贵州水银洞卡林型金矿床位于灰家堡背斜Au-Hg-As-Tl矿田的东段,是该区发现较晚,品位较高(6～18g/t)的大型隐伏卡林型金矿床.矿体全都位于距地表200 m以下,呈似层状、层状赋存于二叠系龙潭组地层所夹的生物碎屑灰岩之中.原生矿石具有去碳酸盐岩化(Decar-bonation)、硅化、硫化物化(Sulfidation)等典型卡林型金矿的热液蚀变特征。

陆相热水沉积成因硅质岩与超大型锗矿床的成因—— 以临沧锗矿床为例

临沧锗矿床的硅质岩中存在大量的热水沉积构造和植物化石, 该硅质岩富SiO2 , 低TiO 2和Al2O3, Al/(Al+Fe+Mn)比值平均为0.010, 明显富集Ge, Sb, As, W; 其次Cs, U, Mo和Tl有不同程度的富集, 稀土总量一般小于1 μg/g, 最大2.324 μg/g , 相对富集LREE; δ Eu为0.452 ~ 5.141, δ Ce为 0.997 ~ 1.174; 稀土元素北美页岩标准化模式呈平坦状或向左倾斜; 氧同位素组成与热泉硅华类似. 上述特征表明本区硅质岩属陆相热水沉积成因. 硅质岩作为中寨锗矿体的顶板或夹层, 在空间上与锗矿体紧密接触. 硅质岩中含锗5.6 ~ 360 μg/g, 平均78 μg/g. 靠近硅质岩的煤中锗含量明显升高. 随着煤中锗含量的不断升高, 含矿煤的特征微量元素比值及稀土元素的球粒陨石标准化分配模式与硅质岩越来越相似. 临沧锗矿床煤中锗可能主要由与煤层形成近同时的、以热水成因硅质岩为标志的热水活动带入.

中国分散元素富集与成矿研究新进展

本文重申了对分散元素种类的界定,将Cd、Ga、In、Tl、Ge、Se、Te和Re 8种元素作为分散元素既兼顾了传统习惯,也考虑到了地球化学性质的异同,同时也考虑了地质事实.近十年来,分散元素大规模的工业利用引发了对分散元素资源的进一步研究,新的研究成果主要包括：①分散元素可以成矿,可以形成独立和共生矿床,可以形成大型甚至超大型矿床,甚至可以形成分散元素矿集区或成矿域,这一新的进展打破了分散元素不能独立成矿的传统观念.在中国已经发现了许多分散元素独立矿床;②分散元素的富集成矿具有矿床类型和矿物类型的专属性,这意味着注意特定的矿床类型,会使找到相应的分散元素矿床的可能性增加;③发现和明确了分散元素的三种主要存在形式即独立矿物、类质同象和吸附,首次在国内矿床中发现了一系列分散元素矿物和新矿物;④Se、Tl、Cd的释放对环境的危害最主要的方式是通过污染饮用水进而影响到人类健康,其它分散元素对环境的作用目前还不十分清楚.

黔西南水银洞层控超大型卡林型金矿床成矿模式及成矿预测研究

贵州省贞丰县水银洞金矿是一个近年来发现的、具较高品位、资源量已达超大型的层控卡林型金矿床。矿床受灰家堡背斜核部构造和有利岩性组合控制。金矿床具有低温成矿特征，出现去碳酸盐化、硅化、黄铁矿化和粘土化等围岩蚀变，特征的Au-As-Hg-Tl元素组合。成矿流体具有低温低盐度和较高压力和富挥发份的特点，均一温度在２２０℃左右，盐度在６％ ＮａＣｌ左右，压力为１６０±４０ ＭＰａ。成矿物质主要来自深部。高压和富挥发份促使成矿流体从深部迁移至控矿背斜核部，并由于构造作用挥发份的快速逃逸，压力骤降，促使流体快速卸载，金快速沉淀，形成水银洞超大型层控卡林型金矿床。根据找矿标志及成矿和找矿模型，进行了成矿预测研究并取得很好效果，使水银洞金矿新增储量数十吨，并且预示该类型金矿找矿远景巨大，已经成为黔西南第一个超大型层控卡林型金矿床。