大港千米桥地区综合地质地球物理研究

Qianmiqiao buried hill, which is a high-yield burial hill pool, was discovered at Dagang oilfield in 1998. To employ the integrated geological and geophysical research at Qianmiqiao area, it is very valuable and meaningful for the petroleum exploration of Bohai Bay Basin and even the whole country. Based on the previous results, this paper is carried out from the research on Huanghua depression, following the law, i.e. the deep part constrains the shallow, the regional constrains the local, takes the geophysical research in Qianmiqiao oilfield, discusses the formation history of burial hills, burial history, thermal history, the generated and expelling history of hydrocarbon, and migration characteristics, probes into the formation of burial hill pool. This paper uses the gravity and magnetic methods which are based on potential field, with natural sources, configures the inner structure of the earth according to the difference in the density and magnetism of the rock. The geophysical characteristics of Dagang oil field is that it is an area with positive Buge gravity anomal. The upheaval of Moho boundary is in mirror symmetry with the depression of the basin's basement. The positive and negative anomaly distributein axis symmetry, and the orientation is NNE. The thickness of the crust gradually reduces from west to east, from land to sea. The depth gradient strip of Curie surface is similar to Moho boundary, whereas their local buried depth is different. Local fractures imply that the orientation of base rock fractures is NNE-NE, and the base rock is intersected by the fractures of the same/ later term, whose orientation is NW, so the base rock likes rhombic mosaic. The results of tomography show that there exists significant asymmetry in vertical and horizontal direction in the velocity configuration of Huanghua depression. From Dezhou to Tianjin, there exits high-speed block, which extends from south to north. The bottom of this high-speed block is in good agreement with the depth of Moho boundary. Hence we can conclude that the high-speed block is actually the crystal basement. According to seismic data, well data and outcrop data, Huanghua depression can be divided into four structure layers, i.e. Pi,2-T, Ji,2-K, E, N-Q. Qianmiqiao burial hills undergo many tectonic movement, where reverse faults in developed in inner burial hill from Indosinian stage to Yanshanian stage, the normal faults extended in Himalayan stage. Under the influence of tectonic movements, the burial hills show three layers, i.e. the reverse rushing faults in buried hills, paleo-residual hill, and extended horst block. The evolution of burial hills can be divided into four stages: steady raising period from Calenonian to early Hercynian, rushing brake drape period from Indosinian to middle Yanshanian, block tilting period in early Tertiary, and heating depression period from late Tertiary to Quaternary. The basin modeling softwares BasinMod 1-D and Basin 2-D, which are made by PRA corporation, are used in this paper, according to the requirement, corresponding geological model is designed. And we model the burial history, thermal history, hydrocarbon generation and hydrocarbon expelling history of Qianmiqiao area. The results show that present bury depth is the deepest in the geological history, the sedimentary rate of Tertiary is highest and its rising rate of temperature rate is higher. During sedimentary history, there is no large erosion, and in the Tertiary, the deeper sediment was deposited in large space, therefore it is in favor of the conservation and transformation of oil and gas. The thermal research shows that the heat primarily comes from basement of the basin, present geotherm is the highest temperature in the geological history. Major source rock is the strata of ES3, whose organic is abundant, good-typed, maturative and of high-expulsive efficiency. The organic evolution of source rock of O has come to the overmature stage, the evolving time is long and the source rock can be easily destroyed. Therefore it is more difficult for the O formation source rock to form the huge accumulation of oil and gas than Es3 formation. In the research of oil assembling, we first calculated the characteristics of the fluid pressure of single well, then analyzed the distribution of the surplus fluid pressure of each formation and profile, and probe the first hydrocarbon migration situation and the distribution of pressure system of buried hill pool. In every formation, the pressure system of each burial hill has its own characteristics, e.g. high pressure or low pressure. In the research of secondary migration, the fluid potential is calculated while the relative low potential area is figured out. In Qianmiqiao area, the west margin faults have the low potential, and hence is the favorable reconnoiter belt.

