Cloning and characterization of beta-carotene ketolase gene promoter in Haematococcus pluvialis

The unicellular green alga Haematococcus pluvialis accumulates a highly valuable ketocarotenoid, astaxanthin, under various environmental stresses. beta-carotene ketolase (BKT) plays a key role in astaxanthin biosynthesis in H. pluvialis. In this paper, an approximate 700 bp 5'-flanking region of the bkt gene containing a putative promoter was cloned through walking upstream. The results of the sequence analysis showed that this bkt 5'-flanking region might have cis-acting elements such as sterol regulatory element (SRE-1)-like motifs, the C-repeat/dehydration responsive element (DRE) and al-3 proximal element (APE)-like motifs, except for typical TATA and CCAAT boxes. The results of the P-galactosidase assay and the transient expression of lacZ driven by a series of sequential deletions revealed that a minimal promoter-like region might exist from -630 to -408 bp, and the highest promoter activity was observed to span the positions from -630 to -308 bp. The results of the site-directed mutagenesis of a C-repeat/DRE and two APE-like motifs in a promoter-like region (-630 to -308 bp) suggested that two APE-like motifs might be essential for transcriptional control of the bkt gene.

Seeding nets with neutral spores of the red alga Porphyra umbilicalis (L.) Kutzing for use in integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA)

Nets in traditional Porphyra mariculture are seeded with conchospores derived from the conchocelis phase, and spend a nursery period in culture tanks or calm coastal waters until they reach several centimeters in length. Some species of Porphyra can regenerate the foliose phase directly through asexual reproduction, which suggests that the time, infrastructure, and costs associated with conchocelis culture might be avoided by seeding nets with asexual spores. Here, we present work from a short-term mariculture study using nets seeded with asexual spores (neutral spores) of a native Maine species of Porphyra. Porphyra umbilicalis (L.) Kutzing was selected for this proof of concept research because of its reproductive biology, abundance across seasons in Maine, and evidence of its promise as a mariculture crop. We studied the maturation, release, and germination of the neutral spores to develop an appropriate seeding protocol for nets, followed by development of a nursery raceway to provide an easily manipulated environment for the seeded nets. Neutral spores were produced throughout the year on the central Maine coast,however, there was a temporal variability in the number and survival of released neutral spores, depending upon thallus position in the intertidal zone. Small thalli were strictly vegetative, but most thalli reproduced by neutral spores- sexual reproduction was absent. Neutral spores germinated quickly at 10 and 15 'C, but germination was delayed at 5 degrees C. Unlike some algal zygotes and spores, neutral spores of R umbilicalis required light to germinate; however, irradiances of 25 and 100 mu mol photons M-2 S-1 were equally sufficient for germination. Rafts of seeded nets were deployed in Cobscook Bay, Maine, at two distances from salmon aquaculture pens and at a control site on a nearby, fallow aquaculture site (no salmon). There was no difference in nitrogen content of harvested thalli; however, both the density and the surface area of harvested thalli were different among the sites. The possible causes of these differences are discussed in the context of potential use of P umbilicalis in IMTA. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Axial growth of hexactinellid spicules: Formation of cone-like structural units in the giant basal spicules of the hexactinellid Monorhaphis

The glass sponge Monorhaphis chuni (Porifera: Hexactinellida) forms the largest bio-silica structures on Earth; their giant basal spicules reach sizes of up to 3 m and diameters of 8.5 mm. Previously, it had been shown that the thickness growth proceeds by appositional layering of individual lamellae; however, the mechanism for the longitudinal growth remained unstudied. Now we show, that the surface of the spicules have towards the tip serrated relief structures that are consistent in size and form with the protrusions on the surface of the spicules. These protrusions fit into the collagen net that surrounds the spicules. The widths of the individual lamellae do not show a pronounced size tendency. The apical elongation of the spicule proceeds by piling up cone-like structural units formed from silica. As a support of the assumption that in the extracellular space silicatein(-like) molecules exist that associate with the external surface of the respective spicule immunogold electron microscopic analyses were performed. With the primmorph system from Suberites domuncula we show that silicatein(-like) molecules assemble as string- and net-like arrangements around the spicules. At their tips the silicatein(-like) molecules are initially stacked and at a later stay also organized into net-like structures. Silicatein(-like) molecules have been extracted from the giant basal spicule of Monorhaphis. Applying the SDS-PAGE technique it could be shown that silicatein molecules associate to dimers and trimers. Higher complexes (filaments) are formed from silicatein(-like) molecules, as can be visualized by electron microscopy (SEM). In the presence of ortho-silicate these filaments become covered with 30-60 nm long small rod-like/cuboid particles of silica. From these data we conclude that the apical elongation of the spicules of Monorhaphis proceeds by piling up cone-like silica structural units, whose synthesis is mediated by silicatein(-like) molecules. (C) 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Differential regulation of Sciaenops ocellatus viperin expression by intracellular and extracellular bacterial pathogens

