海北高寒草甸生态系统定位站辐射气候特征

以2000—03到2001—02的辐射观测资料，分析了海北高寒草甸生态系统定位站地区辐射及各分光辐射的变化特征．将为高寒草甸生态系统的物质循环、能量流动、草地生产力形成机制等问题的研究提供科学依据。结果表明：海北站区Eg、Er、UV、PAR、NIR和En具有明显的日、年变化，年内其总量分别达6278．867MJ／m^2、1515．139MJ／m^2、311．242MJ／m^2、2576．777MJ／m^2、3397．404MJ／m^2和2542．950MJ／m^2，其中在植物生长期的5—9月分别为3181．215MJ／m^2、698．021MJ／m^2、165．955MJ／m^2、1133．965MJ／m^2、1673．871MJ／m^2和1668．805MJ／m^2。年内Er、UV、PAR、NIR和Eh占Eg的比例分别为0．242、0．048、0．410、0．540和0．410，在植物生长期分别为0．219、0．052、0．413、0.528和0．527。对Eg和PAR提出了下列形式的模拟求算式．Eg=Eg0（0．089．7＋0．9768S／S0）和PAR=-3.8044＋0.4177％，模拟效果较好，可利用有关常规气象观测资料进行估算。

海北高寒草甸的季节冻土及在植被生产力形成过程中的作用

海北高寒矮嵩草草甸区植被下的草毡寒冻雏形土属季节性冻土, 因温度低, 冻土在年内的每个月均可发生. 一般在11月中旬可形成稳定的季节冻结层, 至翌年3～4月冻土层厚度最大可达230 cm. 从3月下旬到4月中旬开始, 土壤开始消融, 至6月下旬到7月上旬冻土全部消失. 分析发现, 季节冻土在高寒草甸植被生产力形成过程中有着积极的影响作用, 主要表现在: 1)季节冻土的存在和维持将给高寒植物生长提供良好的土壤水分, 对植物初期营养生长发育有利, 可弥补春夏之交时降水不足所引起的干旱胁迫影响; 2)季节冻土的长时间维持, 有利于植物残体和土壤有机质留存于土壤, 并随土壤冻结和融化过程发生迁移, 可提高土壤肥力; 3)较高的土壤水分有利于土壤胡敏酸的形成, 可保证植物生长所需的其它有机元素的供给; 4)冻土层所形成较高的土壤水分使土体热容量加大, 从而调节因气候异常波动引起的土壤温度变化; 5)季节冻土的变化对植物地上年生产量形成有一定的影响作用, 表现出从10月或11月开始, 土壤冻结速率快, 对提高植物地上年生产量有利. 这也证实, 在未来气候变暖的趋势下, 土壤有机质将加快分解速度, 土壤水分因受温度升高 , 冻结期缩短, 其贮存能力降低; 受温度升高的影响, 地表蒸发能力加大, 若降水仍保持目前的水平, 土壤水分将明显减少, 将导致高寒草甸植被生产力有下降的可能.

细叶亚菊挥发油中抑制垂穗披碱草的化合物的分离与鉴定

用气相色谱－质谱联机光谱分析法，分离、提纯，鉴定细叶亚菊挥发油中抑制垂穗披碱草生长的化合物49种，有α－蒎烯、莰烯、蒈品－３－烯、桉叶油精、胡薄荷酮、樟脑、萜品烯－４－醇和乙酸菊烯酸酯８种主要化合物，而占总细对亚菊挥发油的82.80％。其中樟脑最多，胡薄荷酮和桉对油精为次。

Nitrous oxide emissions from two alpine meadows in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

Nitrous oxide (N2O) emission was measured in a Kobresia humilis meadow and a Potentilla fruticosa meadow in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau from June 2003 to July 2006. Five treatments were setup in the two alpine meadows. Two bare soil treatments were setup in the K. humilis meadow (BSK) and in the P. fruticosa meadow (BSP) by removing the above- and belowground plant biomass. Three plant community treatments were setup with one in the K. humilis meadow (herbaceous community in the K. humilis meadow-HCK) and two in the P. fruticosa meadow (herbaceous community in the P. fruticosa meadow-HCP, and shrub community in the P. fruticosa meadow-SCP). Nitrous oxide emission from BSP was estimated to be 38.1 +/- 3.6 mu g m(-2) h(-1), significantly higher than from BSK (30.2 +/- 2.8 mu g m(-2) h(-1)) during the whole experiment period. Rates from the two herbaceous blocks (HCK and HCP) were close to 39.5 mu g m(-2) stop h(-1) during the whole experimental period whereas shrub community (SCP) showed significant high emission rates of N2O. Annual rate of N2O emission was estimated to be 356.7 +/- 8.3 and 295.0 +/- 11.6 mg m(-2) year(-1) from the alpine P. fruticosa meadow and from the alpine K. humilis meadow, respectively. These results suggest that alpine meadows in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau are an important source of N2O, contributing an average of 0.3 Tg N2O year(-1). We concluded that N2O emission will decrease, due to a predicted vegetation shift from shrubs to grasses imposed by overgrazing.