基于MRF模型的油气储层属性随机建模方法研究

Stochastic reservoir modeling is a technique used in reservoir describing. Through this technique, multiple data sources with different scales can be integrated into the reservoir model and its uncertainty can be conveyed to researchers and supervisors. Stochastic reservoir modeling, for its digital models, its changeable scales, its honoring known information and data and its conveying uncertainty in models, provides a mathematical framework or platform for researchers to integrate multiple data sources and information with different scales into their prediction models. As a fresher method, stochastic reservoir modeling is on the upswing. Based on related works, this paper, starting with Markov property in reservoir, illustrates how to constitute spatial models for catalogued variables and continuum variables by use of Markov random fields. In order to explore reservoir properties, researchers should study the properties of rocks embedded in reservoirs. Apart from methods used in laboratories, geophysical means and subsequent interpretations may be the main sources for information and data used in petroleum exploration and exploitation. How to build a model for flow simulations based on incomplete information is to predict the spatial distributions of different reservoir variables. Considering data source, digital extent and methods, reservoir modeling can be catalogued into four sorts: reservoir sedimentology based method, reservoir seismic prediction, kriging and stochastic reservoir modeling. The application of Markov chain models in the analogue of sedimentary strata is introduced in the third of the paper. The concept of Markov chain model, N-step transition probability matrix, stationary distribution, the estimation of transition probability matrix, the testing of Markov property, 2 means for organizing sections-method based on equal intervals and based on rock facies, embedded Markov matrix, semi-Markov chain model, hidden Markov chain model, etc, are presented in this part. Based on 1-D Markov chain model, conditional 1-D Markov chain model is discussed in the fourth part. By extending 1-D Markov chain model to 2-D, 3-D situations, conditional 2-D, 3-D Markov chain models are presented. This part also discusses the estimation of vertical transition probability, lateral transition probability and the initialization of the top boundary. Corresponding digital models are used to specify, or testify related discussions. The fifth part, based on the fourth part and the application of MRF in image analysis, discusses MRF based method to simulate the spatial distribution of catalogued reservoir variables. In the part, the probability of a special catalogued variable mass, the definition of energy function for catalogued variable mass as a Markov random field, Strauss model, estimation of components in energy function are presented. Corresponding digital models are used to specify, or testify, related discussions. As for the simulation of the spatial distribution of continuum reservoir variables, the sixth part mainly explores 2 methods. The first is pure GMRF based method. Related contents include GMRF model and its neighborhood, parameters estimation, and MCMC iteration method. A digital example illustrates the corresponding method. The second is two-stage models method. Based on the results of catalogued variables distribution simulation, this method, taking GMRF as the prior distribution for continuum variables, taking the relationship between catalogued variables such as rock facies, continuum variables such as porosity, permeability, fluid saturation, can bring a series of stochastic images for the spatial distribution of continuum variables. Integrating multiple data sources into the reservoir model is one of the merits of stochastic reservoir modeling. After discussing how to model spatial distributions of catalogued reservoir variables, continuum reservoir variables, the paper explores how to combine conceptual depositional models, well logs, cores, seismic attributes production history.

