288 resultados para NO3^-
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微孔配位聚合物是近年来被广泛研究的领域之一,这类材料在储气材料等领域的应用前景逐步被开发出来。作为良好的储气材料,配位聚合物必须具有规则的孔道结构和良好的稳定性。本论文以合成多维孔道新化合物为目标,成功合成并解析出13个微孔配位聚合物。对化合物的元素分析、红外和TGA等进行了表征,同时对部分化合物的紫外和荧光性质进行了测定。 首先,对微孔配位聚合物的最新研究动态进行了简要介绍,并对一些代表性化合物的结构类型、性能以及应用等进行了归纳总结。然后介绍了合成配位聚合物晶体的实验原理,化合物的表征方法。 本论文在水热条件下,成功合成了13个新化合物分别为:(C19H15N4)2(NO3)2∙3H2O (3-3),(C19H15N4)2[CdCl4] (3-4),2Ag(tta)∙AgNO3 (3-5),Cu8(tta)15(H2O)Cl (3-6),[Zn(5-CH3-tta)2(isoH)2] (BDC) (3-7),Pb[(PO3)2C(OH) CH3]•H2O (4-1),Ni(C5H4NCOO)2∙4H2O (5-2),Co(C5H4NCOO)2(H2O)2∙2H2O (5-3),[CdCl2(C13H12N2O)2] (5-4),{C6H4(COOH)S}2 (5-5),(Deta)(ClO4)NO3 (5-6),(NH4)2[-Mo8O26] (6-1) 和 (NH4)2[Mo4O13] (6-2)。其中化合物3-5,3-6和3-7是由四氮唑和金属构筑的纳米孔道三维化合物;化合物3-3,3-4,5-2,5-3,5-4,5-5和5-6均具有超分子网络结构;4-1是有机膦酸为配体的二维层状化合物,是首例(5,5)连接的(47•63) (48•62)拓扑网络。化合物6-1是一维无限链骨架的钼酸盐,6-2是二维层状的钼酸盐,显示了不寻常的(32•4)(32•53•8)(3•42•54•6•82)(34•43•54•64) 拓扑网络。最后对论文进行概括总结,并展望了下一阶段的工作安排。
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沉积物再悬浮作为一个比较普遍的物理现象,对浅海生态系统污染物的生物地球化学循环具有强烈的干扰作用。本研究以我国北方重要养殖海湾——桑沟湾为研究对象,从物理、化学、生物三个角度出发,研究了沉积物再悬浮的发生过程以及再悬浮介质-沉积物的源汇转换角色及其与养殖藻类的关系,构建了波流耦合模型和再悬浮颗粒物浓度预测数学模型。主要研究结果如下: 1)桑沟湾的海湾动力比约为1.54,沉积物具有发生再悬浮的潜在动力条件;推导出波流耦合切应力的计算公式。 2)悬浮颗粒物浓度(SSC)与浊度(NTU)之间符合线性方程SSC=15.908×ln(NTU)+7.0888(n=33,R2=0.7209);碎屑有机碳库是桑沟湾养殖生态系统中最大的有机碳库,占总POC库储量的81.87%。 3)沉积物再悬浮的临界切应力在0.059 N/m2左右,耦合切应力与悬浮颗粒物浓度符合方程= 238.06 SSC + 25.215(n=25,R2 = 0.7298);最大剪切深度可达8.81 cm;桑沟湾沉积物再悬浮通量的数量级在10-5~10-6 kg·m-2·s-1之间,再悬浮临界风速约为5.51 m/s,全年约有171天沉积物处于再悬浮状态;构建了沉积物再悬浮颗粒物浓度预测数学模型。 4)桑沟湾表层沉积物总氮的含量范围313.09~1094.44µg/g,有机氮是总氮的主要形态,平均占总氮的60.86%;交换态氮是无机氮的主要形式,平均占无机氮的71.40%,交换态氮中NO3--N的含量最大;桑沟湾表层沉积物的TOC/TN比值为9.38,表明沉积物中有机质具有混合来源的特征;无机磷是桑沟湾表层沉积物中磷的主要形态,平均占总磷的73.33%,钙结合磷是无机磷的主要赋存形态;表层沉积物中潜在生物有效性磷的含量占总磷的86.54%,具有很强的释磷潜力。桑沟湾重金属的潜在生态危害指数RI约为36.17,表明重金属的潜在生态危害轻微。 5)再悬浮过程中沉积物春季表现为氮磷源,释放溶解无机氮和磷酸盐;夏、秋季表现为氮汇磷源,释放磷酸盐而吸附溶解无机氮;冬季表现为氮磷汇,吸附磷酸盐和溶解无机氮。