Viperin is an antiviral protein that has been found to exist in diverse vertebrate organisms and is involved in innate immunity against the infection of a wide range of viruses. However, it is largely unclear as to the potential role played by viperin in bacterial infection. In this study, we identified the red drum Sciaenops ocellatus viperin gene (SoVip) and analyzed its expression in relation to bacterial challenge. The complete gene of SoVip is 2570 bp in length and contains six exons and five introns. The open reading frame of SoVip is 1065 bp, which is flanked by a 5'-untranslated region (UTR) of 34 bp and a 3'-UTR of 350 bp. The deduced amino acid sequence of SoVip shares extensive identities with the viperins of several fish species and possesses the conserved domain of the radical S-adenosylmethionine superfamily proteins. Expressional analysis showed that constitutive expression of SoVip was relatively high in blood, muscle, brain, spleen, and liver, and low in kidney, gill, and heart. Experimental challenges with poly(I:C) and bacterial pathogens indicated that SoVip expression in liver was significantly upregulated by poly(I:C) and the fish pathogen Edwardsiella tarda but down-regulated by the fish pathogens Listonella anguillarum and Streptococcus iniae. Similar differential induction patterns were also observed at cellular level with primary hepatocytes challenged with E. tarda, L anguillarum, and S. iniae. Infection study showed that all three bacterial pathogens could attach to cultured primary hepatocytes but only E. tarda was able to invade into and survive in hepatocytes. Together these results indicate that SoVip is involved in host immune response during bacterial infection and is differentially regulated at transcription level by different bacterial pathogens. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

THE EFFECTS OF MONSOONS AND CONNECTIVITY OF SOUTH CHINA SEA ON THE SEASONAL VARIATIONS OF WATER EXCHANGE IN THE LUZON STRAIT

Seasonal variations of water exchange in the Luzon Strait are studied numerically using the improved Princeton Ocean Model (POM) with a consideration of the effects of connectivity of South China Sea (SCS) and monsoons. The numerical simulations are carried out with the strategy of variable grids, coarse grids for the Pacific basin and fine grids for the SCS. It. is shown that the Mindoro Strait plays an important role in adjusting the water balance between the Pacific and the SCS. The SCS monsoon in summer seasons hinders the entrance of the Pacific water into the SCS through the Luzon Strait while the SCS monsoon in winter seasons promotes the entrance of Pacific water into the SCS through the Luzon Strait. However, the SCS monsoon does not affect the annual mean Luzon Strait transport, as is mainly determined by the Pacific basin wind.

Effective dielectric responses of graded composites of the particles with a general power-law gradation profile

The effective dielectric response of graded spherical composites having general power-law gradient inclusions is investigated under a uniform applied electric field, where the dielectric gradation profile of the spherical inclusions is modeled by the equation epsilon(i) (r) = c(b+r)(k). Analytical solutions of the local electrical potentials are derived in terms of hyper-geometric function and the effective dielectric response of the graded composites is predicted in the dilute limit. From our result, the local potentials of graded spherical composites having both simple power-law dielectric profile epsilon(i)(r) = cr(k) and linear dielectric profile epsilon(i) (r) = c(b+r) are derived exactly by taking the limits b --> 0 and k --> 1, respectively. In the dilute limit, our exact result is used to test the validity of differential effective dipole approximation (DEDA) for estimating the effective response of graded spherical composites, and it is shown that the DEDA is in excellent agreement with exact result. (C) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

