386 resultados para HPLC-FLD
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含脲酶抑制剂的肥料作为缓/控释肥料在提高养分利用率和减少环境污染方面明显优于普通化学肥料,已成为世界肥料研究和应用的热点。大量实验显示,NBPT和PPD提高尿素或硝铵尿素(UAN)的利用率很有潜力。NBPT,N-丁基硫代磷酰三胺,是目前最有效的脲酶抑制剂之一。本论文借助高效液相色谱仪对NBPT在我国不同气候带五种土壤中的降解及在土壤环境中影响其降解因子进行了研究,并摸索了色谱条件:在流动相为甲醇+去离子水50+50(V:V),流速为0.3 mlmin-1时,紫外检测器,检测波长为195 nm时,回收率达到82.8%~101%。变异系数为1.1%~4.85%。相关系数为r=0.9994,回归方程为y=43266.6x-1124.51。结果表明:NBPT在偏酸的江西红壤和湖北黄壤中降解较快,半衰期为4.8~5.2 d,而在辽宁棕壤和江苏黄棕壤中降解较慢,半衰期为7.2~7.6 d;在吉林黑土中降解半衰期为8.2 d。 在未灭菌的土壤中,NBPT的半衰期为4.8~7.6 d,远远小于在灭菌土壤中22.4 d的半衰期;NBPT在偏酸的江西红壤和江苏黄壤中降解较快,半衰期为4.8~5.2 d,而在棕壤和黄棕壤中降解较慢,半衰期为7.2~7.6 d;随着环境温度增高(2O℃上升至3O℃),NBPT降解速度略有提升(半衰期由7.6 d缩短至6.5 d);NBPT在黑暗条件下降解半衰期为4.5 d,而在光照条件下的半衰期为5.9 d。可见,几种试验因子对土壤中NBPT的降解均有不同程度的影响。其中土壤微生物是影响NBPT降解的主要因素,有利于土壤中微生物生长的环境因素,如偏酸的土壤、较高的环境温度,对土壤中NBPT的降解有促进作用,而葡萄糖则可能因为增加了土壤颗粒的团聚性,增加了土壤对NBPT的吸附而抑制了NBPT的降解。
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本文以苯并(a)芘为目标污染物,探讨了母体化合物BaP及其次生代谢产物的连续降解的方法、降解过程和微生物的酶蛋白应答,并运用种子(小麦、白菜和萝卜)根伸长生长实验,考查了BaP的不同降解时期次生代谢产物造成的复合污染整体效应,旨在探讨BaP及其次生代谢产物的降解影响因素,减少其环境累积,为BaP污染环境的全面修复提供实验依据和理论基础。 在实验条件下,运用HPLC鉴定出真菌FZSY-1降解BaP的同时生成了三个次生代谢产物BP1,6-quinone, BP7,8-diol 和 3-OHBP;同时鉴定出真菌FZSY-2降解BaP的同时生成了两个代谢产物BP1,6-quinone 和 3-OHBP。 驯化微生物与氧化剂(KMnO4)的耦合降解系统对BaP及其代谢产物的连续降解效果好于单纯微生物降解。三个次生代谢产物中,BP1,6-quinone在环境中最易累积。同时提出了微生物与氧化剂协同的作用可以有效促进环境中持久有机污染物(尤其是高浓度,小面积污染)的连续降解。对于FZSY-1与氧化剂(KMnO4)耦合降解BaP,在TW80存在下,与对照(未加TW80)相比,在降解的前期(3天取样),BaP及其代谢产物的降解相对滞后;而在降解的后期(12天取样),BaP及其代谢产物的降解高于对照。 在不同BaP浓度下,检测了四种酶,C120、C230、CAT和PPO。三株细菌的CAT酶活与BaP的浓度无关;三株细菌的C230酶活都比较高;三株细菌的PPO酶活均较低。加入共代谢底物(琥珀酸钠)后,与对照(未加入共代谢底物)相比,C120、C230酶活明显提高。 以BaP以及FZSY-1(BZSY-2)降解BaP不同时期的复合降解产物(BaP,M6,M12,CK)为目标污染物,它们对小麦种子根伸长的抑制作用顺序为:M6﹥BaP﹥M12﹥CK。BaP,M6,M12,CK对白菜和萝卜种子根伸长的抑制作用顺序和小麦相同;同一目标污染物(M6)对这几种供试种子(小麦、白菜和萝卜)根伸长的抑制作用顺序为小麦﹥白菜﹥萝卜;三种植物种子根伸长抑制作用均表现为:真菌的M6﹥细菌的M6,真菌的M12﹥细菌的M12。
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植物源杀菌剂的开发应用以及从植物中寻找杀菌活性物质作为先导化合物,是目前杀菌研究领域的热点之一。本文以蓼科植物虎杖(Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb.et Zucc.) 为材料,研究了虎杖提取物的杀菌活性和作用机理,确定了虎杖中的有效杀菌活性成分,并以此为先导化合物进行了衍生物合成与结构活性关系的研究。 不同溶剂提取物制备与杀菌活性测定结果表明,乙醇适合作为虎杖植物杀菌剂的提取溶剂,提取率高,对多种植物病原真菌具有广谱的杀菌和抑菌活性,除对黄瓜白粉病(Sphaerotheca fuliginea)表现出很好的防治效果外,对苹果腐烂病菌(Valsa mali)、玉米小斑病菌(Helminthosporium maydis)、葡萄炭疽病菌(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides)、小麦赤霉病菌(Fusarium graminearum)、油菜菌核病菌(Sclerotinia sclerotiorum)、水稻纹枯病菌(Rhizoconia solani)等也具有很好的抑制作用。虎杖回流提取物对黄瓜白粉病的杀菌作用以保护作用为主,兼具一定的治疗作用,并且具有一定的内吸活性,持效期约为4-7 d。温室试验结果表明,虎杖乙醇回流提取物10%可溶性液剂对黄瓜白粉病的EC90值为172.83 mg/L,田间小区试验表明该制剂在800-1600 mg/L的浓度下,对黄瓜白粉病的防效达到76.3-93.4%,具有较好的应用前景。 对苹果腐烂病菌的抑菌作用机理表明,虎杖乙醇提取物对该病原菌有明显的抑制作用,能够抑制蛋白质、葡萄糖等菌体细胞内物质的合成,从而使病菌代谢速度减慢,抑制其生长。虎杖提取物还能够使几丁质酶和β-1,3葡聚糖酶这两种细胞壁相关水解酶的活性升高,降解细胞壁而破坏菌体结构,使菌体自溶。 过测定虎杖乙醇回流提取物对黄瓜体内等一些防御酶和病程相关蛋白活性的影响,表明在40 mg/L和400 mg/L浓度下,虎杖乙醇提取物能够使黄瓜叶片内的过氧化物酶(POD)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、几丁质酶等不同程度的升高,从而在一定程度上提高植物对病原真菌的抗病能力。 通过生物活性跟踪测定以及pH梯度提取法确定了虎杖中的主要杀菌活性成分为蒽醌类化合物大黄素(emodin)和大黄素甲醚(physcion),结构通过了HPLC-MS和1H NMR确认,并且通过HPLC确定了虎杖乙醇回流提取物中二者的含量分别为3.28%和1.11%。 以虎杖中的有效成份之一的大黄素为原料,通过羟基的甲基化反应合成了包括已知物大黄素甲醚在内的11个大黄素衍生物,其中5个化合物为首次报道,并进行了初步结构活性关系研究。结果表明通过对大黄素3-OH位置以短直链烷基取代,其衍生物对黄瓜白粉病的活性大大提高,其中以甲基取代的衍生物大黄素甲醚的活性为母体大黄素的16.7倍,而以取代苄基修饰的衍生物的活性没有明显提高。一些目标化合物的活性明显优于三唑酮。研究中还意外发现大黄素的甲基化衍生物三甲氧基大黄素在4000 mg/L时能够明显抑制甜菜夜蛾幼虫的取食与生长发育,而大黄素和大黄素甲醚则无此作用。
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土壤中氨基酸和氨基糖是土壤有机氮的重要组成部分,对土壤氮素供给和土壤碳、氮循环过程有重要贡献。研究氨基酸和氨基糖聚合物的矿化,对于减少氮素损失,提高氮肥利用率能够提供一定的理论依据。 当向土壤中(本试验为黑土)同时添加葡萄糖和(15NH4)2SO4时,在土壤微生物的作用下,(15NH4)2SO4会被用以合成土壤15N-氨基酸和氨基糖聚合物。新合成的这部分氨基酸和氨基糖聚合物与土壤中原有氨基酸和氨基糖聚合物的性质是否不同并且是否受到外源底物的调控。为了解决上述问题,本试验将采用Stanford and Smith的间歇好气矿化淋洗培养法,结合高效液相色谱/质谱、气相色谱/质谱联机技术(HPLC/MS,GC/MS)跟踪测定土壤中15N-氨基酸和氨基糖的同位素富集比例及其含量的变化,探讨土壤中新合成15N-氨基聚合物的矿化特征,通过研究添加葡萄糖、玉米秸秆和无机氮肥对土壤中新合成15N-氨基聚合物矿化过程的影响以及对有机氮聚合物解聚的动力-酶活性的影响,从而阐明土壤氨基聚合物矿化的碳源营养调控机制和氮源反馈调节机制及其解聚机理。研究结果表明: 1. 土壤中新合成的氨基酸和氨基糖聚合物与土壤原有氨基酸和氨基糖聚合物相比具有较高的循环速率,并且不同种氨基酸和氨基糖也分别表现出不同的矿化特征。较高循环速率的存在,将为调控其矿化过程奠定基础,因为只有快速循环的氮素才能够被调控,而且调控新合成有机氮的矿化过程,可以不断地满足作物生长对氮素养分的需求。 2. 土壤中新合成氨基聚合物的矿化受到不同外源底物调控。其中碳源(葡萄糖和玉米秸秆)能够抑制氨基聚合物矿化,但是活性碳源葡萄糖的抑制程度高于活性较低的碳源玉米秸秆,表明氨基聚合物矿化受到不同碳源活性调控。不同浓度以及不同形式氮源也能够调控土壤氨基聚合物的矿化,并且适量氮肥的加入能够抑制土壤中新合成氨基聚合物的矿化,存在氮肥的反馈抑制机制。 3. 土壤中蛋白酶、芳基酰胺酶和几丁质酶活性受到不同碳源和氮源的影响。其中碳源表现为促进作用,而氮源则表现为抑制作用。氮源对土壤酶活性的反馈抑制作用是控制土壤氮素转化的关键,而碳源只是起到维持土壤酶活性的作用。三种酶活性对外源底物的敏感性,将对于调控土壤氮素循环奠定一定的理论依据。 4. 不同处理酶活性与有机氮矿化之间表现出不同的相关性,说明酶与氮矿化之间的关系受到多方面因素影响。总体来看,蛋白酶、芳基酰胺酶和几丁质酶在水解土壤氨基酸和氨基糖聚合物的过程中起到重要作用,是有机氮聚合物重要的解聚酶。