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利用流式细胞仪分析了聚球蓝细菌在胶州湾的时空分布和营养盐的影响, 并对聚球蓝细菌亚群分化及其影响因子做了进一步探索。分离获得六株海洋聚球蓝细菌,分别定名为IOCAS0401、IOCAS0402、IOCAS0403、IOCAS0404、IOCAS0405、IOCAS0406。对其中两株(IOCAS0401、IOCAS0402)进行鉴定,并进一步研究了其生理生态特征。有三株菌(IOCAS0403、IOCAS0404、IOCAS0405)具有异养生长能力,选取其中两株(IOCAS0403、IOCAS0405)构建了遗传操作系统。具体内容摘要如下: 1、聚球蓝细菌在胶州湾的时空分布和营养盐的影响 胶州湾近一年的微微型浮游植物群落分析表明,聚球蓝细菌逐月的最高丰度中心有从湾外→湾口→湾内,再由湾内→湾口→湾外的变化趋势。在月变化中,聚球蓝细菌9月丰度最大,平均丰度为4.87×103 cells/ml,1-4月丰度很低,其中3月平均丰度最低为66 cells/ml。选取D5站的0 m和30 m作为表层和深层,对微微型浮游植物和营养盐的研究表明,在9、10月,N/P主要在10-30之间,聚球蓝细菌占优势51.6%(9月),98.5%(10月),其它月份大多数N/P<10或者>30,尤其以8月和11月最为显著,而这两个月也恰恰是超微真核浮游植物占优势92.1%(8月),84.8%(11月)。流式细胞仪数据表明,夏末和秋季部分站位会出现聚球蓝细菌的两个亚群,并且当N/P在33左右时可能会出现两个亚群分化,经过对N源的分析后发现,产生亚群分化时NO3-N/PO4-P在14左右。 2、 所分离到的六株聚球蓝细菌的吸收光谱表明,胶州湾的聚球蓝细菌色素种类十分丰富,基本都含有叶绿素a和藻红蛋白(PE),同时也有含藻蓝蛋白(PC)的种群。研究中发现有三株菌具有兼性异养生长能力,当有光照的时候,合成色素,自养生长进行产氧光合作用,没有光照时,色素逐渐消失,启动异养生长的代谢过程。 3、 利用流式细胞仪分析黄海近海水样中聚球蓝细菌种群组成,发现主要有不同藻红蛋白含量的两个类群组成,流式细胞仪分选后,用SN培养基培养纯化得到两个亚群优势种聚球蓝细菌IOCAS0401和IOCAS0402。荧光显微镜下镜检,两株菌在蓝色激发光(450-490 nm)下发桔红色荧光,并且IOCAS0401的荧光较IOCAS0402强。扫描电镜观察发现IOCAS0401呈椭圆形,长轴大约1.2 μm左右;IOCAS0402近似球形,直径约有0.6 μm左右。吸收光谱的检测表明,两者都有叶绿素a和藻红蛋白的特征吸收峰。其中IOCAS0401有藻尿胆素(PUB)和藻红胆素(PEB)吸收锋,而IOCAS0402只有PEB的吸收峰,两者均无藻蓝蛋白(PC)吸收锋。通过16S rDNA测序分析,结果表明两株菌都位于MC-A中的clade II类群,与从日本海域分离获得的MBIC10224菌株有较高的亲缘关系,虽然这三株菌都归为clade II,但单独成一分支,表明它们带有明显的西太平洋特色。 4、 选取其中两株IOCAS0403和IOCAS0405构建遗传系统,抗生素图谱表明,IOCAS0403对四环素有抗性,自然转化结果显示,IOCAS0403不能自然转化,IOCAS0405具有自然转化能力,同时两者都不能进行接合转移。
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近年来,陆源污染物的排放以及近海养殖废水对海洋的污染日趋加重,近岸水体的富营养化程度日益严重,有害赤潮暴发的频率和规模都有逐渐增加之势。作为一种新兴的生物防治方法,利用大型海藻与赤潮生物间的营养竞争因为其综合效益而越来越受到人们的重视。本论文研究了大型海藻龙须菜分别与涵盖了甲藻、针胞藻和硅藻在内的5种赤潮微藻之间营养竞争的情况,结果发现由于龙须菜对环境中营养盐的竞争利用,导致了共培养体系中的各目标微藻的生长增殖均受到了明显抑制。在此基础上,以一种常见的赤潮微藻——锥状斯氏藻为目标微藻,详细研究了其与龙须菜营养竞争的情况以及二者的营养吸收动力学,结果发现当起始生物量比相对较低时,共培养体系中锥状斯氏藻细胞密度的下降是因为龙须菜竞争吸收利用水体中的NO3-;当起始生物量比相对较高时,除去营养竞争之外尚存在其他因素,进一步的研究发现,龙须菜主要通过细胞直接接触来抑制锥状斯氏藻的生长。营养吸收动力学参数显示,锥状斯氏藻对硝酸盐的最大吸收速率高于龙须菜,而且前者可以更好的适应低硝酸盐环境,龙须菜从共培养体系中胜出是因为其储存营养盐的能力更强,因此能够适应贫营养环境。而龙须菜通过竞争吸收利用环境中的营养盐,使共培养体系中的锥状斯氏藻储存于体内的营养盐含量降低,这是共培养时后者的生长受到抑制的重要原因。此外,我们还研究了培养液起始氮磷比以及半连续培养条件下龙须菜与锥状斯氏藻的竞争情况,结果发现当磷限制时,龙须菜对锥状斯氏藻可以表现出促进作用,其他情况下龙须菜则对锥状斯氏藻表现出抑制作用,当氮磷比为Redfield值时龙须菜对锥状斯氏藻的生长影响最小,这可能因为锥状斯氏藻最适合生长的氮磷比也为16:1。半连续培养时,当培养液起始硝酸盐浓度为10μmol•L-1,龙须菜起始密度为0.2gFW•L-1时,龙须菜对锥状斯氏藻的生长表现为促进作用,其余条件下则表现为抑制作用;起始营养盐条件不同时,当起始硝酸盐浓度为50μmol•L-1时龙须菜的抑制作用与起始生物量比的相关性更明显,这可能由于相对锥状斯氏藻,龙须菜更适于营养盐浓度较高的环境。