Phylogenetic origins of the Himalayan endemic Dolomiaea, Diplazoptilon and Xanthopappus (Asteraceae : Cardueae) based on three DNA regions

Background and Aims It is an enduring question as to the mechanisms leading to the high diversity and the processes producing endemics with unusual morphologies in the Himalayan alpine region. In the present study, the phylogenetic relationships and origins of three such endemic genera were analysed, Dolomiaea, Diplazoptilon and Xanthopappus, all in the tribe Cardueae of Asteraceae.Methods The nuclear rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and plastid trnL-F and psbA-trnH regions of these three genera were sequenced. The same regions for other related genera in Cardueae were also sequenced or downloaded from GenBank. Phylogenetic trees were constructed from individual and combined data sets of the three types of sequences using maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses.Key Results The phylogenetic tree obtained allowed earlier hypotheses concerning the relationships of these three endemic genera based on gross morphology to be rejected. Frolovia and Saussurea costus were deeply nested within Dolomiaea, and the strong statistical support for the Dolomiaea-Frolovia clade suggested that circumscription of Dolomiaea should be more broadly redefined. Diplazoptilon was resolved as sister to Himalaiella, and these two together are sister to Lipschitziella. The clade comprising these three genera is sister to Jurinea, and together these four genera are sister to the Dolomiaea-Frolovia clade. Xanthopappus, previously hypothesized to be closely related to Carduus, was found to be nested within a well-supported but not fully resolved Onopordum group with Alfredia, Ancathia, Lamyropappus, Olgaea, Synurus and Syreitschikovia, rather than the Cardinis group. The crude dating based on ITS sequence divergence revealed that the divergence time of Dolomiaea-Frolovia from its sister group probably occurred 13.6-12.2 million years ago (Ma), and the divergence times of the other two genera, Xanthopappus and Diplazoptilon, from their close relatives around 5.7-4.7 Ma and 2.0-1.6 Ma, respectively.Conclusions The findings provide an improved understanding of the intergeneric relationships in Cardueae. The crude calibration of lineages indicates that the uplifts of the Qiinghai -Tibetan Plateau since the Miocene might have served as a continuous stimulus for the production of these morphologically aberrant endemic elements of the Himalayan flora.

Theoretical study on the mechanism for the addition reaction of SiH3 with propylene and acetic acid

To explore the reactivities of alkene (-CH=CH2) and carboxy (-COOH) group with H-Si under UV irradiation, the addition mechanism for the reactions of SiH3 radical with propylene and acetic acid was studied by using the B3LYP/6-311++ G(d,p) method. Based on the surface energy profiles, the dominant reaction pathways can be established; i.e., SiH3 adds to the terminal carbon atom of the alkene (-CH=CH2) to form an anti-Markovnikov addition product, or adds to the oxygen atom of the carboxy group (-COOH) to form silyl acetate (CH3-COOSiH3). Because the barrier in the reaction of the carboxy group (39.9 kJ/ mol) is much larger than that of alkene (11.97 kJ/mol), we conclude that the reaction of bifunctional molecules (e.g., omega-alkenoic acid) with H-Si under irradiation condition is highly selective; i.e., the alkene group (-CH= CH2) reacts with SiH3 substantially faster than the carboxyl group (-COOH), which agrees well with the experimental results. This provides the possibility of preparing carboxy-terminated monolayers on silicon surface from omega-alkenoic acids via direct photochemical reaction.

真空机器人传输模组软件控制平台的构建

论文来源于新松公司的科技部超大规模集成电路制造装备重大专项：300mm智能真空机械手关键技术及样机研制。在查阅了大量资料的基础上，进一步研究了集束型设备传输模组控制软件的功能分区、作动机制及实现方法，最终完成了真空机械手上位机控制程序和集束型设备图形仿真程序的设计。 在本论文中，笔者首先提出了集束型设备控制软件以及仿真软件的架构方案，其次，规划了真空机械手的指令集合、串口通信协议与命令应答格式，编写了基于串口通信的控制界面程序，并给出了传输模组控制软件系统层的整合方案。在此基础上，建立真空机械手的运动学模型，利用CAD建模工具及OpenGL图形库编写了能够完全再现集束型设备运转情形的图形仿真程序，并使图形能够与机械手本体实时联动。此外，研究了不同晶圆流程模式下的集束型设备时间调度算法，为实现可编程化控制奠定了基础。

贵州台江下、中寒武统界线层型候选剖面碳同位素研究

在扬子地台贵州台江八郎下、中寒武统界线剖面界线附近,碳酸盐岩和干酪根碳同位素组成有规律变化。δ13Cker (PDB) 值在23314 ‰和226. 5 ‰间漂移与δ13Ccarb (PDB) 值在2217 ‰和+ 311 ‰间变化,反映了当时海水的碳同位素组成。无机和有机碳同位素组成之差的Δδ值,沿剖面不断变小,指示剖面上部样品可能受到热扰动和成岩后期作用影响。碳同位素规律的变化,反映了最初的沉积信息,特别是有机质埋藏量的变化,这些变化与早2中寒武世环境变化和生物组合差异有关。

