Neutron dose measurement in carbon ion radiation therapy at HIRFL (IMP)

For radiation protection purposes, the neutron dose in carbon ion radiation therapy at the HIRFL (Heavy Ion Research Facility in Lanzhou) was investigated. The neutron dose from primary C-12 ions with a specific energy of 100 MeV/u delivered from SSC was roughly measured with a standard Anderson-Broun rem-meter using a polyethylene target at various distances. The result shows that a maximum neutron dose contribution of 19 mSv in a typically surface tumor treatment was obtained, which is less than 1% of the planed heavy ion dose and is in reasonable agreement with other reports. Also the gamma-ray dose was measured in this experiment using a thermo luminescent detector.

Measurement of the total reaction cross section for the mirror nuclei N-12 and B-12

The mirror nuclei N-12 and B-12 are separated by the Radioactive Ion Beam Line in Lanzhou (RIBLL) at HIRFL from the breakup of 78.6 MeV/u N-14 on a Be target. The total reaction cross-sections of N-12 at 34.9 MeV/u and B-12 at 54.4 MeV/u on a Si target have been measured by using the transmission method. Assuming N-12 consists of a C-11 core plus one halo proton, the excitation function of N-12 and B-12 on a Si target and a C target were calculated with the Glauber model. It can fit the experimental data very well. The characteristic halo structure for N-12 was found with a large diffusion of the protons density distribution.

Effects of Pairing Correlations on Formation of Proton Halo in C-9

Properties for the ground state of C-9 are studied in the relativistic continuum Hartree-Bogoliubov theory with the NLSH, NLLN and TM2 effective interactions. Pairing correlations are taken into account by a density-dependent delta-force with the pairing strength for protons determined by fitting either to the experimental binding energy or to the odd-even mass difference from the five-point formula. The effects of pairing correlations on the formation of proton halo in the ground state of C-9 are examined. The halo structure is shown to be formed by the partially occupied valence proton levels p(3/2) and p(1/2).

Nucleon Superfluidity in Asymmetric Nuclear Matter and Neutron Star Matter

We have investigate the nucleon superfluidity in asymmetric nuclear matter and neutron star matter by using the Brueckner-Hartree-Fock approach and the BCS theory. We have predicted the isospin-asymmetry dependence of the nucleon superfluidity in asymmetric nuclear matter and discussed particularly the effect of microscopic three-body forces. It has been shown that the three-body force leads to a strong suppression of the proton S-1(0) superfluidity in beta -stable neutron star matter. Whereas the microscopic three-body force is found to enhance remarkably the (PF2)-P-3 neutron superfluidity in neutron star matter and neutron stars.

PROPERTIES OF ALPHA DECAY TO ROTATIONAL BANDS OF HEAVY NUCLEI

In the framework of the generalized liquid drop model (GLDM) and improved Royer's formula, we investigate the branching ratios and half-lives of alpha-decay to the members of the ground-state rotational bands of heavy even-even Fm and No isotopes. The calculated results are in good agreement with the available experimental data and some useful predictions are provided for future experiments.

CONSISTENT THREE-BODY FORCE WITH BONN B POTENTIAL AND NEUTRON STAR STRUCTURE

Microscopic three-nucleon force consistent with the Bonn B two-nucleon potential is constructed, which includes Delta(1232), Roper, and nucleon-antinucleon excitation contributions. Recent results for the choice of the meson parameters are discussed. The forces are used in Brueckner calculations and the saturation properties of nuclear matter are determined. At the high densities,the nuclear equation of state and the symmetry energy are calculated. The corresponding neutron star mass-radius relations are presented.

CONSTRAINTS ON THE DENSITY DEPENDENCE OF THE SYMMETRY ENERGY

Collisions involving Sn-112 and Sn-124 nuclei have been calculated with the ImQMD transport model in order to place constraints on the density dependences of the nuclear symmetry energy. Consistent constraints on the symmetry energy at sub-saturation density have been obtained by comparing these transport calculations to measurements of isospin diffusion and to the ratios of neutron and proton spectra. New isospin diffusion results from E/A = 35 MeV are also presented.