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食品安全一直是世界各国密切关注的社会问题,直接关系人民群众的身体健康和社会稳定。代谢组学已广泛应用于毒理学机制研究、药物安全性评价等领域。将代谢组学技术应用于食品安全评价领域是一项有益的探索研究。目前我国许多水域镉含量超标,导致鱼类等水产品对镉的蓄积,对人体膳食健康造成威胁。 本文以鲫鱼为受试动物,开展室内水箱养殖实验,设定50g•L-1、500g•L-1两个镉浓度水平,共养殖25天,其中暴露期20天和净化期5天。通过镉含量测定和鱼肉磷脂代谢组学分析得到以下结论: 1)以暴露浓度、暴露时间、鱼体组织部位为因素,发现了鲫鱼对水环境中镉的积累和分布规律; 2)针对鱼肉开展磷脂代谢组学分析,①定性分析,通过质谱图解析基本确认了鱼肉中主要的磷脂分子的脂肪酸组成。②定量分析,采用HPLC定量分析暴露0天(K组)、10天(B组)、20天(D组)共计30个鱼肉样本中的磷脂酰胆碱(PC)含量, 发现K组与B组、B组与D组之间有显著性差异(P<0.05),K组与D组无显著性差异。表明暴露10天后PC含量普遍低于正常水平(暴露0天),暴露20天后PC含量基本恢复到正常水平。③模式识别分析,PLS-DA主成分分析可有效识别K、B、D三组样本。 3)分别从限量标准、膳食安全风险评估两个角度评价了鱼肉膳食安全风险。通过PC定量分析和主成分分析,发现鱼肉中PC总量可以作为指示鲫鱼受到镉暴露的生物标示物;通过磷脂代谢图谱与鱼肉镉含量PLS拟合模型分析有效表征和量化了鱼肉磷脂对镉暴露的代谢响应,探索性提出借助拟合模型,通过磷脂代谢图谱分析预测鱼肉样本的镉含量。 4)在食品安全风险评价方面,建议采用限量标准、膳食摄入量、代谢组学识别和模型预测分析等相结合的手段,对传统风险评估体系在继承的基础上加以科学性的扩充和完善。
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文冠果为我国独有的油料树种,研究发现,文冠果壳乙醇提取物具有良好的促智作用,文冠果壳苷(Xanthoceracide)为齐墩果烷型五环三萜皂苷,是文冠果壳乙醇提取物中活性最强的物质。大量的药效学实验证明其具有显著改善多种记忆障碍模型小鼠的学习能力,提高大脑的缺氧耐受能力,预防并治疗多发性栓塞引起的记忆保持障碍,降低谷氨酸造成的PC12细胞死亡数量,增强对神经细胞的保护作用;数例临床试验中,一些记忆力严重减退导致生活不能自理的老年人以及智力低下的儿童服用文冠果壳提取物或文冠果壳苷后,也有明显的康复效果或治疗效果;而急性毒性试验进一步证实,这些天然产物毒性低,仅仅1/50的LD50用量就能表现出明显的改善记忆障碍作用,这预示着文冠果壳乙醇提取物将有可能开发成有效的老年痴呆症特效药。 本研究采用薄层层析法(TLC)对文冠果壳提取物中的文冠果壳苷进行定性鉴别。显色剂为10%硫酸乙醇,操作方法简便,斑点清晰,Rf适中,重现性良好。采用分光光度法对文冠果壳总皂苷含量进行测定。用文冠果壳苷作为对照品,测定波长为546 nm,文冠果壳苷含量在0.004 mg·mL-1~0.02 mg·mL-1(r=0.9998)呈现良好的线性关系,方法检验合格。采用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)对文冠果壳苷进行含量测定,文冠果壳苷含量在0.02 mg·mL-1~0.2 mg·mL-1(r=0.9992)范围内线性关系良好,方法检验合格。 采用溶剂提取法,大孔吸附树脂分离,有机溶剂萃取,硅胶柱层析分离,结晶与重结晶等方法相结合,得到纯度达98.5%的文冠果壳苷,可作标准品为开发利用文冠果壳提供依据。 以出膏率和文冠果壳苷含量为考察指标,分别考察提取次数、提取温度、乙醇浓度、料液比以及提取时间等因素对提取效果的影响。采用正交试验优化文冠果壳苷的溶剂提取工艺,最终确定提取工艺为:用70%乙醇提取,料液比为1/7(W/V),提取时间为5 h,提取温度为60 ℃,提取次数为2次。采用中试放大试验验证该工艺条件,结果表明,该提取工艺简单,易操作,提取效果较好,具有较好的应用前景。
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本文研究施化肥和海洋微生物制剂对桉树人工林土壤质量的影响。研究结果表明:施用不同的化肥对桉树人工林土壤质量影响具有明显差异;从海洋植物根际分离得到的微生物菌株制成的微生物制剂中的活性微生物菌株能够在桉树人工林土壤中定殖,对桉树生长具有一定促进作用。桉树凋落叶分解过程中是否释放化感物质是桉树人工林发展过程中人们普遍关注的问题之一,本论文也对该部分做了初步研究。 对施用长效尿素、芬兰复合肥、高峰复合肥三种不同化肥对桉树人工林土壤质量的的影响进行了初步研究,研究结果表明长效尿素在保障土壤氮素供应、促进土壤纤维素分离能力提高和增强土壤对磷元素吸收方面具有重要作用;芬兰复合肥在增强土壤呼吸作用和促进土壤酶活性提高方面优于长效尿素和高峰复合肥。 以两株海洋来源的枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis 3512, Bacillus subtilis 3728)和一株海洋木霉(Trichoderma TF4)为研究材料,在实验室条件下对其生防机理进行了研究,研究表明:两株枯草芽孢杆菌通过产生脂肽和蛋白酶对植物病原菌产生抑制作用;海洋木霉TF4则能够产生HCN,IAA类植物生长激素,同时还具有一定的解磷能力,具有很好的应用前途,采用传统分类学方法和分子系统学方法鉴定为棘孢木霉(T.asperellum)。这三株海洋菌株制成微生物菌剂,在原位条件和盆栽条件下考察了其对桉树生物量和土壤质量指标的影响,研究结果表明将三株海洋微生物混合后添加少量三叶草作辅剂,能有效改善桉树人工林土壤质量,并促进桉树树高和胸径的增加,具备进一步研究和开发成产品的价值。 用高效液相色谱(HPLC)对桉树凋落叶中毒性物质进行分离、纯化,以小麦、绿豆、大速生菜为指示植物,对分离到的物质进行毒性跟踪,分离到一个毒性较强的组分,经1H氢谱和NMR鉴定为3–β甲酰基–乌索酸。
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芽孢杆菌 (Bacillus) 被认为是一种具有潜在的能有效抑制植物病原真菌并促进植物生长作用的有益菌种,它能产生许多种不同结构的抗菌物质,其中脂肽类抗菌物质是其中重要的一类。这些抗菌脂肽具有对动植物无害、对环境友好、不易产生交叉抗性等特点,因而在生物防治由真菌引起的病害中起着十分重要的作用。海洋中也存在着大量芽孢杆菌,并且由于海洋的特殊生存环境有可能开发出与陆生芽孢杆菌性质或功能不同的代谢产物。 本论文从108株海洋芽孢菌中筛选到一株抗真菌活性显著、脂肽产量高的海洋枯草芽孢杆菌3512A(Bacillus subtilis 3512A)。对该菌株产生的脂肽进行分离纯化,结合酸沉淀、Flash Chromatography、HPLC等现代色谱手段,从其发酵液中分离得到了 4 个纯化合物,分别是流分 4 中分离到的Comd.1 和Comd.2,以及流分 8 中分离到的ALP1 和 ALP3。流分 4 中的 Comd.1 和Comd.2 分子量分别为1036D和1050D,结合1D, 2D-NMR, MS 等结构分析后确定分子式分别为 C53H93N7O13 和 C54H95N7O13,Comd.2为Comd.1的甲基化产物,均属于surfactin 的同系物,其它组分还有待进一步测定分析。而流分 8 中得到的三个化合物 ALP1、ALP2 和ALP3,对ALP1 和ALP3进行鉴定,通过 TLC 原位酸水解实验、1H-NMR 图谱分析等推断 ALP1 和 ALP3也属于环状脂肽类化合物。对这两种脂肽化合物的氨基酸组成进行分析,发现这两种化合物的氨基酸组成相同,推测可能是一组同系物,且这两种化合物的氨基酸组成不同于目前已报道的脂肽类化合物的氨基酸组成,可能是一类新的脂肽类物质,其具体化学结构还有待于进一步分析鉴定。 考察3512A所产粗脂肽的热稳定性和pH稳定性,结果显示粗脂肽的热稳定性很好,即使在115 ℃、30 min, 活性只有部分损失;粗脂肽对酸的耐受性比较好,对碱有部分耐受性,pH10后活性降低显著。通过单因素法考查培养基组成和培养条件对3512A产脂肽能力的影响,研究结果表明,以蔗糖或葡萄糖作碳源,以硝酸铵为氮源,pH为8.0,每250 ml三角瓶装液量60 ml,以5% 的接种量28℃,180 r/min培养48 h,脂肽产量最高,达到1003 mg/L。
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本文对杉木连栽障碍及植物化感作用研究的历史及现状进行了综述,并对杉木人工林的化感自毒作用进行了研究。研究结果表明,杉木人工林的确存在化感自毒作用现象,杉木人工纯林土壤、杉木活体及残体植株水浸液对杉木种子发芽和幼苗生民有一定的抑制作用。进一步比较杉木不同组织或残体水浸液的化感自毒作用强度后,发现杉木根水浸液对自身种子发芽和幼苗生长的抑制作用要大于其它部分组织,其它的顺序依次为:杉木鲜叶、凋落叶、半分解枯落叶、枝干和树皮水浸液。利用除酚剂和HPLC等手段,并采用相关分析表明,几种酚类化合物即没食子酸、对一经基苯甲酸、原儿茶酸、香草酸、紫丁香酸、对-香豆酸、邻-香豆酸、正一香豆酸和阿魏酸是杉木人工林中可能的化感自毒物质。本文还针对减轻杉木人工林化感自毒作用的林业经营措施进行了研究,发现杉木人工纯林中的采伐剩余物根桩对下茬杉木幼树的更新有不利的影响,这种不利的影响来自于根桩分解过程中释放的酚类化感物质。但根桩的化感作用会随分解程度的增加而减弱。另外,论文还从植物化感作用的角度,对克服杉木人工林连栽障碍的其它生产措施,如营造混交林及人促林下植被的发育生长,进行了研究;提出了与杉木化学生态关系良好的两种伴生树种,并从化感作用角度证明人促林下植被发育有利于克服杉木人工林的连栽障碍。