现代海底热液活动的分布、成因及热液柱研究

在研究了全球四百多个现代海底热液活动区的水深、地形、构造特征后，给出了现代海底热液活动在空间、水深、地形地貌、构造方面的分布特征，及热液活动分布和扩张速率的关系，热液活动地区的热流、地震等方面的特征。现代海底热液活动的成因问题至今仍是一个不十分清楚的问题，况且热液活动区的地理位置不同，构造背景不同，成因机制也有很大差异。但已经知道要形成热液活动必须具备三个基本条件，即：热源、水源和热液通道。本文重点讨论了岩浆热源和热液通道这两个方面，并在此基础上给出了三个不同的热液模型。首先讨论了大洋扩张脊轴地壳岩浆房的存在。在快速、中速扩张的大洋中脊之下，有明显的轴地壳岩浆房存在，这些区域也是现代海底热液活动最为活跃的地方。在慢速扩张的大洋中脊之下，地震实验的结果没有发现地壳岩浆房的存在，但地震和重力工作却在现在已知的热液活动区之下发现了和轴地壳岩浆房相关的低速带和低密度区。接下来文章讨论了轴地壳岩浆房的形态、深度和轴地壳岩浆房过程。建立了一套流体力学模型对岩浆流体在浮力的作用下的向上迁移，在重力作用下的侧向迁移及迁移引起的围岩的破裂进行了讨论。计算出了岩浆流体在地壳中向上迁移的形态。理论计算结合实测数据，讨论了海底裂隙的类型、出现的位置及方向。讨论了现代海底热液活动区中热液喷口的丰度和海底地形、海底裂隙的宽度、海底裂隙的丰度之间的关系。提出三种现代海底热液活动模型。模型－针对沿扩张脊裂隙中的热液流体从隔离层中汲取化学元素并隔层加热后，由于热膨胀，通常靠近下面的热液流体密度小，靠近上面的热液流体密度大，从而造成密度梯度。这是一种重力不稳定的现象，所以冷流体趋于下沉，而热流体趋于上升。这个动力学过程遵循质量守恒，能量守恒和动量守恒定律。本文从这些定律约束的基本方程出发，在合理简化的基础上，给出了问题的解析解并讨论了解的周期性。提出现代海底热液活动区沿扩张脊是等间距分布的。模型二是一个火山口模型，从热液流体在不同温压下的特性出发，提出热液喷发的自脉动特性。模型三对应岩浆流体溢流出海底的情况，提出薄层的熔岩流冷却、破裂可以形成短时的热液活动。热液流体喷出海底后形成热液柱。本文从理论上讨论了热液柱的形态，旋转和自保持特点。最后从七个方面估算了现代海底热液活动输向海洋的热通量，将各种方法得到的数据进行了比较，并对结果进行了讨论。