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本文在室内人工控制条件下,用切枝培养的方法研究了环境因子对龙须菜生长的影响。环境因子包括:海水温度、光照强度、硝酸盐浓度、磷酸盐浓度、盐度和维生素B_(12)。生长指标用切枝的长度增长和鲜重增加表示。首行以单因子实验找出该因子影响切枝生长的适宜范围,最后运用正交表L25(5~6),采用正交设计法进行多因子实验,选择的变化因子和其级别是根据单因子实验来定。实验结果表明:在本实验条件下,龙须菜切枝生长的最适条件是,温度20 ℃,光照强度8750Lux,NO3-N10mM, PO4-Po.1mM, 盐度31%。切枝生长的适宜条件是,温度15-25 ℃,光照强度是3900-9500Lux, NO3-N 1-10mM.PO4-P0.01-0.1mM,盐度20-45%,VB_(12)对切枝长生的影响不显著。本实验的研究方法和结果对大型海藻的人工栽培工作有一定的参考价值。
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过量氮和磷引起的海水富营养化引起了一系列的生态环境效应,探讨二者的耦合关系对阐明全球海洋生态环境变化机制意义重大。本论文首次探讨了过量氮和磷引起的富营养化对海水无机碳体系的影响,通过室内系统模拟实验,构筑了过量氮和磷与无机碳体系变化的定量耦合关系,在此基础上获得了中国近海典型海域特别是南黄海近十年氮和磷演变引起的无机碳源汇格局变化,获得了以下一系列新的结果和认识: 1、不同营养盐(NO3-、NH4+、NO2-和PO43-)对水体溶解无机碳体系均有重要影响,且影响程度有较大的差异。 在模拟实验中,当NO3-<188 μmol/L,NH4+<126 μmol/L,NO2-<39.5 μmol/L时均可明显提高水体的固碳能力,相应水体中的DIC、HCO3-和 pCO2均较空白对照组时有一定程度的下降。当N浓度达到一定值后,其固碳能力减弱,DIC、HCO3-和pCO2出现相反变化。当NH4+>126 μmol/L和NO2->39.5 μmol/L时pCO2增加,向大气释放CO2。在PO43-添加组中,当浓度小于19.5μmol/L时DIC、pCO2较空白对照组下降,水体表现为大气CO2的汇,其固碳能力高于N组。在孔石莼添加组中,各营养盐组水体的固碳能力均高于空白对照组,相应水体中DIC、HCO3-和pCO2的下降明显。其中,同一营养盐浓度水平下,NH4+组中各无机碳组分的变化幅度明显高于NO3-和NO2-组,PO43-组的无机碳体系变化幅度低于N组。其中,当NO3-、NH4+和NO2-浓度分别在71 μmol/L,49.7 μmol/L和11.7 μmol/L时,pCO2下降明显,水体表现为大气CO2的强汇。对无机碳各参数的变化量与营养盐进行多元回归分析,得到以下统计关系: ⊿DIC=-0.937(⊿PO43-)-0.34(⊿NO3-)-0.46(⊿NH4+)+0.11(⊿NO2-)(R2=0.69, n=30,Sig.<0.05) ⊿HCO3-=-1.357(⊿PO43-)-0.35(⊿NO3-)-0.57(⊿NH4+)-0.013(⊿NO2-)(R2=0.76, n=32, Sig.<0.05) ⊿CO32-=0.344(⊿PO43-)+0.16(⊿NO3-)+0.18(⊿NH4+)+0.076(⊿NO2-)(R2=0.69, n=32, Sig.<0.05) ⊿pCO2=-1.321(⊿PO43-)-0.12(⊿NO3-)-0.31(⊿NH4+)-0.032(⊿NO2-)(R2=0.84, n=35, Sig.<0.01) 2.氮、磷对海水无机碳体系的源汇格局影响主要受控于水体浮游藻类对营养盐的利用。 模拟实验各种情况下Chl-a的浓度均有不同程度的变化。在N组中,当NH4+<126 μmol/L,随着NH4+浓度的增加,Chl-a浓度增加,而高浓度(NH4+>126 μmol/L)的实验组中,Chl-a则随浓度的增加而下降。当NO2-和PO43-的浓度分别大于39.5 μmol/L和19.5 μmol/L时,水体中Chl-a随营养盐浓度的增加而出现下降趋势,不同的是NO3-添加组在实验浓度范围内藻类均出现了不同程度的增长,这可能与浮游藻类对过量营养盐的耐受性不同有关。