锡在流体和花岗质熔体间分配行为的实验研究

锡矿床是与花岗岩在时间、空间、成因上有着密切联系的典型矿种之一。与锡矿有关的花岗岩多具有过铝、富钾、硅含量高的特征。传统观点认为与锡矿有关的花岗岩主要是S型花岗岩，可是近年在国内外相继发现了许多具有重要经济价值的锡矿床与富碱侵入岩有着密切成因联系。与富碱侵入岩有关的锡成矿作用日益受到地质学家的重视，锡矿床与富碱侵入岩的关系已成为研究热点之一，相关的研究工作虽然取得了很大的进展，但是富碱侵入岩体能否分异出富锡成矿流体还存在争议。研究表明，与岩浆岩有关的成矿与岩浆演化过程中成矿元素在流体-熔体相间的分配行为有着密切的关系。成矿元素在流体-熔体相间的分配行为除受到温度、压力及氧逸度等物理化学条件的制约外，还受到岩浆熔体成份及岩浆分异出来的流体化学组成的影响。以往有关锡在流体-熔体相间分配行为的实验研究主要侧重于改变流体相来观测锡的分配系数，且多为单一的含氯或含氟岩浆体系，这制约了对岩浆演化过程中元素在流体-熔体相间分配行为的深入认识。本文通过改变流体相、熔体相的化学组成，开展了一系列锡在流体和花岗质熔体相间分配行为的实验研究。综合分析了锡在晶体-熔体-流体间的分配行为，并结合地质实际探讨与富碱侵入岩有关的锡成矿的物理化学条件和成矿机理。研究成果对深入认识与花岗岩有关锡矿的成矿机理、丰富和完善与花岗岩有关的锡成矿理论、为进一步探索与花岗岩有关的锡成矿规律提供重要的实验依据。此外，实验对进一步推动实验地球化学学科发展具有重要意义。 实验在中国科学院地球化学研究所矿床地球化学国家重点实验室的成矿实验室完成，主要实验设备为快速内冷（RQV）高压釜。实验的温度为850℃，压力100MPa、氧逸度接近NNO。实验首先采用人工合成硅酸盐凝胶的方法制成具有不同化学组成的花岗质熔体，使用分析纯化学试剂配制不同成分和不同浓度的溶液，分别作为实验初始固液相。主要开展了三方面的实验研究：1．熔体相组成不变，以改变流体相组成来观察锡的分配行为。这组实验固相初始物为过碱质富钾的硅酸盐，初始液相分别为NaCl、KCl、HCl、HF、去离子水溶液；2．流体相组成不变，改变熔体化学组成观察锡分配行为。初始液相选用低浓度的0.1mol/L HCl溶液，熔体相为具不同化学组成的凝胶（其中一组改变熔体碱质含量和铝饱和指数ASI、另一组改变熔体钠钾摩尔比值）；3．氟氯共存含水的花岗质岩浆体系中氟氯含量相对变化时锡分配行为。实验通过改变熔体相中氟含量和液相盐酸溶液的浓度来观察锡在含氟硅酸盐熔体和不同浓度盐酸溶液间的分配行为。氟主要以(NaF+KF)混合物的形式加入初始固相中。实验研究结果表明： 1．流体相络阴离子种类及含量对锡在流体-熔体相间的分配行为有着明显的影响。当流体相中络阴离子Cl－、F－含量增大时，有利于增大锡在流体-熔体相间的分配系数；尤其当流体为富氯的酸性流体时，锡在流体-熔体相间的分配系数随液相中HCl浓度的增大而增大并存在关系式logD Sn=2.0247×log[HCl]＋0.6717（[HCl]的单位为mol/L），锡在流体相中主要以二价锡氯配合物的形式迁移，锡倾向于分配进入富氯的酸性流体中。此外，富氯酸性流体与共存的熔体反应后，熔体中的碱质含量降低，铝饱和指数增大。 2．熔体化学组成对锡在熔体相/流体相的分配行为有着明显的影响。D Sn随着熔体中碱质含量增大而减小：D Sn=－0.0489×MAlk＋0.4516, R2=0.98（MAlk为熔体中Na2O+K2O摩尔含量），表明富碱质熔体有利于锡在熔体相中富集，从而可能为锡矿形成提供矿质来源。D Sn随熔体ASI值的增大而增大：D Sn=0.1886×ASI－0.1256, R2=0.99，即过铝质熔体相对有利于锡分配进入流体相中。过铝质熔体中碱质总量及其它组分相对不变的前提下，熔体钠钾摩尔比值越高D Sn越小：D Sn=－0.0314×RNa/K＋0.0483, R2=0.82（RNa/K为Na/K摩尔比值），富钠的熔体有利于锡分配进入熔体相，而富钾的熔体却相对有利于锡分配进入流体相中。 3．在氟氯共存花岗质岩浆体系中：①熔体相中氟含量对氯在流体-熔体相间的分配有着明显影响，熔体中氟含量降低有利于氯分配进入流体相。②熔体中氟含量大于约1 wt%后，D Sn小于0.1且变化不大，当液相富含HCl且熔体中氟含量从约1 wt%降低后，D Sn 迅速增大，即熔体中氟含量小于约1 wt%后锡倾向于分配进入富氯的酸性流体中。而富氟（F含量大于约1 wt%）的熔体有利于萃取锡并使锡在熔体相中富集。③熔体铝饱和指数ASI值越大，相应锡的分配系数越大；流体相中HCl浓度增大时，锡分配系数随之增大；当熔体为过铝质的花岗质熔体、流体富含HCl时有利于锡分配进入流体相。 分析总结与花岗岩有关的锡成矿特征和锡在不同晶体相和熔体相间的分配行为得出：壳源铝质、富碱、富挥发份、贫钙铁镁的岩浆在结晶分异演化过程中相对有利于锡在残余熔流体相中富集。因此，具有这些特征的岩浆结晶分异演化产生的晚期岩浆可富含锡，能为后期锡矿床的形成提供矿质来源。这种富锡富挥发份的岩浆在上侵过程中，当温度压力降低、岩浆水饱和度增大、硅含量增大、熔体相氟含量降低时，可分异出含氯富锡的成矿流体。 根据上述结论，分析了与湖南芙蓉锡矿床有着密切成因联系的骑田岭花岗岩的岩石化学特征、成岩成矿物理化学条件，得出芙蓉锡矿床成矿流体可由骑田岭晚期岩浆分异产生。 最后得出如下认识：1)当花岗质岩浆体系水不饱和、流体相络阴离子浓度低的情况下，锡倾向于分配进入熔体相中；2)水饱和富含挥发份的过铝、富钾的岩浆体系有利于锡分配进入流体相；3) 铝质、富钾、富挥发份的富碱侵入岩岩浆演化过程中可在有利的物理化学条件下分异出富锡的流体相，与芙蓉超大型锡矿床有成因联系的骑田岭富碱侵入岩体成岩过程中可分异出富锡的成矿流体。