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本论文由三章组成。第一章阐述了藏药水菖蒲的化学成分研究,共分离鉴定了39个化学成分,其中6个为新化合物。第二章报道了几种忍冬属植物的HPLC、HPLC-MS、GC分析以及抑菌活性、重金属含量测定结果。第三章概述了菖蒲属植物的研究进展。 第一章报道了水菖蒲(Acorus calamus L.)化学成分的分离纯化与结构鉴定。采用正、反相硅胶柱层析等分离方法,从水菖蒲的根中共分离出41个化合物,通过红外、质谱、核磁共振及X-ray单晶衍射等波谱方法和模拟计算方法鉴定了其中39个化合物的结构,主要为倍半萜、苯丙素、甾体类化合物。其中含有5个新的倍半萜类化合物和1系列新的甾体皂苷衍生物。经波谱分析将它们的结构鉴定为 1b, 7a(H)-cadinane-4a, 6a, 10a-triol (1), (2R,6R,7S,9S)-1(10), 4-cadinadiene-2, 9-diol (2), 1a, 5b-guaiane-10a-O-ethyl-4b, 6b-diol (7), 6b, 7b(H)-cadinane-1a, 4a, 10a-triol (13),(1R,4R,6S,10R)-1-hydroxy-7(11)-cadinen-5, 8-dione (14), 4′-O-正n碳酰基-3-O- β-D-葡萄糖基谷甾醇(n=14, 16, 18, 22) (15)。 第二章包括四个部分。第一部分报道了忍冬属三种植物40个样品的HPLC测定和对主要活性成分绿原酸的定量分析结果,以及运用HPLC-MS技术对色谱图中8个峰进行指认。在此基础上,考察了种植和采收多个因素对绿原酸含量的影响。第二部分报道了忍冬属三种植物27个样品的GC分析,根据样品的挥发性成分的保留时间对不同样品进行了定性比较,并考察了花期及海拔高度对植物挥发性成分的影响。第三、四部分分别阐述了灰毡毛忍冬和红腺忍冬的体外抑菌活性研究和重金属含量测定结果。 第三章全面系统地概述了菖蒲属植物的化学成分和药理活性研究进展。 This dissertation is composed by three chapters. The first chapter elaborates the phytochemical investigation of Acorus calamus L. Thirty-nine compounds including six new compounds were isolated and identified. The second chapter reports the research on genus Lonicera by HPLC, HPLC-MS and GC. Antifungal activity and heavy metals measurement of genus Lonicera were reported. The third chapter is a review about the research progress on the plant family of Acorus. The first chapter focuses on the isolation and identification of chemical constituents from Acorus calamus L.. Forty-one compounds were isolated from the root of Acorus calamus L. by repeat column chromatography over normal and reversed phase silica gel, the structure of thirty-nine compounds was identified by spectroscopic methods and computational methods, including IR, MS, NMR and X-ray. Those compounds mainly belonged to sesquiterpene, phenylpropanoid and steroid. Among them, five are new sesquiterpenes and one series are new steroid glycoside derivatives. Their structure were suggested as 1b, 7a(H)-cadinane-4a, 6a, 10a-triol (1), (2R,6R,7S,9S)-1(10), 4-cadinadiene-2, 9-diol (2), 1a, 5b-guaiane-10a-O-ethyl-4b, 6b- diol (7), 6b, 7b(H)-cadinane-1a, 4a, 10a-triol (13), (1R,4R,6S,10R)-1-hydroxy-7(11)- cadinen-5, 8-dione (14), 4′-O-carbonyl-3-O-β-D-glucosyl-sitosterol (carbonyl = tetradecanoyl, hexadecanoyl, octadecyl, docosanoyl) (15). The second chapter consists of four parts. The first part reports the HPLC analysis of forty samples of the genus Lonicera, and the quantitative investigation of chlorogenic acid in these samples by HPLC analysis. Relationship between the content of chlorogenic acid in different samples and their planting conditions and harvesting time were discussed. Furthermore, eight compounds were identified or tentatively characterized based on their mass spectra and UV spectra profiles. The second part is about qualitative analysis of the volatile constituent in twenty-seven samples of genus Lonicera by GC. The effect of planting altitude and harvesting time on the volatile constituent was also investigated. The third and fourth parts describe the antifungal activity and content of some kinds of heavy metals of L. macranthoides Hand.-Mazz. and L. hypoglauca Miq.. The third chaspter is a review about the research progress of the plant family of Acorus.
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本学位论文报道了作为传统藏药材广泛使用的西藏产雪莲花化学成分的研究。论文由五章组成,第一章是三种西藏产雪莲花的化学成分的系统分离纯化和结构鉴定;第二章为西藏产雪莲花化学成分的液-质及串联质谱联用分析;第三章提出了以HPLC和TLC为检测方法的雪莲花药材质量标准草案;第四章给出了对西藏产雪莲花挥发油化学成分的气-质联用分析结果;第五章概述了雪莲花的化学成分及药理研究进展。 第一章包括三个部分。第一部分报道了绵头雪莲花(Saussurea laniceps Hand.-Mazz.)全草乙醇提取物化学成分的分离鉴定。采用正相硅胶柱层析及凝胶柱层析等分离方法,从西藏产绵头雪莲花的乙醇提取物中共分离鉴定出15个化合物。其中11个化合物为首次从该植物中分离得到,当中2个化合物系在凤毛菊属植物中首次发现。第二部分报道了水母雪莲花(Saussurea medusa Maxim.)全草乙醇提取物的化学成分。采用正、反相硅胶柱层析及凝胶柱层析等分离方法,共分离鉴定出15个化合物,其中1个为新化合物,另有4个化合物为首次从该植物中分离得到。新化合物结构通过质谱和一维及二维核磁共振等波谱解析方法及碱水解反应确定为巴豆酰基-高车前苷(M-7)。第三部分报道了三指雪莲花 (Saussurea tridactyla Sch.-Bip. ex Hook. f.)全草乙醇提取物的化学成分。采用正相硅胶柱层析及凝胶柱层析等分离方法,共分离鉴定出7个化合物,其中1个化合物为首次从该植物中分离得到。 第二章也包括三个部分。首先是采用液-质联用(HPLC-DAD-ESI-MSn)分析方法,对7个西藏不同产地的三指雪莲花化学成分进行了分析,通过与标准品的 UV和MS数据比较,共鉴定出14个峰,并对其中8个共有成分进行了定量测定。