在低浓度时,PO43-组pCO2的下降最为明显,这与 PO43-组Chl-a的含量较高相一致,其次为NH4+,NO3-高于NO2-,可见在实验水体中PO43-对于藻类新陈代谢作用影响明显,从而作用到无机碳上的影响也就最为明显。对各实验水体⊿Chl-a与无机碳各组分作相关性分析发现,⊿Chl-a与⊿pCO2的相关性最为明显(R2=0.75,p<0.0001),这可能是因为浮游藻类光合作用和分解作用消耗或生成的首先是海水中的游离CO2(即pCO2)。在孔石莼组中,由于大藻对过量营养盐的耐受性较强,因此各组中藻类干重均有一定程度的增长。藻类干重的增加以NH4+最为明显,其次为NO3-和NO2-,这可能与其对N盐的优先吸收顺序NH4+>NO3->NO2-有关。加PO43-组中藻类的干重增加量低于NH4+和NO3-组,这与大藻的生理特性有关。对藻类干重增加量⊿m与⊿DIC作相关性发现,二者相关性明显(R2=0.64,p<0.01),这是由于孔石莼光合作用同时吸收HCO3-和CO2为碳源有关。 3、近年来,中国近海由于海水过量氮磷引起的富营养化,可使大部分海域海水无机碳汇强度增加 应用室内模拟获得的无机碳与氮、磷之间的定量耦合关系,估算了过量氮、磷引起的富营养化条件下,中国近海水体无机碳源汇的变化情况。结果表明,近十年来,由于氮、磷浓度的增加而导致渤海、南黄海、北黄海和东海每年从大气中多吸收0.197×106t C、0.302×106t C、0.039×106t C和2.233×106t C,东中国近海营养要素的含量的变化及组成比例的时间性和地区性差异是造成各海区碳通量差异的重要因素;对2006年南黄海水文、化学、生物与无机碳体系之间的相互关系进行综合分析,可知水体无机碳体系与营养盐水平密切相关。
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随着全球生态环境的恶化,各国日益重视对水体中各种污染物的治理。利用藻类的吸收、富集和降解作用,可以去除污水中的营养物质、重金属离子和有机污染物,与其他物理、化学及工程的方法相比,该技术具有以下优点:成本低、能耗小、治理效果较好,对环境污染小,有利于资源化,有利于整体生态环境的改善,是治理水质污染的新途径。 本文利用几种大型海藻对富营养化海水进行处理,结果发现孔石莼、刚毛藻均有很强的吸收N、P的能力,吸收能力依次为褶曲刚毛藻>束生刚毛藻>孔石莼。水体中褶曲刚毛藻3 g/L含量,在3~5小时之内,可把中等以上富营养化海水中的N、P降低至一类海水水平。利用刚毛藻处理富营养化地下海水和养殖废水,进行海参和大菱鲆养殖试验,探索藻类净化水质和废水循环利用的新模式,使水体保持较低的营养盐状态,减轻养殖废水对环境的影响,实现了海水养殖业与环境的可持续发展。 刚毛藻在我国近海滩涂分布广泛,利用它来处理富营养化水体,并和水产养殖业相结合,既净化水体,使养殖废水能循环利用,满足水产养殖的需求,又改善水产业生态环境。同时,将回收藻体生产优质饲料、食品和药物等,实现藻类资源的高值利用。刚毛藻营养丰富,用其替代鼠尾藻作海参饲料,资源丰富,成本低,效果好,是一种值得加以开发利用的宝贵资源,具有广泛的应用前景。 生物吸附法是一种经济有效的移除废水中有害重金属离子的方法。由于藻类细胞壁中的多聚糖可提供吸附重金属的位点,廉价而蕴藏丰富的海藻对多种重金属表现出很强的吸附能力。所以本文通过分批实验,研究了非活体刚毛藻对水体中重金属Cu2+、Pb2+和Cd2+的吸附影响因子、吸附热力学、吸附动力学及吸附机理,得到了平衡等温线及动力学数据。吸附过程的最佳pH值为5.0,吸附量随温度的升高而增加,水体中常见的Na+、K+、Ca2+、Mg2+阳离子及Cl-、NO3-、SO42-、C2O42-等阴离子的存在对吸附的影响并不显著。EDTA存在时,吸附百分率大大降低。吸附等温线符合Langmuir和Freundlich方程。刚毛藻对重金属Cu2+、Pb2+和Cd2+的吸附容量很高,25℃时,对Cu2+、Pb2+和Cd2+的最大吸附容量分别为1.61 mmol/g、0.96 mmol/g和0.98 mmol/g,且吸附过程为吸热反应。刚毛藻对重金属Cu2+、Pb2+和Cd2+的吸附过程为化学吸附,在吸附过程中藻体表面的官能团可能与金属离子发生了螯合作用。吸附动力学过程符合pseudo-二级动力学模型,在初始的30min内,吸附速率很快,随后速率逐渐降低。解吸试验表明,用EDTA可以对重金属进行回收,刚毛藻可以循环利用。实验结果表明刚毛藻是一种高效、经济实用的生物吸附材料,可用来吸附回收水体中的重金属Cu2+、Pb2+和Cd2+等。 