超重核合成机制—包含中子、质子跃迁的二维主方程

用双核模型研究超重核的合成机制，最主要的部分是由双核系统演化到复合核的熔合机制研究。双核模型认为超重复合核的形成是由弹核的核子全部转移到靶核所致。核子分中子和质子，在以前的研究中，描述熔合过程的主方程是一维的，以类弹核的质量数 为变量，与此对应的驱动势也是一维的。对确定的 ，其同位旋的确定是由较低的势能面确定的，这样确定的同位旋与反应系统的同位旋很接近。但是我们的研究发现，对入射道同位旋与复合系统同位旋相差较大的情况，入射道在双核系统势能面比较高的位置，有时甚至在最高位置，这时核子转移的同位旋路径比较复杂，以致一维主方程的描述给出错误的结果。为此，建立了以类弹碎片中子数 和质子数 为变量的二维主方程，并建立了二维主方程的分步差分的解法，完成了解二维主方程的程序编写。并对一些典型的弹核、靶核同位旋与复合系统同位旋相差较大的系统进行了研究。对这些反应道的研究表明，无论1D主方程对这些反应道的蒸发剩余截面的研究给出了过高、或过低的估计，2D主方程都能给出与实验值一致地结果。二维主方程适用于所有的弹靶组合入射道。对确定的超重核目标，可以较准确的对各种弹靶组合的合成几率给出预言，特别是研究合成超重核的同位素依赖性，因而极大增加了预言合成预期超重岛区域超重核的弹靶组合的选择性。本工作还检验了一维主方程的适用条件：入射点必须在比较接近二维驱动势谷底时才适用，这时一维主方程预言的蒸发剩余截面的结果与二维主方程的结果很接近

超重核合成机制—包含中子、质子跃迁的二维主方程

用双核模型研究超重核的合成机制，最主要的部分是由双核系统演化到复合核的熔合机制研究。双核模型认为超重复合核的形成是由弹核的核子全部转移到靶核所致。核子分中子和质子，在以前的研究中，描述熔合过程的主方程是一维的，以类弹核的质量数 为变量，与此对应的驱动势也是一维的。对确定的 ，其同位旋的确定是由较低的势能面确定的，这样确定的同位旋与反应系统的同位旋很接近。但是我们的研究发现，对入射道同位旋与复合系统同位旋相差较大的情况，入射道在双核系统势能面比较高的位置，有时甚至在最高位置，这时核子转移的同位旋路径比较复杂，以致一维主方程的描述给出错误的结果。为此，建立了以类弹碎片中子数 和质子数 为变量的二维主方程，并建立了二维主方程的分步差分的解法，完成了解二维主方程的程序编写。并对一些典型的弹核、靶核同位旋与复合系统同位旋相差较大的系统进行了研究。对这些反应道的研究表明，无论1D主方程对这些反应道的蒸发剩余截面的研究给出了过高、或过低的估计，2D主方程都能给出与实验值一致地结果。二维主方程适用于所有的弹靶组合入射道。对确定的超重核目标，可以较准确的对各种弹靶组合的合成几率给出预言，特别是研究合成超重核的同位素依赖性，因而极大增加了预言合成预期超重岛区域超重核的弹靶组合的选择性。本工作还检验了一维主方程的适用条件：入射点必须在比较接近二维驱动势谷底时才适用，这时一维主方程预言的蒸发剩余截面的结果与二维主方程的结果很接近

