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可重构机器人顺应从结构环境下定点作业向非结构环境下自主作业的发展要求,能够更好的应用到环境复杂、危险性高、人类无法进入的场合完成作业。可重构机器人技术的发展拓展了机器人的应用空间,使其在星球探测、灾难救援、军事领域等方面均有良好的应用前景。因此,可重构和模块化机器人系统的研究成为机器人研究领域的热点问题。本论文的研究内容是围绕“863”计划项目“可重构星球探测机器人的研究”展开的。立足于可重构和模块化中的关键技术,针对一种新型可重构轮手一体机器人的控制及其群体构形理论进行深入的研究。研究内容主要包括模块化分布式控制系统、机器人群体体系结构、群体构形的表达和变换、构形重构优化和构形运动规划等。为了实现可重构轮手一体机器人的多关节机械臂、手爪、轮体的协调作业,实现控制的独立性、实时性,提出基于分布式控制器和CAN总线的模块化控制结构。以功能为划分依据,将控制系统分解成具有不同功能、由独立控制器执行的模块化子系统;采用分布式控制方法,使各子系统独立、同步地执行对应任务。在规划控制子系统和运算子系统中(即两个独立的控制器中)分别执行正向运动学运算和逆向运动学运算,实现轨迹规划的分布式计算。对不同控制结构和控制方法中的系统时序进行分析和对比,结果表明模块化分布式控制结构和分布式计算方法在系统执行时间方面具有性能优势。通过仿真系统和功能样机实验对模块化分布式控制系统和分布式控制方法进行验证。针对可重构轮手一体机器人群体中存在单个机器人和构形两种运动单元的特点,提出具有动态层次结构、融合构形控制和协作控制的体系结构,具有层次动态化与控制功能模块化的特性。以控制目标为依据,将体系结构分为三层:群体控制层、构形控制层和模块控制层。根据群体系统中作为控制目标的运动单元的形式,动态地改变层次结构及其功能,实现构形控制、多机器人协作控制、机器人运动独立控制。针对可重构机器人重构目的,提出矢量构形概念,将构形研究内容扩展到不但包括构形的拓扑结构,也包含构形的运动趋势方向和组成构形的各模块的姿态方位及连接关系。针对现有构形表达方法对可重构轮手一体机器人这类独立操作型模块、模块间具有多关节连杆的可重构机器人构形表达的局限性,创新性地提出基于模块状态向量MSV(Module State Vector)和构形状态矩阵CSM(Configuration State Matrix)方法,实现该类可重构机器人构形的表达和变换。模块状态向量和构形状态矩阵中每个值都对应机器人模块或群体构形的某种状态信息,具有无冗余数据、所需存储空间较小等特点。并且这种方法支持变换运算和操作,根据变换规则和数学变换可以表达、触发模块的行为运动和构形的重构。根据重构对象的初始状态,将构形重构分成组合重构和变换重构两类。基于模块状态向量和构形状态矩阵,提出以工作负荷为优化目标的构形组合重构优化算法、以姿态方位工作负荷和连接工作负荷的组合为优化目标的变换重构优化算法,通过重构优化结果获得模块在构形重构中状态对应变换关系,作为构形重构规划的基础。针对构形重构中的模块状态变换,提出基于最小能耗的模块机械臂关节运动顺序规划方法,通过机械臂转动的能量损耗计算,选择能量功耗最低时的机械臂关节运动顺序作为规划结果。提出融合时序关系的行为树,采用改进深度优先搜索算法遍历行为树获得构形运动或重构的行为运动序列和时序关系;构建语义逻辑系统实现参数化的构形运动行为及其时序的描述。采用仿真计算和机器人仿真系统对机器人重构和运动的优化、规划方法进行演示和验证。