其次是关于八种西藏产雪莲花化学成分的液-质联用(HPLC-DAD-ESI-MSn)分析,通过与标准品的UV和MS数据比较,共鉴定出15个峰,并对其中8个共有成分进行了定量检测。最后通过对八种西藏产雪莲花主要化学成分的多级串联质谱(ESI-MSn)分析,快速、灵敏地鉴定出10个黄酮和3个香豆素化学成分。 第三章同样包括三个部分。首先是以绵头雪莲花中主要香豆素成分东莨菪素和伞形花内酯为对照品,通过TLC定性检测和HPLC含量测定,草拟出较严谨的药材质量标准。其次是将绵头雪莲花、三指雪莲花和雪兔子作为一个药材看待,草拟了以东莨菪素和伞形花内酯的TLC检测为指标的药材质量标准。最后是针对水母雪莲花,以主要黄酮成分芹菜素-7-O-b-D-葡萄糖苷为对照品作TLC检测,并草拟出该药材的质量标准草案。 第四章报道了西藏产雪莲花挥发油的化学成分分析。采用传统水蒸气蒸馏法分别从八种雪莲花全草中提取挥发油,利用气相色谱-质谱联用技术分别从水母雪莲花、绵头雪莲花、槲叶雪莲花、云状雪兔子、拉萨雪兔子、小果雪兔子、雪兔子和三指雪莲花中分别鉴定出83、83、56、34、21、20、24和20个化学成分,分别占其挥发油总量的70.7%、76.0%、82.2%、55.4%、49.7%、70.4 %、76.2%和 76.7%。 第五章为综述,总结和概括了雪莲花的化学和药理研究进展。 The dissertation reports the investigation of the chemical constituents of the genus Saussurea. Quite a lot of species in this genus are traditional Tibetan medicinal plants, and hence have been widely used in traditional Tibetan medicine. This dissertation consisted of five chapters. The first chapter is on the chemical constituents of three Saussurea plants. The second section is about the analysis of chemical constituents of Saussurea plants using HPLC-MS and ESI-MS/MS. In the third chapter, we proposed quality-control standards for the Genus Saussurea based on TLC (thin layer chromatography) and HPLC. The fourth chapter is about chemical compositions of the essential oil from the whole plant of Saussurea plants. The last chapter reviews the research progress of the Genus Saussurea. The first chapter consists of three parts. The first part is about chemical constituents of ethanol extracts from whole plant of Saussurea laniceps Hand.-Mazz. Fifteen compounds were isolated by column chromatography on normal phase silica gel and Sephadex LH-20. Among them, eleven compounds were isolated from this plant for the first time, and two compounds were isolated from Genus Saussurea for the first time. The second part is about chemical constituents of ethanol extracts from whole plant of Saussurea medusa Maxim. Fifteen compounds were isolated by column chromatography on normal phase, reversed phase silica gel and Sephadex LH-20. Five of them were isolated from this plant for the first time, and there is one new flavonoid glucoside which was identified as 6″-O-crotonoyl-homoplantaginin (M-7) based on the evidence of one- and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance, mass spectrometry analysis, and alkaline hydrolysis reaction. The last part is about chemical constituents of ethanol extracts from whole plant of Saussurea tridactyla Sch.-Bip. ex Hook. f.. Seven compounds were isolated by column chromatography on normal phase silica gel and Sephadex LH-20. There is one compound which was isolated from this plant for the first time. The second chapter consists of three parts. In the first part, we analyzed the chemical constituents of S. tridactyla collected from seven different places in Tibet using HPLC-DAD-ESI-MSn. Fourteen peaks in the HPLC were identified by comparison of UV and MS spectra with those of authentic compounds, among which eight common peaks were quantified. In the second part, we analyzed the chemical constituents of eight Saussurea species using HPLC-DAD-ESI-MSn method. Fifteen peaks in the HPLC were identified by comparison of UV and MS spectra with those of authentic compounds and eight main peaks of them were quantified. In the last part, we analyzed the chemical compounds of the above eight Saussurea plants directly by ESI-MS/MS. Thirteen major compounds, including 10 flavonoids and 3 coumarins were easily rapidly identified. The third chapter consists of three parts. In the first part, we proposed a comparative high quality-control standard for S. laniceps, based on quality detection by TLC and quantity analysis by HPLC using two major compounds (umbelliferone and scopoletin) as standard compounds. In the second part, in viewing S. laniceps, S. tridactyla and S. gossypiphora as the members of one family of medicinal herbs, we suggested a quality-control standard based on the TLC detection of the two major compounds (umbelliferone and scopoletin). In the last part, we proposed a quality-control standard for S. medusa based on the TLC detection of its major component (apigenin 7-O-glucoside). The four chapter analyzed