奇奇核166,168Lu和奇中子核87Zr高自旋态的实验研究

本论文主要进行了奇奇核~(166)Lu、~(168)Lu和奇中子核~(87)Zr的高自旋态的研究工作，对它们高自旋态的一些物理现象进行了讨论。并且首次对1／2~-[541](direct X)vi_(13/2)组态带的系统学规律进行了总结。主要由以下三个部分组成：~(166,168)Lu高自旋态的研究在最近有关形变奇奇核高自旋态的研究工作中，随着实验上π1／2-[541](direct X)vi_(13/2)带自旋的确定，人们发现除了130区的兀h_(11/2)(direct X)vh_(11/2)和160区的兀h_(11/2)(direct X)vi_(13/2)组态带低自旋旋称反转以外，π1／2~-[541](direct X)vi_(13/2)带的低自旋也是反转的，该转动带低自旋旋称反转现象引起了人们的很大的兴趣并得到很广泛的研究，为了通过π1／2~-[541](direct X)vi_(13/2)带与已知自旋和宇称的基态和一些低激发态相连，确定该转动带的自旋，人们付出了很大的努力。特别是最近几年，一些实验上自旋的确定，使得研究π1／2~-[541](direct X)vi_(13/2)组态带低自旋旋称反转的系统学规律成为可能。需要指出的是在以前的研究结果中，~(166)Lu的π1／2~-[541](direct X)vi_(13/2)组态带的能级摆动规律与相邻奇奇核该组态带的能级摆动规律严重不符，澄清该疑点是我们重新研究该核的主要动力之一。在以前~(168)Lu的研究工作中，只在~(168)Lu中发现两个带，但其中只有晕带的组态得到指定，根据带结构和旋称劈裂的大小估计另一个带极有可能是π1／2~-[541](direct X)vi_(13/2)带。为了澄清以上这些疑点和得到π1／2~-[541](direct X)vi_(13/2)组态带的系统学规律，我们重新研究了。~(166,168)Lu的高自旋态。另外(h_(11/2)_p(i_(13/2))_n组．态带的低自旋旋称反转是一个广为人知的物理现象，但在以前的有关~(166）Lu的结果中对(h_(11/2))_p(i_(13/2))_n组态带白旋的确定与该组态带低自旋旋称反转系统规律相反，这也是我们对~(166)Lu重新研究的一个原因。实验是在北京中国原子能科学研究院HI-13串列加速器上进行的，分别利用入射能量为97MeV和92MeV的~(19)F束通过熔合蒸发反应~(152)Sm(~(19)F,~5n)~(166)Lu和~(154)Sm(~(19)F5n)~(168)Lu布居了~(166)Lu和~(168)Lu的高自旋态。用十台HpGe探测器组成的探测阵列进行γ-γ符合测量，对~(166)Lu和~(168)Lu分别记录了约1.27 * 10~8和0.25 * 10~8个两重和两重以上的符合事件。在~(166)Lu中，共发现了五条转动带，根据它们的顺排在0.28MeV均没有出现上弯，意味着它们的中子均占居i_(13/2)轨道，同时根据在~(165)Lu和~(167)Lu只发现基于9／2~-[514]、7／2~-[404]、1／2~-[541]、1／2~+[411]和5／2~+[402]轨道的转动带及在~(165)Yb和~(167)Hf中晕带均为5／2~+[642]的事实，那么由上述质子轨道和中子轨道组成的转动带是本文发现的五条带的最可能的侯选者。本实验中观察到的五条转动带分别基于7／2~+[404](direct X)5／2~+[642]、9／2~-[514](direct X)5／2~+[642]、1／2~-[541](direct X)5／2~+[642]、5／2~+[402](direct X)5／2~+[642]和1／2~+[642](direct X)5／2~+[642]轨道的转动带。