通过非活体刚毛藻对重金属Cr6+的吸附影响因子、吸附动力学、吸附机理的研究发现,刚毛藻对Cr6+具有很强的还原能力,对电镀废水中的Cr6+的还原去除提供了非常好的方法。吸附过程的最佳pH值为2~3,实际电镀废水通常在此pH范围,因此处理实际废水时,首先在原酸性条件下,对Cr6+进行还原去除,然后调废水pH至5.0,继续进行吸附,去除其他二价离子及被还原的三价Cr离子,实现了利用同一材料还原Cr6+为Cr3+,并将Cr3+和其他重金属离子同时去除。通过对机理的讨论,认为刚毛藻对Cr6+的生物吸附过程不是一个简单的“离子交换过程”,而是一个“吸附还原过程”。在海藻量足够的前提下,只要时间足够长,Cr6+可被彻底还原去除。 利用工业废弃物褐藻渣,对水体中重金属离子Cu2+、Pb2+、Cd2+及Cr6+的生物吸附特性分别进行了讨论,结果表明褐藻渣对重金属离子的吸附特性与刚毛藻一致,吸附等温线符合Langmuir和Freundlich方程,在25℃时,pH为5.0时,由Langmuir方程求出褐藻渣对Cu2+、Pb2+和Cd2+的最大吸附容量分别为4.20 mmol/g、3.13 mmol/g和2.97 mmol/g。褐藻渣对低、高浓度的重金属Cr6+都具有很强的吸附能力,且移除效果比较彻底。实际应用结果表明,褐藻渣是一种高效、经济实用的生物吸附材料,可用来吸附回收水体中的重金属离子,具有广泛的应用前景。
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本论文以稳定氮同位素(δ15N)技术为基础,对长江口海域氮的同位素特征及其环境意义进行了研究。确立了一套完整的水体中氮的稳定同位素分析预处理方法,并运用该方法对2006年长江干流以及长江口海域表层水体中的溶解态硝酸盐和悬浮颗粒物的δ15N特征进行分析,根据不同季节、不同区域内其δ15N值的变化研究水体中氮的迁移、转化等生物地球化学过程,揭示其环境行为,从而对该海域的氮循环机制进行探索。主要结果如下: 稳定氮同位素的分析准确与否,预处理过程是关键。不同形态、不同水体中氮的预处理方法不同。本文以传统的蒸馏法为基础,对适合海水中溶解态硝酸盐的氮同位素分析预处理方法进行研究并改进,并进行了不同实验条件的验证,效果较好。此外,对淡水体系中溶解态硝酸盐的氮同位素分析预处理方法以及悬浮颗粒物的氮同位素分析方法也进行了研究,确立了一套完整的水体中氮的稳定同位素分析方法,对δ15N技术在河口氮循环研究中的广泛应用提供了基础。 依据上述方法,对2006年2、5、8、11月份长江口海域表层水体中的溶解态硝酸盐δ15N值(δ15N-NO3-)进行分析。研究发现,δ15N-NO3-分布范围在0.4‰到6.5‰之间,平均为3.5‰,具有明显的时空分布特点,在不同季节不同区域内所受的物理、生物地球化学作用不同。口门内,δ15N-NO3-的季节变化主要受长江径流输入影响,来源单一。最大浑浊带,δ15N-NO3-的分布规律不明显,保守混合行为较差,说明该区域的影响作用复杂,不同季节水体中发生的生物地球化学作用存在差异。外海区,δ15N-NO3-的季节变化明显,春季>秋季>夏季>冬季,与生物对硝酸盐的吸收程度变化相一致,反映了生物作用在该区域的影响显著。 同样在2006年2、5、8、11月份本文对长江口海域表层水体中悬浮颗粒物的δ15N(δ15Np)组成进行了研究。δ15Np值分布在0.6-8.2‰之间,同样具有明显的时空分布特点,其变化趋势与陆源输入和水体中氮的生物地球化学过程有关。口门内,表层水体中δ15Np的变化主要受长江径流的陆源输入影响,生物地球化学作用影响较弱;最大浑浊带,水体中的悬浮颗粒有机氮受微生物的降解活动影响明显,各季节均存在不同程度的颗粒物分解作用;外海区,陆源输入减弱,悬浮颗粒物的δ15Np值主要受微藻的同化吸收作用以及一定程度的颗粒物分解作用影响。 长江口海域水体中溶解态硝酸盐和悬浮颗粒有机氮之间存在重要的相互转化作用,二者之间δ15N的变化及其相互关系反映了一定的生物地球化学变化和环境信息。总体而言,长江口海域表层水体中δ15N-NO3-的分布水平较δ15Np略低,二者之间的分馏ε总体偏正。其中,δ15N-NO3-与δ15Np的最低值均出现在2月份,说明该季节水体溶解态硝酸盐和悬浮颗粒物都可能受到一致的外源输入影响,其内部生物地球化学作用较弱。5月份和11月份水体中的δ15N-NO3-值和δ15Np值均各自水平相近,说明在这两个季节溶解态硝酸盐和悬浮颗粒物都可能受到程度相近的外源输入或生物吸收作用的影响,分馏ε偏负程度较大。8月份δ15N-NO3-值较低而δ15Np值较高,分馏ε在四个季节中最大,可能是该季节程度较大的颗粒物分解作用影响所致。 2006年长江干流表层水体中溶解态硝酸盐及悬浮颗粒物的δ15N组成也具有明显的时空分布特点,二者季节变化规律相近,丰水期(5、8月份)δ15N值较高,而枯水期(2、11月份)较低。δ15N-NO3-与δ15Np之间呈现明显的正向相关关系,其空间分布趋势相同,自长江上游至下游δ15N值逐渐升高,说明二者均受到相似的氮来源影响;长江上游氮的来源均以大气沉降和农业源(无机化肥和土壤有机氮)为主,而中、下游水体氮的来源则都偏重于工业及生活排污的贡献,随着人类活动程度以及工业化、城市化程度的升高,硝酸盐及悬浮颗粒有机氮的来源发生变化,其δ15N值相应增加。