卫星高度计资料在海洋潮汐研究中的应用

本文依据收集到的392个地面验潮站8个主要分潮（M2、S2、K1、O1、N2、K2、P1及Q1）的调和常数，对现有7个全球大洋潮汐模式的准确度进行了检验，结果显示各模式在深海区域均达到了比较高的准确度，相互之间差别也不大。经验模式GOT00和CSR4.0、同化模式NAO99、反演同化模式TPXO7.0、数值同化模式FES2002和FES2004的M2分潮均方根偏差在3 cm左右，其它分潮（S2、K1、O1、N2、K2、P1及Q1）大约在1～2 cm。本文还依据中国近海18个岛屿的调和常数对其中的5个大洋潮汐模式的准确度进行了检验，结果表明，M2分潮均方根偏差在6～14 cm，明显高于大洋部分的偏差，其中日本国家天文台的潮汐模式NAO99在中国近海的结果相对较准确。 我们利用1992年8月至2008年8月的TOPEX/POSEIDON和JASON-1(T/P-J)卫星高度计资料，对沿卫星轨道的302816个站点进行了14个分潮的潮汐调和分析，得到了全球大洋潮汐的8个主要分潮以及2个气象分潮Sa、Ssa的经验同潮图。主要结果有：（1）各分潮在卫星上升轨道与下降轨道的交叉点(约7000个)相关性分析表明：M2分潮的振幅和迟角的相关系数很高（分别为0.9965和0.9961）；S2，K1，O1和Sa分潮也有较好的相关性（相关系数为0.94～0.99）；（2）该结果与392地面个验潮站吻合较好，其中M2分潮的振幅、迟角和向量的均方根偏差分别为：1.73 cm，2.340和2.93 cm；S2，K1和O1分潮的振幅、迟角和向量的均方根偏差为1 cm左右，5.250～7.270和1.5～2.1 cm，该精度与最近几年国际上的主要大洋潮汐模式的准确度相近；（3）首次通过卫星资料获得了Sa、Ssa分潮的同潮图。周期为1年的Sa分潮与大洋105个地面站相比，振幅、迟角和向量的均方根偏差分别为1.50 cm、18.360和2.16 cm。在此基础上，进一步分析了构成Sa、Ssa气象分潮的两个主要因素（海水密度以及海面气压）在全球的分布。 在T/P-J等卫星资料无法覆盖到南大洋和北冰洋，本文利用Princeton Ocean Model（POM）进行了数值模拟，模拟结果与162个地面实测站（其中南大洋30个，北冰洋132个）的观测比较一致。基于卫星资料分析的结果和数值模拟结果合并得到了全球大洋的8个主要分潮同潮图。在此基础上通过全球潮汐能量耗散的计算得到潮能通量的分布，并得到全球M2、S2、K1和O1分潮的潮汐能量耗散率为2.431TW、0.401TW、0.336TW和0.176TW。 本文还利用卫星资料对南海潮汐进行了研究，在中国南海，获得了主要的半日潮、全日潮、四分日分潮和长周期分潮（M2，S2，N2，K2，K1，O1，P1，Q1，M4, MS4，Sa, Ssa）的经验同潮图。与南海沿岸94个地面验潮站的数据符合得比较好，M2，S2，K1及O1等4个主要分潮的平均振幅差为2～4 cm，均方根偏差分别是9～11 cm.其它4个主要分潮N2，K2，P1，Q1的平均振幅差为1～2 cm，均方根偏差为2～4 cm。此外，本文还利用卫星高度计资料潮汐分析结果沿卫星轨道进行高通滤波，分离得出中国近海的M2，S2，K1及O1分潮的内潮信息。