和以前的数据相比主要有以下几点改进：(A)在以前的结果中，包括2000年新发表的有关~(166)Lu的文章，他们均把本文~(166)Lu纲图中(5)和(6)退激系列归属于π1／2~-[541](direct X)v5／2~+[642]转动带，而在本文中通过符合关系一个新的退激系列(7)被发现，根据(6)和(7)之间的符合关系、带交叉频率、γ射线强度和B(M1)／B(E2)的比值等关系，本文认为新发现的退激系列(7)与(6)组成新的π1／2~-[541](direct X)v5／2~+[642]转动带.以前的结果的错误在于把属于1／2~-[541](direct X)5／2~+[642]转动带的α = 0与1／2~-[541](direct X)5／2~+[642]转动带的α = 0误归于一个带，这就澄清了原文献中π1／2~-[541](direct X)v5／2~+[642]转动带能级摆动规律与相邻奇奇核该组态带能级摆动规律不符的疑点，同时把原文献中误归于π1／2~-[541](direct X)v5／2~+[642]转动带的那一个退激系列(5)重新指定为1／2~+[411](direct X)5／2~+[642]带(α = 0)；(B)通过分析实验数据、跃迁能量系统学和运用顺排相加性规则对以前实验中建立的9／2~-[514](direct X)5／2~+[642]和7／2~+[404](direct X)5／2~+[642]带的自旋进行了重新指定，把它们的自旋在原文的基础上加1个单位，澄清了以前的有关~(166)Lu结果中对9／2~-[514](direct X)5／2~+[642]组态带自旋的确定与该组态带低自旋旋称反转事实相反的疑点；(C)新发现了基于9／2~-[541](direct X)5／2~+[642]组态的转动带。在~(168)Lu中，共观察到了四条转动带，分别是π1／2~-[541](direct X)v5／2~+[642]、7／2~+[404](direct X)5／2~+[642]、 9／2~-[514](direct X)5／2~+[642]和7／2~+[404](direct X)5/2~-[523](本文新建立的带)带，本文对其中晕带7／2~+[404](direct X)5／2~+[642]的K值取值与原文献中的取值不同，并根据能量系统学和带头激发能指出不同的原因。 除以上所述外，本文还给出了~(166)Lu和~(168)Lu各γ射线的强度、转动参数A、较强γ射线的DCO值、分支比和B(M1)／B(E2)等实验值。基于实验和理论预期的B(M1)／B(E2)比值的比较、各带带交叉行为、顺排相加性、带头激发能和转动参数A对各带的组态和自旋进行了指定。最后通过对实验上对~(162,164)Tm、~(174)Ta和~(176)Re的π1／2~-[541](direct X)vi_(13/2)组态带p-n剩余相互作用信息的提取，指出奇质子核中1／2~-[541]带的带交叉频率相对相邻偶偶核的延迟约三分之一到一半左右，其原因是由于p-n剩余相互作用所造成的(包含了对效应和形变变化的CSM模型能够解释另一半的偏离)，可以定性的认为正是由于形变、对相互作用的变化和剩余p-n相互作用三者相结合导致了整个的1／2~-[541]带中带交叉频率的偏离。旋称反转机制综述和πh_(932)(direct X)vi_(l3/2)组态的系统学首先对导致旋称反转的各种机制做一简单回顾，同时对ππh,u2⑩vi,钔组态带系统学规律做一简单总结，总结了πh_(11/2)(direct X)Vi_(13/2)组态带的跃迁能量系统学规律。在最近，随着~(162)Tm、~(164)Tm、~(174)Ta和~(176)Re等几个奇奇核中半退耦带1／2~-[541](direct X)vi_(13/2)的自旋通过实验方法的确定，人们惊奇的发现在上述这些核~(162)Tm、~(164)Tm、~(174)Ta和~(176)Re)中半退耦带1／2~-[541](direct X)vi_(13/2)在低自旋区都是旋称反转的。