the chemical constituents of essential oil of eight Saussurea species. The essential oils were extracted from the whole plants of these samples with water stream distillation. By GC-MS analysis, we identified eighty-three compounds from S. medusa, eighty-three from S. laniceps, fifty-six from S. quercifolia, thirty-four from S. aster, twenty-one from S. kingii, twenty from S. simpsoniana, twenty-four from S. gossypiphora, and twenty from S. tridactyla respetively, which accounted for 70.7%, 76.0%, 82.2%, 55.4%, 49.7%, 70.4 %, 76.2% and 76.7% of the total essential oil, respectively. The last chapter reviews the research progress of the Genus Saussurea.
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何首乌为常用中药,由何首乌及含何首乌的中成药制剂所引起的不良反应也时见报道,科学阐明不良反应的物质基础并提出解决方案对何首乌的使用十分重要。本论文研究了何首乌炮制前后KM小鼠肝脏毒性基因表达谱、生物活性及化学成分的变化。所获结果支持何首乌炮制的目的是减毒、改性(改变药效),何首乌生、熟异治的观点。制首乌对抑郁症的效果显著优于生首乌,这与本草所记载的何首乌炮制后补肝肾、益精血,归肝、肾经一致。 主要结果如下: 1、 生、制首乌的毒理基因芯片研究结果 何首乌的不良反应主要表现在肝损害方面。本研究建立了生何首乌和制何首乌不同剂量的肝毒性作用模型,体重指标统计发现生何首乌各剂量组平均体重显著下降,中剂量组(10 g/kg.d)体重下降20 %,高剂量组(20 g/kg.d)体重下降42%,50%动物死亡,提示动物机体能量代谢障碍;基因芯片研究结果表明何首乌是CYP450的抑制剂,生何首乌相对于制何首乌CYP3A4、CYP4A5显著下调,导致毒性成分在体内的吸收增加,服用大剂量的生何首乌后产生明显的肝毒性;主要对以下六条Pathway产生影响:①PPAR signaling pathway,主要毒性靶基因有RXRB CYP7a1、Acadl、Apoa2、Cyp4a、 FABP2 、MAPKKK5等基因。②Calcium signaling pathway,主要毒性靶基因有CAMK2B、CACNA1F、S100A1、 F2R、Ryr1、Slc8a2、Camk4 ③Neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction,主要毒性靶基因有Chrm4、 Ntsr2 、 GABRR1、 GRIK3、F2R等基因。④Wnt signaling pathway,主要毒性靶基因有Daam2、Rac1 等基因。⑤Complement and coagulation cascades,主要毒性靶基因有F2R、Serpina1b、Cfi 、FGA等基因。⑥Oxidative hosphorylation,主要毒性靶基因有Atp5e、NDUFA1等基因。生何首乌毒性明显强于制首乌,且生何首乌水煎液的毒性大于生何乌首丙酮提取物的毒性,这一结果表明,何首乌主要的毒性成分很可能并不仅仅是传统所认为的以大黄素为代表的蒽醌类化合物,而是何首乌中大量存在的有效组分二苯乙烯苷与大黄素相互作用的结果,这一研究结果与前述的何首乌对肝药酶的影响是一致的。后续生、制首乌的化学成分差异研究表明,炮制后二苯乙烯苷含量明显降低:生首乌为5.512 %、清蒸制首乌为3.811 %、豆制首乌为3.538 %,大黄素的含量炮制后显著升高,生首乌为0.094 %、清蒸制首乌为0.119 %、豆制首乌为0.126 %。 2 生、制首乌药效差异研究结果 本文采用慢性中等强度不可预知应激刺激模型(chronic unpredictable mild stress, CUMS)和动物行为绝望实验法,研究生、制首乌抗抑郁活性的差异,制首乌(5 g/kg.d)与模型组相比有显著差异(P< 0.01),生首乌制首乌(5g/kg.d)与模型组相比无显著差异,这一结果表明制首乌抗抑郁活性显著优于生首乌。 本文比较了生、制首乌对四氧嘧啶糖尿病模型小鼠血糖的影响的差异,生首乌(5 g/kg.d)与模型组相比有显著差异(P< 0.01),制首乌(5 g/kg.d)与模型组相比无显著差异,这一结果表明生首乌降糖活性优于制首乌。这一结果与历代中医古书中生首乌治疗消渴症(糖尿病)的记载一致。 3生、制首乌化学成分差异的研究结果 本文选用HPLC-DAD指纹图谱技术结合药效成分含量测定来研究生、制首乌化学成分的差异。炮制后,何首乌中的主要化学成分并未消失,只是其含量发生了改变。炮制后二苯乙烯苷含量明显降低:生首乌为5.512 %、清蒸制首乌为3.811 %、豆制首乌为3.538 %,大黄素的含量炮制后显著升高,生首乌为0.094 %、清蒸制首乌为0.119 %、豆制首乌为0.126 %。 综上所述,炮制前后何首乌中二苯乙烯苷和大黄素含量比的变化可能是何首乌炮制减毒、改性的物质基础。 根据上述结果我们建立了生、制首乌的质量控制新模式。 In recent years, some adverse drug reactions (ADR) about some traditional Chinese medicine were reported at times. As a Chinese medicine most in use, the ADRs of Radix Polygoni multiflori (RPM) and the medicines containing the RPM were also mentioned. The resolution of the problems caused by the ADRs is very important for the use of the RPM as a medicine. The process (or preparation) is a significant feature for the clinical use of the Chinese medicine and an important technology for the safe use and good effect of the Chinese medicine. By processing, the toxicity of the Chinese medicine can be reduced, its properties can be changed and curative effect can be enhanced at the same time. The changes of the gene expression profiles for KM mice hepatotoxic effects, and the change of the biological activity and the chemical composition after being processed of the RPm were studied in the present dissertation. The RPm heatotoxicity mechanism and the toxicity target genes were explained on the gene level for the first time. With the antidepressant activity, and the hypoglycemic effect as the target, the differences on the pharmacodynamics between the processed RPm and unprocessed RPm, for the first time, were investigated. The results obtained show that the antidepressant activity of the processed RPM is far higher than the ones of unprocessed RPm. As we know, the results were reported for the first time. The quality control systems (QCS) for the processed and the unprocessed RPm were founded. The HPLC-DAD was used in the systems founded on the basis of the toxicology and the pharmacodynamics experiments. As we know, the OCSs were reported for the first time. The above-mentioned experimental results confirm that the