土法炼锌废渣堆中的重金属及其释放规律

黔西北地区的土法炼锌使生态环境遭受了严重破坏，用原子吸收等方法对土法炼锌废渣的研究表明，废渣排pH值呈中性，微碱性，重金属含量很高，Pb,Zn,Cu和Cd的最高含量分别达31631，57178，2367和311．5mg/kg，废渣堆中的重金属含量分布与堆放的废渣类型和堆放时间有关，重金属主要滞留在矿渣层中，矿渣层中的重金属含量随堆放时间的增长而降低，可用负指数方程很好地描述矿渣中的重金属（Pb,Zn和Cd）的自然释放过程，废渣中重金属的总量大，释放时间长，对环境构成威胁.

滇西北中旬普朗斑岩铜矿流体包裹体初步研究

普朗斑岩铜矿位于三江地区义敦岛弧南端的中甸弧，是在晚三叠世甘孜．理塘洋盆向西俯冲过程中形成的一个大型．超大型矿床。通过显微测温学和激光拉曼谱学研究，发现普朗斑岩铜矿含矿石英脉中广泛发育富液相包裹体、含CO2三相／两相包裹体、含子晶多相包裹体。子晶种类复杂，盐类矿物主要有石盐、钾盐、方解石、石膏，金属矿物主要为黄铜矿和赤铁矿。流体包裹体中发现有4种流体，即高盐度岩浆流体、含CO2低盐度流体、中等盐度流体以及少量低盐度水溶液。高盐度岩浆流体的均-温度范围457，245℃，均一压力范围（259．33～25．43）×10^5 Pa，盐度为34％-54％NaCl，密度为1．12—1．07g／cm^3，富含Na、K、Ca、Cu、Fe、CO2、C1、S等成分。原始岩浆流体可能是由中酸性岩浆上升至中间岩浆房后直接出溶而成，并汇聚在岩浆房的顶部。在甘孜一理塘洋盆的俯冲过程中，岩浆流体在流体内压和洋盆俯冲所产生的主压应力场的共同作用下，可以间歇性地从岩浆房上涌，为早期岩浆活动（226±3）～（2284-3）Ma所形成的岩浆一热液系统提供了持续的矿质和热源。含CO2低盐度流体与高盐度岩浆流体的相分离作用是导致普朗斑岩铜矿主成矿期网脉状-浸染状矿化的主要原因。

白云鄂博矿床碳酸盐脉包裹体特征及其地质意义

白云鄂博Fe-Nb-REE矿床是世界上最大的REE矿床,前人已做过大量的研究工作.该矿床成因一直是中外地质学家争论的焦点,曾先后出现过多种成因观点,而赋矿白云岩(H6～H8)的成因则是争论的核心问题,水成/火成、同生/后生的争论.

甘肃阳山超大型金矿岩浆岩地球化学特征及成矿机制研究

阳山超大型金矿床位于西秦岭勉略缝合带内，地处陕、甘、川三省交界，是我国近期发现的世界级超大型金矿床。前人对该矿床的研究工作集中于矿床地质、稳定同位素、同位素年代学等方面，但对矿区内岩浆岩的系统研究始终是个空白。阳山金矿矿区内岩浆岩与矿体在时间上和空间上紧密联系，因此深入研究阳山矿区岩浆岩的地球化学特征，同时也对探讨该区构造活动、岩浆活动，揭示成矿过程、建立成矿模型具有重要意义。 本文通过对阳山金矿岩浆岩的研究，结合矿床地质、地球化学特征、大地构造背景等因素，利用主量元素、微量元素、稀土元素系统分析了阳山金矿矿区岩浆岩地球化学特征，获得了以下主要认识： 1 阳山矿区岩浆岩为是钙碱性过铝质花岗岩，岩浆在岩浆房或在侵位过程中，存在岩浆结晶分离演化趋势。 2 安坝矿段305号脉群、311脉群，葛条湾矿段和泥山矿段（除蚀变样品外）出露的岩浆岩具有比较一致的主、微量、稀土元素特征，三者在成因与物质来源上存在紧密的联系。 3 阳山矿区花岗岩的来源主要是地壳组分，同时可能还有早期俯冲带形成物质的参与，在深部地壳物质熔融后，花岗岩在秦岭微板块与扬子板块最终碰撞勉略主缝合带形成之后，于主碰撞晚期应力松弛阶段所形成。碰撞事件诱发了地壳增厚，使页岩或碎屑砂岩质的地壳岩石接近于熔融温度，由于热或水的加入引起部分熔融。 4阳山金矿的成因模型中，变质流体是阳山金矿成矿作用中的主导流体，在不同成矿阶段有少量地表水、岩浆水以及大气水混入。