人们就会很自然的回头去看那些在该区已经布居1／2~-[541](direct X)vi_(l3／2)组态带的那些核，结果发现对于该组态带的自旋的指定是很杂乱无章的，有些自旋的确定即不符合能量系统学又与顺排相加性规则相悖，如在~(172)Ta和~(178)Re中(值得指出的是有关这两个核的文章均是在十年前发表的)，自旋的指定明显与最近发表的该区πhg_(9/2)(direct X)vi_(13/2)组态带自旋不符，本文通过能量系统学和顺排相加性对~(172)Ta和~(178)Re的1／2~-541](direct X)vi_(13/2)组态带自旋做了修改，分别增加了3h和h。本文通过对最新结果~(162)Tm、~(164)Tm、~(170)Lu、~(170,174,176)Ta、~(176)Re、~(180)Ir)和以前的结果(~(172)Ta和~(178)Re)及本文的结果(~(166,168)Lu)对上述12个核的1／2~-[541](direct X)vi_(13/2)组态带的S(I) = E(I)-E(I-1)- E(I + 2)-E(I + 1)-E(I - 1)-E(I - 2)]／2～I的变化图的分析，继A ≈ 130区7πh_(11/2)(direct X)vh_(11/2)组态带和A ≈ 160区πh_(11/2)(direct X)vi_(13/2)组态带的系统学规律以后，首次总结出A ≈ 170区π1／2~-541](direct X)vi_(13/2)组态带的系统学规律：反转点的自旋随N的增加而增加，随Z的增加而减小，与πh_(11/2)(direct X)和πh_(11/2)(direct X)vi_(13/2)转动带的系统学规律很相似，即反转点自旋均随中子和质子单调地变化。通过对各种理论模型的研究发现三轴形变、科里奥利力、带交叉与自反转和p-n相互作用在奇奇核中都有可能导致旋称反转，包含有p-n相互作用的粒子-转子模型在πh_(11/2)(direct X)和vh_(11/2)、πh_(11/2)和π1／2 ~-[541](direct X)vi_(13/2)组态带中的旋称反转上取得了某些成功，表明p-n相互作用在解释奇核低自旋反转现象中起着很重要的作用。通过对实验上π1／2~-[541](direct X)vi_(13/2)组态带旋称反转点与文献中理论计算值的比较，得出p-n相互作用强度的变化可能是导致π1／2~-[541](direct X)vi_(13/2)组态带症称反转点变化主要原因的结论。过渡区核~(87)Zr的高自旋态研究在A≈80区，许多原子核的中子和质子数都处在28和50两个满壳层之间，对于这些核而言，任何一种核子数的改变都有可能导致核形状的显著变化。有研究结果表明，对于40≤Z≤45的核来讲，N=46是变形核向球形核变化的转折点。在40≤N≤50区，对Zr(Z=40)同位素系列中诸原子核能级结构伴随中子数改变而发生的变化的研究将会帮助我们了解这个形状变化的过程。我们所研究的~(87)Zr含有47个中子，就处于这个过渡区。实验是在北京中国原子能科学研究院HI-13串列加速器上进行的，利用入射能量为118MeV的~(32)S束通过~(58)Co(~(32)S,3pn)~(87)Zr熔合蒸发反应布居。~（87）Zr的高自旋态，实验用的靶为附有Ta衬的厚度1082μg／cm~2的~(59)Co箔。用7台HpGe探测器组成的探测阵列进行γ-γ符合测量。同时采用一个小平面光子探测器探测低能γ射线。本实验记录了约1.5 * 10。个两重以上的符合事件，建立了自旋直到37／2和43／2的能级纲图。研究的结果表明：~(87)Zr与相邻同中子奇A核的正宇称低激发能级之间存在着很强的相似性，而与相邻奇A核同位素相比，结构变化明显， 这可能表明在该核区对核形变的影响中子占主要地位，质子影响较小。激发能随中子变化的比值图呈阶梯状，认为R ≈ 1.5，R_x ≈ 2.0和R_x ≥ 2.2分别代表核形变的三个区域，即球型核、过渡区核和形变核。通过与相邻(Z,N + 1)偶偶核低激发态能级相比较的方法对各低激发能级组态的主要成分进行了估计，发现随自旋的增加，出现了各能级组态之间的混杂。