雨生红球藻诱变育种及突变株的筛选

虾青素是良好的着色剂，具有超强的抗氧化、捕获自由基、抗癌变，抗紫外线辐射、增强免疫等功能，在医疗、水产、食品和化妆品等生产领域有着广泛的市场。雨生红球藻（Haematococcus pluvialis）是一种单细胞的绿藻，在逆境条件下可积累高达4%干重的虾青素，是目前已知的天然虾青素含量最高的生物资源，规模化培养雨生红球藻是获取天然虾青素的最佳途径。 目前实验室研究和规模化培养使用的藻株多为出发株，存在一些缺陷：养殖过程中易被其它微藻、变形虫、原生动物、细菌等污染；只适合低温培养，28℃以上生长受抑制；生长相对较慢，培养周期长；尽管雨生红球藻是已知的天然虾青素含量最高的生物资源，但其含量仍然需要提高以适合规模化生产。因此筛选出温度适应范围广、生长速率快、虾青素含量高的雨生红球藻株一直是努力的方向。 本研究选用化学诱变剂甲基磺酸乙酯（EMS）和叠氮钠(NaN3)以及物理诱变剂紫外线（UV)分别处理雨生红球藻，测定各种诱变剂的致死率，及对红球藻生长和虾青素积累的影响，根据实验结果确定合适的诱变剂量和诱变时间，通过初筛、复筛、再次诱变等分离、筛选出生长速度快、虾青素含量高的单一藻株并进一步利用高压液相色谱等方法进行鉴定。 实验结果表明：浓度为0.2％-1.0％EMS处理4h，雨生红球藻H2的死亡率7%-35%；紫外线照射2min-10min，雨生红球藻H0的死亡率10%-98％；叠氮钠30mg/L－270 mg/L处理24h，雨生红球藻H0的死亡率为20％-100％。各种诱变剂诱变结束后立即观察发现死亡细胞的形态相似但存活细胞相态有所不同，死亡细胞呈浅绿色，轮廓模糊，形状不规则，质壁间隙消失，胞内有白色空泡；EMS处理后存活细胞，呈圆球状，部分失去鞭毛和前端突起，游动缓慢，处理后第二天，细胞即恢复游动和分裂，分裂方式与正常细胞相似。紫外线和叠氮钠处理后存活细胞壁加厚，呈深绿色，圆球状，部分失去鞭毛和突起，严重抑制细胞的游动和分裂，出现不动细胞，培养一段时间后才出现分裂细胞，游动的和不动的存活细胞主要是采用不对称无性繁殖，这与正常细胞的不对称无性繁殖有所不同，正常细胞中不对称无性繁殖的母细胞多为不动细胞。紫外线和叠氮钠处理后部分细胞还产生大量的小孢子（配子？），直径较小1-4m，在母细胞内不停摆动，四、五天后逐渐脱离母细胞。这和以前描述的有性繁殖很相似，但由于没观察到后期孢子配对过程和缺乏小孢子的DNA含量和倍性的有关数据，不能确定观察到的小孢子现象为雨生红球藻的有性繁殖。 各种诱变剂处理后，各组存活藻株的生长和虾青素积累情况同对照组相比发生了变化：EMS实验中0.4％EMS组生长速率提高24％，其它组的细胞生长速率有所降低。各组单细胞虾青素含量和积累速率均高于对照组，其中0.4％和0.8％处理组单细胞内虾青素含量分别提高了76％和90％，积累速率分别提高了69％和115％；紫外线实验中4min、6min和10min组生长速率分别提高20％、17％和35%，各组藻细胞虾青素积累速率有不同程度的提高，其中2min组和10min组虾青素积累速率提高幅度最大分别为32%和31%，单细胞内虾青素含量除10min处理组提高48%，其它各组均有不同幅度的降低；叠氮钠实验中60mg/L、120mg/L和180mg/L组细胞生长速率分别提高了13％、20％和9％，各组藻细胞内虾青素含量和虾青素积累速率得到明显的提高。其中60 mg/L和180 mg/L组单细胞内虾青素含量提高幅度最大，分别提高75%和140%。180mg/L和240mg/L组虾青素积累速率提高幅度最大，分别为280％和250％。 诱变后通过固体平板分离，得到一系列单一藻株，其中0.4%浓度EMS处理雨生红球藻H2 4h后分离到H2-419在生物量上比H2高出20％,但虾青素含量提高幅度不大。用UV对突变株H2-419再次诱变得到较稳定的藻株H2-419-4，培养五个月后与H2相比生物总量提高68%，单细胞内虾青素含量提高28％，经高压液相色谱分析证明H2-419-4类胡萝卜素提取物中主要成分仍然为虾青素，和出发株H2相比色素成分没有发生变化，只是各成分比例有所不同。 还分析研究了其它单一藻株，但或是稳定性较差，或虾青素含量高而生长慢。如雨生红球藻H2经0.02％EMS诱变十天，分离得到的E-L-22和出发株相比虾青素产量提高40％，但生物总量上降低了27％；5min紫外线照射雨生红球藻H0后，分离得到的UV-5-16和UV-5-14在生物总量分别提高7％和36％。叠氮钠200mg/L处理24h分离得到的藻株N-2-42生物总量提高43％，但藻株N-2-43生物总量比出发株降低8％。