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A mafic-ultramafic complex belt well developed in Eastern Tianshan, Xinjiang, NW China, which contains a series of Cu-Ni sulfide deposits. This area is the important production basis for Cu-Ni deposits, including Tulargen deposit, Hulu deposit, Huangshan-Huangshandong deposit, Hulu deposit, Xiangshan deposit, Tianyu deposit, Chuanzhu deposit. In China, especially Eastern Tianshan, it is prevalent that large Cu-Ni deposits occurred in small intrusions, typically including Jinchuan, Kalatongke, et al., so the ore-forming mechanism and evaluation rule for those small intrusions are very meaningful and of universal significance. On the basis of the research to typical Cu-Ni deposits, ore-forming conditions and processes are summarized through which to evaluate the ore-bearing potential for barren intrusions and unexplored mafic-ultramafic intrusions. By the contrast, metallogenic rule and mechanism of ore genesis are concluded, and evaluation system is preliminarily set up on the basis of these conclusions. Quantitatively simulation for the composition of olivine is introduced for the first time in China to discuss the interaction between magma and sulfide, and a new method to calculate the Mg-Fe composition of primitive magma is developed. Interaction between magma and sulfide liquid is used to get the Ni content in sulfide liquid. Sulfur isotopic characteristics in sulfide minerals in country rocks and ores are used to judge crustal sulfur introduction, which is applied for the first time in China. Re-Os isotopic characteristics are related to the ore-forming process, to interpret the process of enrichment of chalcophile elements. On the basis of the evaluation system, Mati, Chuanzhu, Luodong, Xiadong, those intrusions are evaluated to their ore-bearing potential. According to the studies to typical Cu-Ni deposits, conduit-type ore-forming model is set up, and the characteristics of the model are concluded systematically. The evaluation system and conduit-type ore-forming model can be helpful to the evaluation of mafic-ultramafic intrusions in this and similar mafic-ultramafic intrusion belts. The studied typical deposits and mafic-ultramafic intrusion include Tulargen deposit, Hulu deposit, Huangshandong deposit, Chuanzhu deposit, Mati intrusion,Luodong intrusion, Xiadong intrusion, and others. Through studies, there are similar characteristics for Tulargen and Hulu deposits in magma origin, composition of primitive magma(MgO=12.5%, FeO=12% and MgO=11%, FeO=10.5% respectively), magma evolution, mechanism of sulfide segregation and conduit-type ore-forming process. By Re-Os isotopic system, the ore forming date of Tulargen deposit is 265.6±9.2Ma, which is consistent to regional metallogenic event, but little younger. The Mg-Fe composition of primitive magma of Baishiquan, Huangshandong area, Kalatongke is lower than that of Tulargen and Hulu deposit, showing common basalt composition. The Mg# value(Mg#=(Mg/Mg+Fe)increases gradually from Kalatongke to Baishiquan to Huangshan-Huangshandong East. Baishiquan intrusions show relatively higher crustal contamination by evidence of trace element, which indicates the lower magma original source, from depleted mantle to crust. One break is the discovery of komatiitic intrusion, Xiadong intrusion, which shows characteristics of highly magnesium (Max Fo=96). The primitive magma is calculated of MgO=28%,FeO=9%, belonging to komatiitic magma. Tectonic evolution of Eastern Tianshan is discussed. By the statistics of ore-forming data of porphyry copper deposits, magmatic sulfide Cu-Ni deposits, orogenic hydrothermal gold deposits, we believe that those deposits are the successive products of oceanic subduction, are and back-arc basin collision and post-orogenic extention. And Cu-Ni sulfide deposits and orogenic gold deposits occurred in the stage of post-orogenic extention. According to the conclusions, the conduit-type ore-forming mechanism of magmatic sulfide deposit is set up, and its characteristics and conditions are concluded as well. The conduit-type ore-forming system includes magma generation, sulfide segregation, enrichment of chalcophile elements, interaction of sulfide and magma, sulfide collection in limited space in magma conduit and bottom of the chamber, which make a whole ore-forming system.The ore-forming process of Cu-Ni sulfide deposits is concluded as three steps: 1. mantle derived magma rises upward to the middle-upper crust; 2. magma suffers crustal contamination of different degrees and assimilates crustal sulfur, which leads to sulfur saturation and sulfide segregation. Sulfide liquid interacts with magma and concentrates chalcophile elements; 3. enriched sulfide located in the conduit(Tulargen) or bottom of the chamber (Hulu). Depleted magma rises upward continuously to form barren complexes. For the practical cases, Tulargen deposit represents the feeding conduit, and Hulu deposit represents the bottom of the staging magma chamber. So the deeper of west of Tulargen and southwest of Hulu are the favorite locate for ore location. The evaluation for ore potential can be summarized as follows: (1) Olivine can be served as indicator for magma evolution and events of sulfide segregation; (2) Sulfur isotopic characteristics is an efficient method to judge sulfur origin for magmatic sulfide deposit; (3) Re-Os content of the ores can indicate interaction between sulfide and silicate magma and crustal contamination; (4) PGE mineralization is effected by degree of partial melting of mantle; (5) Cu/Zr is efficient parameter to judge sulfide segregation; (6) The effects of multiple magma fractionation and emplacement are important, for inverse order shows the destruction to previous solid lithofacies and orebodies. Mati, Chuanzhu, Xiadong, Luodong, mafic-ultramafic intrusions are evaluated using evaluation system above. Remarkable Ni depletion is found in olivine of Mati, and southwest of the intrusion can be hopeful location for ore location. Chuanzhu intrusion has remarkable evidence of sulfide segregation, but the intrusion represents the narrow feeder conduit, so the wide part of the conduit maybe the favorite location for sulfide to deposit. The ore potential of Luodong and Xiadong is not good. Both the intrusions show no Ni depletion in olivine, and there is no sulfide in country rocks, so no crustal sulfur is added into the magmatic system. For Sidingheishan, a very large intrusion, the phenomenon of sulfide segregation is found, but there are no favorite places for sulfide to deposit. So the Cu-Ni ore potential maybe not good, but PGE mineralization should be evaluated further.