Effects of pH on the Interactions and Conformation of Bovine Serum Albumin: Comparison between Chemical Force Microscopy and Small-Angle Neutron Scattering

The conformation of bovine serum albumin (BSA), as well as its interactions with negatively charged mica surfaces in saline solutions of different pH values, have been studied by small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) and chemical force microscopy (CFM), respectively. A new approach to extract the contribution of elementary interactions from the statistically averaged force-extension curves through self-consistent fitting was proposed and used to understand the effects of pH on the interactions and conformation of BSA in saline solutions. When pH increases, the SANS results reveal that the sizes of BSA molecules increase slightly, while the statistical analysis of the CFM results shows that the averaged pull-off force for the elongation monotonously decreases. The decrease of pull-off force with the increase of pH results from the decrease in the strength of hydrogen bonding and the number of interaction pairs, as well as the slight increase of the strength of van der Waals interaction. When pH approaches the isoelectric point (pI) of BSA, results from both SANS and CFM suggest a loss of long-range interactions in BSA molecules. Our results also suggest that the force-extension curve is mainly contributed by the van der Waals interaction. The combination of SANS and CFM provides new insight to understand the interactions and conformation of BSA molecules

A versatile color tuning strategy for iridium(III) and platinum(II) electrophosphors by shifting the charge-transfer states with an electron-deficient core

By fusing an electron-deficient ring system with the phenyl ring of a 2-phenylpyridine (ppy)-type ligand, a new and synthetically versatile strategy for the phosphorescence color tuning of cyclometalated iridium(III) and platinum(II) metallophosphors has been established. Two robust red electrophosphors with enhanced electron-injection/electron-transporting features were prepared by using an electron-trapping fluoren-9-one chromophore in the ligand design. The thermal, photophysical, redox and electrophosphorescent properties of these complexes are reported. These exciting results can be attributed to a switch of the metal-to-ligand charge-transfer (MLCT) character of the transition from the pyridyl groups in the traditional Ir-III or Pt-II ppy-type complexes to the electron-deficient ring core, and the spectral assignments corroborate well with the electrochemical data as well as the timedependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) calculations. The electron-withdrawing character of the fused ring results in much more stable MLCT states, inducing a substantial red-shift of the triplet emission energy from yellow to red for the Ir-III complex and even green to red for the PtII counterpart.

Investigation of sol-gel transition in Pluronic F127/D2O solutions using a combination of small-angle neutron scattering and Monte Carlo simulation

Physical gelation in the concentrated Pluronic F127/D2O solution has been studied by a combination of small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) and Monte Carlo simulation. A 15% F127/D2O solution exhibits a sol-gel transition at low temperature and a gel-sol transition at the higher temperature, as evidenced by SANS and Monte Carlo simulation studies. Our SANS and simulation results also suggest that the sol-gel transition is dominated by the formation of a percolated polymer network, while the gel-sol transition is determined by the loss of bound solvent. Furthermore, different diffusion behaviors of different bound solvents and free solvent are observed. We expect that this approach can be further extended to study phase behaviors of other systems with similar sol-gel phase diagrams.

Radiation-induced crystallization of polyamide-1010 containing heterogeneous nuclei

Radiation-induced crystallization of polyamide-1010 (PA1010) or nylon-1010 containing heterogeneous nuclei (neodymium oxide, Nd2O3) is discussed in this paper by Wide Angle X-ray Diffraction (WAXD) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). The results show that at low dosage the crystallinities of the irradiated specimens increase, while crystallite size (L(hkl)) decreases, indicating that some new crystallites are produced in the course of irradiation. The new centers were brought about in the fold surface of the lamellae. Copyright (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd

Investigation of irradiated PA1010 containing heterogeneous nuclei

This paper deals with radiation effects on PA1010 containing heterogeneous nuclei (Nd2O3). With the help of DSC, WAXD and ESR techniques, the change in the crystallinity and the perfection of the crystal of irradiated PA1010 containing heterogeneous nuclei were studied. Copyright (C) 1996 Elsevier Science Ltd.