海洋微藻产生溶解有机物及东海溶解有机物三维荧光特征研究

本文通过胶州湾围隔实验、微藻培养实验研究了海洋微藻产生溶解有机物的三维荧光特性，并初步利用经验正交函数对三维荧光光谱图进行了主成分分析，通过东海取样研究了东海荧光溶解有机物的时空分布特征，并对荧光溶解有机物的来源进行了分析。得到了一些初步结论： 胶州湾围隔实验中不同营养盐培养结果表明浮游植物可产生类蛋白和类腐殖质荧光，类蛋白荧光峰由类酪氨酸(tyrosine-like)荧光峰和类色氨酸(tryptophan-like)荧光峰组成，主要位置为Exmax/Emmax=270nm/290~310nm，Exmax/Emmax= 270~290/320~350的荧光峰强度比较弱；在Exmax/Emmax=250~260/380~480nm(A峰)、Exmax/Emmax=310~320/380~420nm(C峰)和Exmax/Emmax=330~350/420~480nm(M峰)位置均出现零散的类腐殖质荧光峰，其中以A峰为主。类酪氨酸荧光强度明显高于类腐殖质荧光强度。浮游植物量降低时，类酪氨酸荧光强度与叶绿素a浓度呈明显的负相关。硅藻和甲藻产生的类酪氨酸和类色氨酸荧光强度之间具有较好的相关性，两者来源相似, 并且甲藻与硅藻相比能够产生更多的类蛋白荧光物质。不同环境下类腐殖质混合物的组分比例不同，甲藻生长环境下相对于硅藻具有较低的A:C比值。 在实验室培养中肋骨条藻（Skeletonema costatum）、塔玛亚历山大藻（Alexandrium tamarense）、微小亚历山大藻（Alexandrium mimutum）、锥状斯氏藻（Scrippsiella trochoidea）、东海原甲藻（Prorocentrum donghaiense）及海洋原甲藻（Prorocentrum micans）的实验结果表明，微藻在生长过程中产生出荧光溶解有机物，中肋骨条藻为代表的硅藻主要产生类腐殖质荧光物质，而甲藻在指数增长期主要产生类蛋白荧光物质。进入消亡期后类蛋白荧光和类腐殖质荧光强度迅速增大，原因可能是衰老、死亡藻细胞的破碎释放出大量的荧光有机物质所致，此外还有细菌对非荧光有机物进一步降解。塔玛亚历山大藻、微小亚历山大藻、东海原甲藻及海洋原甲藻的类蛋白荧光强度在消亡后期由于细菌降解或光降解等因素而降低。同属微藻产生的荧光物质相似，例如塔玛亚历山大藻与微小亚历山藻、东海原甲藻与海洋原甲藻，但具体荧光峰位置有所不同。利用经验正交函数能够对三维荧光光谱谱图进行主成份分析。 在利用三维荧光光谱法研究长江口海域台风前后不同站位荧光溶解有机物荧光特性及分布特征的结果表明，长江口海区主要的荧光溶解有机物荧光峰为T峰、S峰和A峰。风前和风后的类色氨酸分别来源于相似物质。风前，在表层浮游植物能够产生类蛋白荧光物质，而底层类蛋白荧光物质不受浮游植物的影响，长江冲淡水能够带来部分类蛋白荧光物质；表层的类腐殖质不受浮游植物的影响，而底层的浮游植物在降解过程中能够产生一部分类腐殖质，并且长江冲淡水对表层和底层的类腐殖质来源均有很大贡献。风后，表层的类色氨酸与叶绿素a浓度不呈相关性，而底层却呈正相关，另外表层和底层的类色氨酸均受到长江冲淡水的影响；表层和底层的类腐殖质与叶绿素a均没有相关性，但受陆源影响显著，长江冲淡水能带来类腐殖质。

Typhoon effects on DOC dynamics in a phosphate-limited reservoir

To explore typhoon effects on dissolved organic carbon (DOC) dynamics, field investigations (tributary and dam site) and laboratory experiments (bioassay and DOC consumption) were conducted in a subtropical reservoir. A tributary survey indicated that after typhoon disruption, upstream areas were the sources of phosphate (P) but not DOC for the dam site located downstream. Bioassay experiments verified P-limitation on bacteria and phytoplankton during summer stratification, and bacteria showed a faster response than algae to added P. Experiments indicated that DOC consumption was determined by the availability of P. The 4 yr typhoon period (June-September) data of the dam site denoted that DOC concentration (27 to 270 mu M C) and its rate of change (-13 to 24 mu M C d(-1)) varied more dramatically in the weak (2006 and 2007) than in the strong (2004 and 2005) typhoon years. The negative correlation of DOC with the ratio of bacterial production (BP) to primary production (PP) in the euphotic zone (0 to 10 m) signified the interactive effects of auto- and heterotrophic processes on DOC variation. In the aphotic zone, the variation of DOC could be ascribed to the change of BP, which showed a positive correlation with P concentrations. This study documents that DOC concentration in the studied system varied at multiple time scales. Such variation can be explained by the decoupling between BP and PP, which is believed to be a function of the limiting nutrient's availability. More importantly, this study suggests that the P supply introduced by strong typhoons might have substantiated a tighter coupling between BP and PP, so that the amplitude of DOC oscillation during the summer period was effectively reduced.