unique process theory of the traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) used for the process of the Radix Polygoni multiflori (RPm) is correct, i.e after being processed the toxicity of the RPm decreases and its Pharmacodynamic effects change. It is known to author that there have been no similar reports in the literatures up to now. The main experimental results are summarized as follows: 1 The results on the mice toxicology gene chip for the unprocessed and processed RPm The KM mice hepatotoxic model caused by the RPm at the different dosages was established in the present study. The results obtained show that the mouse average body weight obviously decreased in the groups at the different dosages of the unprocessed RPm: the 10 g/kg.d .group decreased 20%; 20 g/kg.d. group decreased 42%, and 50% mice died at 20 g/kg.d. group. The main experimental results on the mice toxicology gene chip The RPm is the CYP450 inhibitor. As compared with the processd RPm, the CYP3A4, CYP4A5 of the unprocessed RPm demonstrate the marked downregulation, which leads to the increase of the poison absorbtion into the body with the result that the unprocessed RPm yields the marked hepatotoxication. The hepatotoxication was produced because the following 6 pathways were affected: ①PPAR signaling pathway, the chief toxicity target genes are RXRB, CYP7a1, Acadl, Apoa2, Cyp4a, FABP2 and MAPKKK5 etc. ②Calcium signaling pathway, the chief toxicity target genes are CAMK2B, CACNA1F, S100A1, F2R, Ryr1,Slc8a2 and Camk4 etc. ③Neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction, the chief toxicity target genes are Chrm4, Ntsr2, GABRR1, GRIK3 and F2R etc. ④Wnt signaling pathway, the chief toxicity target genes are Daam2, Rac1 etc. ⑤Complement and coagulation cascades, the chief toxicity target genes are F2R, Serpina1b, Cfi and FGA etc. ⑥Oxidative phosphorylation, the chief toxicity target genes are Atp5e, NDUFA1 etc. The above experimental results, for the first time , demonstrate on the gene level that the unprocessed Rpm toxicity is far stronger than the processed RPm one, and the toxicity of the water decoction of the unprocessed RPm is greater than the one of its acetone extracts, which shows that the chief toxicity components of the RPm are probably not only the anthraquinones, for example, the emodin, but the complex compounds produced by the interaction between the emondin and the stilbene glucoside which is the largest component of the unprocessed RPm. The result is accordance with the above effect of the RPm on the hepatic drugenzyme. Aftter being processed, in fact, the content of the stibene glucoside in the RPm markedly decreases. 2. The results on the pharmacodynamic differences between the unprocessed and processed RPm The results obtained show that the effects of processing on RPm pharmacodynamic behaviour received in the Chinese Material Medica are correct. It is known to author that this is the first experimental result in the research materials now available. The chief results are as follows: For the treatment of the antidepressant, the curative effect of the processed RPm is far better than the one of the unprocessed RPm. By contrast with the above results, the hypoblycemic effect of the unprocessed RPm is better than the one of the processed RPm. 3. The results on the Chemical Composition The results obtained by using HPLC-DAD fingerprint and by the determination of effective component content show that the main chemical components in the RPm after being processed do not disappear, but their contents change. The contents of the stilbene glucoside (SG) and emodin in the different samples were determined as follows: SG contents 5.512 % for the unprocessed RPm 3.811 % for the processed RPm (Steamed) 3.588 % for the processed RPm (black soybean) Emodin contents 0.094 % for the unprocessed RPm 0.119 % for the processed RPm (Steamed) 0.126 % for the processed RPm (black soybean) The combination of above experimental results on the toxicity, the pharmacodynamics and the chemical composition indicates that the changes of the content ratio of SG/emodin may be the substance base of the toxicity decrease and pharmacodynamic changes of the RPM by the processing.