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During late spring and early summer of 2005, large-scale (> 15 000 km(2)), mixed dinoflagellate blooms developed along the the coast of the East China Sea. Karenia mikimotoi was the dominant harmful algal bloom species in the first stage of the bloom (late May) and was succeeded by Prorocentrum donghaiense approximately 2 wk later. Samples were collected from different stations along both north-south and west-east transects, from the Changjiang River estuary to the south Zhejiang coast, during 3 cruises of the Chinese Ecology and Oceanography of Harmful Algal Blooms Program, before and during the bloom progression. Nitrogen isotope tracer techniques were used to measure rates of NO3-, NH4+, urea, and glycine uptake during the blooms. High inorganic nitrogen (N), but low phosphorus (P) loading from the Changjiang River led to high dissolved inorganic N:dissolved inorganic P ratios in the sampling area and indicate the development of P limitation. The rates of N-15-uptake experiments enriched with PO43- were enhanced compared to unamended samples, suggesting P limitation of the N-uptake rates. The bloom progression was related to the change in availability of both organic and inorganic N and P. Reduced N forms, especially NH4+, were preferentially taken up during the blooms, but different bloom species had different rates of uptake of organic N substrates. K mikimotoi had higher rates of urea uptake, while P. donghaiense had higher rates of glycine uptake. Changes in the availability of reduced N and the ratios of N:P in inorganic and organic forms were suggested to be important in the bloom succession. Nutrient ratios and specific uptake rates of urea were similar when compared to analogous blooms on the West Florida Shelf.