Fluorescence Characterization of Dissolved Organic Matter in the East China Sea after Diatom Red Tide Dispersion

Fluorescence excitation-emission spectroscopy (EEMS) was employed to analyze the 3-dimensional fluorescence of dissolved organic matter in the East China Sea after diatom red tide dispersion. The relationships between fluorescence peak intensity, and salinity and chlorophyll-a were discussed. The centers of protein-like fluorescence peaks dispersed at Ex(max)/Em(max) = 270-280/290-315 nm (Peak B), 220-230/290-305 nm (Peak D), 230-240/335-350 nm(Peak S)and 280/320 nm(Peak T). Two humic-like peaks appeared at 255-270/435-480 nm (Peak A) and 330-350/420-480 nm(Peak C). High tyrosine-like intensity was observed in diatom red tide dispersion area, and tryptophan-like fluorescence was also found which was lower. High FIB/FIS showed that diatom red tide produced much tyrosine-like matter during dispersion. Peaks S, A and C had positive correlation with one another, and their distributions were similar, which decreased with distance increasing away from the shore. Good negative correlations between peaks S, A and C and salinity suggested that Jiangsu-Zhejiang coastal water was the same source of then-L Correlations between fluorescence peak intensity and chlorophyll-a were not remarkable enough to clear the relationship between fluorescence and living algal matter. It was supposed that the living algal matter contributed little to the fluorescence intensity of algal dispersion seawater.

Digestive gut structure and activity of protease, amylase, and alkaline phosphatase in Calanus sinicus during summer in the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea

Calanus sinicus aggregate at the depth of 40-60 m (ambient temperature is 16 degreesC) in the waters of the continental shelf of the Yellow Sea during summer. in animals found in near shore regions, there are changes in digestive gut cells structure, digestive enzyme activity (protease, amylase), and tissue enzyme (alkaline phosphatase (ALP)), which may represent adaptations by this cold-water animal to a sharp seasonal increase in temperature of 6-23 degreesC. The activities of the digestive enzymes (protease and amylase) are very low in animals at stations near the estuary of Yangtse River, whereas they are relatively high in animals at stations in the central Yellow Sea, During summer, B-cells of the intestine and the villi intestinalis disappear in animals that do not feed at stations near the estuary of the Yangtse River. Respiration rates were undetectable or quite low during summer in C. sinicus from stations near the estuary of the Yangtse River, whereas they were relatively high at stations in the central Yellow Sea. Based upon the morphological characteristics of the digestive gut structure, enzyme levels, respiration rates, and the distribution of C. sinicus, we concluded that C. sinicus might be dormant during summer in the near shore areas of the East China Sea while remaining active in the central Yellow Sea. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Low-temperature molten salt synthesis and characterization of CoWO4 nano-particles

CoWO4 nano-particles were successfully synthesized at a low temperature of 270 degrees C by a molten salt method, and effects of such processing parameters as holding time and salt quantity on the crystallization and development Of CoWO4 crystallites were initially studied. The products were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM). and photoluminescent spectra techniques (PL), respectively. Experimental results showed that the well-crystallized CoWO4 nano-particles with ca. 45 nm in diameter could be obtained at 270 degrees C for a holding time of 8 h with 6:1 mass ratio of the salt to CoWO4 precursor, and XRD analysis evidenced that the as-prepared sample was a pure monoclinic phase Of CoWO4 with wolframite structure. Their PL spectra revealed that the CoWO4 nano-particles displayed a very strong PL peak at 453 nm with the excitation wavelength of 230 nm, and PL properties of CoWO4 crystallites relied on their crystalline state, especially on their particle size. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.