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5-氟尿嘧啶(5-Fluorouracil, 5-FU)是一种抗代谢药物,广泛用于临床治疗结直肠癌、胃癌、乳腺癌等多种癌症,但其首过代谢显著、亲脂性较低,选择性差、毒副作用大。为克服这些缺点人们对5-FU进行了大量的修饰工作,包括小分子修饰以及与各种载体形成微球、微囊、纳米粒、共价前药等。 环糊精(Cyclodextrin,简称CD),可被结肠中的糖苷酶特异性地降解成小分子糖,而胃和小肠中由于缺乏相应的酶而使环糊精不被降解,这一特性在结肠药物的靶向输送及释放中有重要应用价值。环糊精中含有丰富的羟基,易进行化学修饰,将药物与环糊精通过共价键结合制成前药,使其在胃和小肠中不降解,而在盲结肠中被特异性的酶降解释出药物,达到结肠靶向释药的目的。研究表明,环糊精作为一种前药载体为结肠靶向释药和缓释、控释系统提供了一种有效的手段。 本工作选择5-氟尿嘧啶为模型药物、β-环糊精作为载体,通过中间体5-FU羧酸衍生物的制备及其与β-环糊精的偶联,合成了系列5-FU-β-CD前体药物,并利用紫外、红外、质谱、核磁、元素分析、热分析等手段对其进行结构表征。同时,还研究了前体药物的体外释药性质。具体内容包括: 1. 含有羧基的5-FU衍生物中间体的合成:(5-氟尿嘧啶-1-基)-乙酸(FUAC)、3-(5-氟尿嘧啶-1-基)-丙酸(FUPC)、5-(5-氟尿嘧啶-1-基)-戊酸(FUVC)的合成。 2. 中间体5-FU的羧酸衍生物与β-CD的偶联:分别通过以6-OTs-β-CD为中间体的取代法和活化酯法,合成了第一面取代和第二面取代的5-FU-β-CD大分子前体药物。在二面取代的前体药物制备中,通过改变原料的比例,合成了系列不同取代度(DS)的2-[(5-氟尿嘧啶-1-基)-乙酰基] -β-环糊精结合物。 3. 对上述前体药物进行体外释放研究:分别考察了前体药物在不同pH缓冲溶液中的水解行为及其在小鼠胃肠道人工体液中的酶解行为,并通过UV-Vis及HPLC对前体药物释放情况进行检测分析。 5-Fluorouracil(5-Fu), commonly known as a broad-spectrum antineoplastic drug, has been widely used in the treatment of various kinds of cancer including colon cancer for 40 years. However, this antitumor agent exhibits serious adverse effects, such as their marrow toxicity, gastrointestinal reaction and low selectivity in their clinical use. In order to improve its antitumor activity and reduce its toxicity, the compound was modified in various ways, including the formation of conjugated prodrugs with kinds of carrier, microsphere and nanoparticles etc. Cyclodextrins(CDs) are known to be barely capable of being hydrolyzed and only slightly absorbed in passing through the stomach and small intestine; however they are fermented into small saccharides by colonic microflora and thus absorbed as small saccharides in the large intestine. This biodegradation property of CDs may be useful as a colon-targeting carrier, and thus CD prodrugs may serve as a source of site-specific delivery of drugs to colon. It was demonstrated that prodrugs of CDs can provide a versatile means for construction of not only colon targeted delivery systems, but also delayed release systems. 5-Fluorouracil was taken as a model drug and β-CD as the carrier in this study. Series prodrugs of 5-FU was prepared through the preparation of reactive 5-FU derivatives containing carboxyl group and coupling to hydroxyl groups of CD. The structures of the conjugates were charactered by using IR, UV–vis, ESI-MS, 1H, 13C-NMR spectra, elemental analyses, and thermal analysis. In vitro hydrolysis behavior in aqueous solution and in rat gastrointestinal tract contents of the conjugates were also investigated. The main content of this dissertation includes following aspects: 1. The preparation of 5-FU derivatives containing carboxyl group: 5-Fluorouracil- acetic acid(FUAC)、3-(5-FU-1)-propionic acid (FUPC)、and 5-(5-FU-1)-valeric acid(FUVC). 2. The coupling of 5-FU derivatives to β-CD: 5-FU was selectively conjugated onto the primary or secondary hydroxyl groups of β-CD through an ester linkage, by the substitution of 6-OTs-β-CD and the activated ester method respectively. For the secondary face conjugation, the degree of substitution(DS) can be controlled by changing the mole ratio of the starting materials(FUAC and β-CD). 3. In vitro release behavior of the conjugates in aqueous solution and in rat gastro- intestinal tract contents of the conjugates were investigated, and the reaction was monitored and analyzed by using UV-Vis and HPLC methods.
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本论文由三章组成。第一章为综述,概述了植物中环烯醚萜类化合物的研究进展;第二和第三章为实验论文,分别报道了唇形科药用植物绵参和蔷薇科药用植物地榆的化学成分研究。 第一章概述了植物中环烯醚萜类化合物的研究成果,主要包括结构类型及药理活性等方面。 第二章包括两个部分。第一部分报道了藏药绵参(Eriophyton wallichii Benth)地上部分甲醇提取物的化学成分。采用正、反相硅胶柱层析等各种分离方法,从中共分离出7个化合物,有6个化合物为首次从该植物中分离得到,分别为β-谷甾醇(1),夏至草苦素(marrubiin,2),乌苏酸(3),cimigoside(4),5-deoxyantirrhinoside(5),8-表马钱子酸葡萄糖苷(8-epiloganic acid,6)和apigenin 7-(6''-p-coumaroyl)glucoside(7)。第二部分,采用高效液相色谱-质谱联用技术对绵参地上部分的甲醇提取物进行了分析,通过标准品对照紫、外光谱分析以及多级质谱分析与文献对照鉴定了8个成分,分别是:8-epiloganic acid(Ⅰ),quercitrin 3-glucoside-7-(6''-p-coumaroyl)glucoside(Ⅱ),ajugoside(I) (Ⅲ),chrysoeriol 7-O-E-p-coumaroyl-3-O-b-D-glucoside(Ⅳ),helichrysoside(Ⅴ),生物碱(Ⅵ),apigenin 2,3-dihydrogen-7-(6''-p-coumaroyl) glucoside(Ⅶ),apigenin 7-(6''-p-coumaroyl) glucoside(Ⅷ)。 第三章报道了中药地榆根部乙醇提取物正丁醇相的化学成分,通过正、反相硅胶柱层析等各种分离方法,从中分离得到8个化合物,分别为3,4¢- O-二甲基逆没食子酸(8),3,3¢,4¢-O-三甲基逆没食子酸(9)和3,4¢-O-二甲基逆没食子酸-4-O-b-D-木糖苷(10),19a-羟基-3-O-(a-L-阿拉伯糖)乌苏酸-28-O-b-D-葡萄糖苷(11), 3b-[(a-L-arabinopyranosyl)oxy]-urs-11,13(18)-dien-28-oic acid b-D- glucopyranosyl ester(13),3-O-a-L-arabinopyranosyl-urs-12,18(19)-dien-28-oic acid b-D-glucopyranosyl ester(14),儿茶素(15),还有一种可能是皂苷11的工作产物(12)。 This dissertation consisted of three chapters. The first chapter elaborated the progress of iridoids occurring in plants. The later two chapters respectively elaborated the chemical constituents of Eriophyton wallichii Benth. and Sanguisorba officinalis L. The first chapter is a review of the research progress of iridoids occurring in plants, which includes their structure and pharmacology. The second chapter consisted of two parts. The first part is about the chemical constituents of methanol extraction from the aerial parts of Eriophyton wallichii Benth. Seven compounds were isolated and identified. Among them, the compounds of marrubiin, ursolic acid, cimigoside, 5-deoxyantirrhinoside, 8-epiloganic acid,apigenin 7-(6''-p-coumaroyl)glucoside were firstly reported in this plant. A HPLC-MSn method was developed for rapid identification of major compounds of Eriophyton wallichii. A total of 8 peaks in the chromatograms were unequivocally determined (peaks 1, 8) or tentatively identified (peaks 2-7) based on the detailed UV and tandem mass spectra analysis. Seven components were identified as 8-epiloganic acid(Ⅰ),Quercitrin 3-glucoside-7-(6''-p-coumaroyl)glucoside(Ⅱ),ajugoside(I)(Ⅲ),Chrysoeriol 7-O-E-p-coumaroyl-3-O-b-D-glucoside(Ⅳ),helichrysoside(Ⅴ),apigenin 2,3-dihydrogen-7-(6''-p-coumaroyl) glucoside(Ⅵ),apigenin 7-(6''-p-coumaroyl) glucoside(Ⅶ)。 The third chapter elaborated the chemical constituents of methanol extraction from Sanguisorba officinalis L, eight compounds were isolated from this plant by repeat column chromatography over silica gel. These compounds were identified as 3,4′-O-dimethylellagic acid, 3,3′,4′-O-trimethylellagic acid, 3,4′-O-dimethylellagic acid-4-O-b-D-xyloside, 3b-O-a-L-arabinopyranosyl-19a- hydroxyl-urs-12-en-28-oic acid 28-b-D-glucopyranoside, 3b-[(a-L-arabinopyranosyl)oxy]-urs-11,13(18)-dien- 28-oic acid b-D-glucopyranosyl ester,3-O-a-L–arabinopyranosyl-urs-12,18(19) -dien-28-oic acid b-D-glucopyranosyl ester, catechin.