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The nitrogen isotopic composition of dissolved nitrate (delta N-15-NO3-) in surface water of the Yangtze River estuary was determined in four seasons of 2006. delta N-15-NO3- ranged from 0.4 parts per thousand to 6.5 parts per thousand and varied with seasons and geographic regions, reflecting the dynamics of nitrogen cycling in the estuarine ecosystem. delta N-15-NO3- was markedly lower in February than in other seasons and exhibited conservative mixing, which was probably attributed to the NO3- being sourced from the atmospheric deposition and agricultural fertilizer. In the upper estuary, the influence of riverine inputs was important during all surveys. in the turbidity maximum zone, nitrification was found with nitrate depleted in N-15 in May, whereas denitrification resulting in heavy delta N-15-NO3- played an important role in August. More enriched delta N-15-NO3- values coinciding with losses of nitrate concentrations based on the conservative mixing model were found in the adjacent marine area in May, and may reflect obvious phytoplankton assimilation of dissolved nitrate. In this manner, delta N-15-NO3- may be a sensitive indicator of nitrogen sources and biogeochemical processing existing in this estuary in conjunction with the variations of dissolved nitrate and other environmental factors. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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The inventories of nutrients in the surface water and large phytoplankton( > 69 pm) were analyzed from the data set of JERS ecological database about a typical coastal waters, the Jiaozhou Bay, China, from 1960s for N, P and from 1980s; for Si. By examining long-term changes of nutrient concentration, calculating stoichiometric balance, and comparing diatom composition, Si limitation of diatom production was found to be more possible. The possibility of Si limitation was from 37% in 1980s to 50% in 1990s. Jiaozhou Bay ecosystem is becoming serious eutrophication, with notable increase of NO2-N, NO3-N and NH4-N from 0.1417 mumol/L, 0.5414 mumol/L, 1.7222 mumol/L in 1960s to 0.9551 mumol/L, 3.001 mumol/L, 8.0359 mumol/L in late 1990s respectively and prominent decrease of Si from 4.2614 mumol/L in 1980s to 1.5861 mumol/L in late 1990s; the nutrient structure is controlled by nitrogen; the main limiting nutrient is probably silicon; because of the Si limitation the phytoplankton community structure has changed drastically.
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There is excess nitrate (NO3) in the Pearl River coastal plume in the southern waters of Hong Kong in summer. We hypothesize that phosphorus (P) limitation controls the utilization of excess NO3 due to the high N:P ratio in the Pearl River. To test this hypothesis, we conducted two 1-day cruises on July 13 and 19, 2000 to examine the response of the phytoplankton to P additions with respect to changes in biomass, uptake of nutrients and nutrient uptake ratios using a batch incubation of natural water samples collected from the Pearl River estuary and adjacent coastal waters. At a station (E1, salinity =5) in the Pearl River estuary, the N/P ratio at the surface was 46:1, (64 muM DIN: 1.3 muM PO4) and decreased to 24:1 (12 muM DIN: 0.5 muM PO4) downstream at a station (Stn 26, salinity =26) in the coastal plume south of Hong Kong. Without a P addition, NO3 in the water samples collected at E1 could not be depleted during a 9 day incubation (similar to20 muM NO3 remaining). With a P addition, NO3 disappeared completely on day 6 with the depletion of the added PO4 (2-3 muM). This was also true for a station, E4 (salinity= 15) further downstream, but within the estuary. At Stn 26, in the coastal plume south of Hong Kong, NO3 (similar to11.5 muM) was eventually depleted without the addition of PO4, but it took 8 days instead of 5 days for Stn E4. The uptake ratio of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) to PO4, without a P addition was 51:1, 43:1 and 46:1 for Stns E1, E4 and 26, respectively. With a P addition, the DIN/PO4 uptake ratio decreased to 20:1, 14:1 and 12:1, respectively, for the 3 stations. These results clearly indicate potential P limitation to utilization of NO3 in the Pearl River estuary, resulting in excess NO3 in waters of the coastal plume downstream of