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辽东五龙地区中生代燕山期侵入岩类在时空上与金矿关系密切。该类侵入岩具有接近的微量元素Th/U、Zr/Hf、Nb/Ta值。随着不同岩石类型中的SiO2、MgO的含量的变化,(^87Sr/^66Sr)i和(^143Nd/^144Nd)i值保持不变,说明岩浆在侵位过程中没有明显受到围岩物质混染,且该类侵入岩有着相同的岩浆源区。Sr、Nd同位素组成表明成岩物质以下地壳为主。三股流花岗岩和矿石有相似的Pb同位家组成,结合含金石英脉(矿体)切穿已固结三股流花岗岩的地质事实,暗示了三股流花岗岩不太可能是直接的矿质提供者,推测成矿物质与成岩物质主体来自深部的同一岩浆源区,金矿成矿是同一岩浆源区岩浆演化不同阶段的产物。

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本文对会泽铅锌矿成矿构造体系、构造控矿型式进行研究,认为小江深断裂带和曲靖-昭通隐伏断裂带为矿床形成提供了有利的构造背景,矿床严格受北东向压扭性断裂控制,“阶梯状”和“多字型”构造是矿区具有普遍性的控矿构造型式,北东构造带是主要的成矿构造体系,提出麒麟厂矿床主矿体向南西向侧伏,通过工程验证新增铅锌矿金属储量近100万吨。

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姚安金矿床与富碱侵入岩体具有密切时空关系[1] 。本研究运用稀土元素地球化学示踪方法 ,探讨了富碱侵入岩与姚安金矿床之间可能的成因联系。1 地质背景我国滇西“三江”地区沿哀牢山—金沙江深大断裂及其附近 ,分布着一个总体呈这个北西走向的巨型富碱侵入岩带 ,带内分布着大量在第三纪时期的裂谷环境中由富集地幔部分熔融形成的富碱侵入体[1~ 4 ] 。姚安岩体属于这个富碱侵入岩带的一部分。姚安金矿床已探明金矿脉 19条 ,金品位为0 .4 5~ 2 9.95)g/t① 。矿区内的侵入体为姚安岩体 ,主要由正长斑岩和石英正长斑岩组成。矿体产于姚安岩体与侏罗系地层的内外接触带内。野外可见 ,姚安岩体形成后至金成矿前 ,区内再未有其它岩浆活动 ,这表明金成矿与姚安岩体具有密切的时空联系。矿区内出露的地层是侏罗系妥甸组 (J3t)灰黑色粉砂质泥岩 ,姚安岩体呈岩株状侵位于妥甸组地层中。区内的骨架构造为北西向的断裂 ,矿体呈脉状、豆荚状产于主断裂旁侧的次级断裂破碎带中。根据矿脉的穿插关系、矿石的结构构造和矿物组合 ,姚安金矿床可分为两个主要成矿阶段。早期硫化物阶段(阶段I) :矿石为细脉浸染型 ,主要矿石矿物有黄铁矿、黄铜矿、方..