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本论文由四部分组成,前三部分为实验论文,第四部分为文献综述。第一、二部分分别报道了中药西藏胡黄连和鸡矢藤的化学成分研究结果。从两种药用植物中共分离和鉴定了32个化学成分,其中3个为新化合物。第三部分为黄芪多糖的提取工艺研究。第四部分概述了近年来植物多糖的研究进展。 第一章为西藏胡黄连化学成分研究。通过正、反相硅胶柱层析等分离方法从药用植物西藏胡黄连(Picrorhiza scrophulariiflora Pennell)的根茎中共分离纯化出7个化合物。运用MS、1H-NMR、13C-NMR、DEPT、HSQC和HMBC等现代谱学方法,结合理化分析对这些化合物的结构进行了分析鉴定。7个化合物中有两个是酚性的葡萄糖苷类成分:西藏胡黄连酚苷D (1)、4-O-β-D-(6-O-vanilloyl glucopyranosyl) vanillic acid (6);四个苯乙基苷类化合物:plantamajoside (2)、plantainoside D (3)、西藏胡黄连苷A (4) 和西藏胡黄连苷F (5);一个苯基小分子化合物:香豆酸甲酯 (7)。其中化合物1和5未见文献报道,确定为新化合物;化合物3为首次从该种植物中分到。 第二章为鸡矢藤化学成分研究。从鸡矢藤(Paederia scandense (Lour) Merrill)全草中分离出25个化合物,通过理化常数和波谱数据鉴定了它们的结构。25个化合物中包括一个蒽醌类成分:茜根定-1-甲醚 (1);两个香豆素:异东莨菪香豆素 (2)和5-羟基-8-甲氧基吡喃香豆素 (3);两个香豆素-木脂素化合物:臭矢菜素 B (4)和臭矢菜素 D (5);一个木脂素:异落叶松树脂醇 (6);两个黄酮:diadzein (7)和蒙花苷 (8);三个三萜类化合物:齐墩果酸 (9)、乌苏酸 (10)和 3-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基乌苏烷 (11);三个甾体及其糖苷:b-谷甾醇 (12)、胡萝卜苷 (13)和(24R)-豆甾-4-烯-3-酮 (14);六个小分子化合物:对羟基苯甲酸 (15),咖啡酸 (16),香豆酸 (17),丁烯二酸 (18),3,5-二甲氧基-4-羟基苯甲酸(19),咖啡酸-4-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(20);五个环烯醚萜类化合物:鸡矢藤苷 (21),鸡矢藤酸 (22),鸡矢藤酸甲酯 (23),saprosmoside E (24)和paederoside B (25)。其中化合物25未见文献报道,为新化合物。化合物1~8、11、14、15~20为首次从该化合物中分离得到。同时对鸡矢藤中环烯醚萜类化合物做了高效液相-串联质谱(HPLC-MSn)分析,探讨了这类化合物的质谱裂解规律。 第三章为黄芪多糖的提取工艺研究。首先确定了黄芪多糖含量的测定方法,并进行了方法学验证;其次探讨了黄芪中黄芪多糖的提取工艺,确定以酶法-Sevag法联用来去除黄芪多糖中的蛋白质,可使其提取物中黄芪多糖总含量达到70%以上。 第四章为近年来植物多糖的研究进展。主要包括植物多糖的提取纯化、多糖的定性定量检测方法、多糖的结构分析和多糖的药理活性。 This dissertation consists of four parts. The first and second parts reports the studies on the chemical constituents of medicinal plants of Picrorhiza Scrophulariiflora and Paederia scandens. The third part is about the extract technique of Astragalan Polysaccharide (APS). The last part reviews the progress of the studies on plant polysaccharides. The first chapter is about the chemical constituents of P. Scrophulariiflora which is widely used as an important medicine to treat various immune-related diseases. A new phenyl glycoside, scrophenoside D (1) and a new phenylethyl glycoside, scroside F (5), together with five known compounds, plantamajoside (2), plantainoside D (3), scroside A (4), 4-O-β-D-(6-O-vanilloylglucopyranosyl) vanillic acid (6); and methyl-p-coumarate (7) were isolated from the stems of P. scrophulariiflora. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic and chemical methods. The second chapter is about the chemical constituents of medicinal herb of P. scandens. Twenty-five compounds were isolated and purified by normal and reversed phase silica gel column chromatography. By physicochemical properties and spectral analysis, their structures were identified as rubiadin-1-methylether (1), isoscopoletin (2), 5-hydroxyl-8-methoxyl-coumarin (3), cleomiscosin B (4), cleomiscosin D (5), isolariciresinol (6), diadzein (7), linarin (8), oleanolic acid (9), ursolic acid (10), 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyloxyl-ursane (11), b-sitosterol (12), b-daucosterol (13), (24R)-stigmast-4-ene-3-one (14), p-hydroxyl-benzoic acid (15), caffic acid (16), coumaric acid (17), trans-butenedioic acid (18), 3,5-dimethoxyl-4-hydroxylbenzoic acid (19), caffeic acid 4-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (20), paederoside (21), paederosidic acid (22), paederosidic acid methyl ester (23), saprosmoside E (24), paederoside B (25). Among them, compound 25 is a new compound. Compounds 1~8、11、14、15~20 were isolated from this plant for the first time. Futhermore, we studied the HPLC-MSn analysis and investigation of fragmentation behavior of the sulfur-containing iridoid glucosides. The third chapter is about the extracting process of Astragalan Polysaccharide (APS). The method of the content determination is built. The optimum condition of extraction of polysaccharides from Radix Astragali is defined and the more effective way to remove protein is combined enzyme method with Sevag method, by which the content of polysaccharides extract can be up to 70%. The last part is a review of the research progress of the plant polysaccharides, which includes its extraction, isolation, purification, determination, structure analysis, and pharmacology.