the estuary, some of which would eventually be transported offshore. High uptake ratios of N:P without a P addition (43N:1P) suggest that phytoplankton have a nitrogen uptake capacity in excess of the Redfield ratio of 16N: 1P by 2.5-3 times. The value of 2.5-3 times was likely a maximum that should have contained a contribution of P released from desorption of P from sediments or from regeneration by zooplankton grazing and bacterial activity during the incubation of natural water samples. Without a P addition, however, phytoplankton biomass did not increase. This means that P turnover rates or regeneration may allow phytoplankton to take up additional N in excess of the Redfield ratio and store it, but without increasing the algal biomass. Therefore, high ambient N:P ratios in excess of the Redfield ratio do indicate potential P limitation to phytoplankton biomass in this estuarine coastal ecosystem. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Resumo:
Based on 1997-1998 field investigations in the Changjiang river mouth, rain sampling from the river's upper reaches to the mouth, historical data, and relevant literature, the various sources of Total Nitrogen (TN) and Dissolved Inorganic Nitrogen (DIN) in the Changjiang river catchment and N transport in the Changjiang river mouth were estimated. The export fluxes of various form of were mainly controlled by the river runoff, and the export fluxes of NO3-N, DIN and TN in 1998 (an especially heavy flood year) were 1438 103 tonnes (t) yr(-1) or 795.1 kg km(-2) yr(-1) 1746 10(3) t yr(-1) or 965.4 kg km(-2) yr(-1) and 2849 10(3) t yr(-1) or 1575.3 kg km(-2) yr(-1), respectively. The TN and DIN in the Changjiang river came mainly from precipitation, agricultural nonpoint sources, N lost from fertilizer and soil, and point sources of industrial waste and residential sewage discharge, which were about 56.2% and 62.3%, 15.4% and 18.5%, 17.1% and 14.4%, respectively, of the N outflow at the Changjiang river mouth; maximum transport being in the middle reaches.
Resumo:
An improved method for the determination of phosphorus in natural waters, aquatic organisms and sediments by ignition method is proposed. The recoveries of phosphorus (P) from selected inorganic and organic P-containing compound standards after ignition with different auxiliaries, such as MgSO4, Mg(NO3)(2), MgO2, Mg(Ac-2) and CaCl2, were compared. We found that the phosphorus from most compound standards could not be completely recovered when these compounds were ignited (450-500degreesC) with the MgSO4 as auxiliary and the baked residue was extracted with 0.2 mol l(-1) HCl for 30min at 80degreesC or at room temperature. P recoveries, for example, were poor, less than 85%, if pyrophosphate and metaphosphate were ignited with the addition Of MgSO4 prior to the extraction of the baked residue with 0.2 mol l(-1) HCl at 80degreesC for 30 min. In contrast, MgO2, Mg(Ac)(2) and CaCl2, as well as Mg(NO3)(2), could all yield complete P recoveries at routine ashing temperatures (450-500degreesC). The results demonstrate that MgC12 is a more effective auxiliary agent for the determination of phosphorus in natural waters, aquatic organisms and sediments by ignition method than MgSO4 which is commonly used. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Resumo:
Phosphorus recoveries from selected inorganic and organic P-containing compounds after ignition with auxiliaries, such as MgSO4, Mg (NO3)(2), MgCl2, Mg (Ac)(2) and CaCl2 were studied. It was found that the phosphorus could not be completely recovered when most P-containing compounds were ignited with MgSO4 at temperature not higher than 500degreesC if the baked residue was extracted with 0.2 mol/L HCl for 30 min at 80degreesC or at room temperature. In contrast, MgCl2, Mg(Ac)(2) and CaCl2, as well as Mg(NO3)(2), could all yield complete P recoveries. We suggest that MgCl2 rather than MgSO4, which is usually used, should be utilized as ashing auxiliary agent in the P extraction by ignition method. Although Mg (NO3)(2) is a highly effective auxiliary agent, yet interference from MgSO4, danger of explosion, toxicity of nitrogen dioxide and more manipulation steps may limit its widespread utilization. It is suggested that if sediment is ignited with MgCl2, the extraction of residue with 0.2 mol/L HCl for 30 min at 80degreesC could give good result.