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四川力马河镍矿是峨眉山大火成岩省一个重要的岩浆硫化物矿床。本文通过对其主要岩、矿石类型Re、0s及其同位素组成的分析,综合探讨了成矿岩体原始岩浆性质、矿石硫化物成因、成矿机制及Re-Os同位素等时线年龄。结果表明,力马河镍不同类型岩矿石样品初始0s同位素组成是不均一的,富硫化物的网脉状矿石 及其选纯硫化物Os同位素组成初始值差异较小,其等时线年龄为265士35 Ma,与岩体错石SHRIMP年龄263士3Ma基本相当}硫化物含量较低的岩、矿石样品间初始Os同位素组成差异较大,其表观等时线年龄大于成矿年龄。分析认为。岩矿样品初始Os同位素组成的不均一是由含较高放射成因187Os丰度的硫化物熔体和含较低放射成因187Os丰度的硅酸盐熔体不同比例混合造成的。混合模型分析表明,硫化物含量超过3O% 的矿石样品初始187 Os/188Os基本接近,硫化物含量低于3O %的岩矿石样品初始 187Os/188Os随硫化物含量上的不同,差异很大,为岩浆硫化物矿床Re-Os等时线年龄出现多组年龄解的现象提供了一种可能的解释。成矿岩体中含放射成因187Os丰度最低的岩石样品 (t一260Ma)在5左右、Cu/Pd比值在7000左右,表明是基本没有受到地壳混染及硫化物熔离影响的原始岩浆结晶分异产物,估计原始岩浆Os含量在1×10 左右,为苦橄质岩浆。矿石硫化物Re/Os比值显著高于任何赋矿橄榄岩,7o,(£一260Ma)高达110左右,综合分析揭示了力马河镍矿硫化物为二次熔离成因,模式分析认为,矿石硫化物是由原始岩浆经历R一2000左右的硫化物熔离后,其亏损岩浆再经R一200左右的硫化物熔离形成,与二次熔离相对应,成矿岩浆也经历了两次混染作用,分别为上、下地壳7%左右的混染。

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综述了当前对基性-超基性岩床和层状岩体的边缘反转现象的传统解释模型,包括围岩混染、岩浆多期注入、岩浆分层、过冷却、晶体沉降、流动分异、结晶和成分对流以及逐渐减少的颗粒间熔体量。详细论述了这些模型的优缺点,认为Soret效应是目前对边缘反转现象比较合适的解释,讨论了中国峨眉山大火成岩省朱布岩体的Soret成矿现象.

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雄鲁摩铜多金属矿床产于沉积岩中,生成工业意义矿床主体的改造期石英中的流体包裹体显微测温、成分分析以及氢氧同位素研究结果表明,雄鲁摩铜多金属矿床的流体为具有中低温、中低盐度和中低密度特征的富钠氯化物型热卤水,成矿流体水来源于与围岩发生了同位素交换的演化大气降水,形成于浅成低压的较酸性还原环境。

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已有的研究表明,与富B花岗岩有关的岩浆-热液体系以富含电气石矿物为特征,B和其它挥发分一起参与了岩浆分异、流体演化、围岩蚀变以及金属迁移和沉积的一系列过程。但至今B与Sn-W矿床之间是否存在协同性仍是个不解之迷。 电气石是B的主要寄主矿物,并且电气石被认为是成岩成矿的良好指示剂。目前,国内外对富B岩浆体系性状以及B对成岩成矿的作用研究相对比较缺乏。广西银屏细粒花岗岩是花山复式岩体最晚期的侵入岩相,不仅花岗岩中结晶有大量的电气石,而且在发育的晶洞中含有大量的电气石矿物。本文通过对银屏细粒花岗岩和晶洞中电气石化学组成、石英中流体包裹体的系统研究,探讨富B花岗岩形成和岩浆-热液体系演化地球化学特征,并对B与Sn矿化是否存在耦合关系的潜在性进行评价。 通过对富B花岗岩的研究,我们得到以下几点重要结论: (1) 银屏细粒花岗岩以高硅、高钾、富碱、低磷、准铝质为特征,具有较高的FeO*/MgO,富集大离子亲石元素、高场强元素和稀土元素。银屏细粒花岗岩的全岩样品显示强烈的稀土“四重效应”及等价不相容元素对 (Nb-Ta、Zr-Hf、Sr-Eu)分异,表明花山花岗岩分异演化晚期阶段存在熔体-流体作用; (2) 细粒花岗岩和晶洞中电气石为富Fe的黑电气石,前者是岩浆成因的,后者是蒸汽相成因的。两种成因电气石化学组成非常一致,几乎不含有过剩Al,Fe/(Fe+Mg)比值集中分布于0.96~0.98之间。Al3+=Fe3+和R++R2+=R3++□是电气石中2个主要置换反应; (3) 花山A型花岗岩形成演化过程中不存在狭义的岩浆-热液过渡阶段,形成细粒花岗岩的岩浆具有极高的粘度,大量的饱和蒸汽相被高粘度的熔体捕获﹑圈闭,气泡生长是岩浆去气的主要方式;尽管岩浆在相对高的氧逸度条件下分异演化,但由于缺乏岩浆-热液演化过程,在银屏岩体范围内不太可能发生有规模的锡石-石英脉型矿化作用; (4) 晶洞石英显示仅含有气液包裹体,而无其他类型包裹体共存,表明岩浆流体演化晚期为均匀的单一相。晚期流体的温压范围在150~265 °C,41~72 MPa之间。