喀斯特石漠化区植物水分利用的时空变化研究----以贵州清镇王家寨小流域为例

本研究以西南喀斯特地区的王家寨小流域为研究对象，以植物叶片δ13C值为植物水分利用效率的指示值，结合利用氢氧同位素对植物的水分来源进行确认，通过研究小流域中不同土壤类型石漠化样地、不同季节、不同等级石漠化样地及喀斯特不同小生境中常见植物种水分利用效率及水分来源的差异，旨在从小生境、植物种、植物群落等不同尺度上探讨石漠化发生过程对植物长期水分利用的影响，了解不同水源的利用对植物水分利用效率的影响，了解喀斯特生态系统特有生境中植物对水分的竞争和利用策略，以加深对生态系统水分平衡的认识。通过研究，得出了以下几点认识： 1 喀斯特石漠化区植物叶片δ13C值的时空变化 （1）在本研究区，不同土壤类型区域植物群落δ13C值均随着石漠化的进行趋正，方差分析结果显示黄壤序列植物群落叶片δ13C值存在显著差异（F（3，80）0.01=2.720.05)。整个生长季中，常见种叶片δ13C值与土壤含水量的相关关系研究表明大多数种在大多数时间随土壤水分的减少其WUE提高。 （4）本研究区小生境类型主要有石面、石沟、石缝、及土面。各小生境内植物叶片δ13C值基本上随石漠化进行趋正，即小生境尺度上植物叶片δ13C值随石漠化进行趋正。基于石漠化梯度和小生境类别的双因素方差分析表明，生长于不同石漠化等级及不同小生境的植物叶片δ13C 值总体差异显著。土面上生长的植株叶片δ13C值最负，说明较厚的土层、较多的土量能供给植物较为充足的水分、养分，避免或减小了植物的水分胁迫。对各小生境植物叶片δ13C值与各小生境主要环境因子进行相关分析，结果表明植物叶片δ13C值与小生境土壤厚度、0-10cm土壤平均含水量以及日均大气相对湿度呈显著负相关，而与日均光照强度呈显著正相关。 （5）石漠化过程中常见植物种叶片解剖结构中的栅栏组织厚度、上角质层厚度、下角质层厚度、最大导管直径均呈现逐渐增大的趋势，而海绵组织厚度则呈现逐渐减少的趋势，方差分析结果显示各解剖结构均呈现显著性差异（p<0.05）。另外，对叶片解剖结构指标与叶片δ13C值的相关分析表明，所研究的植物种叶片上述解剖形态结构中除下角质层厚度与叶片δ13C值相关关系不显著（p>0.05）外，其余指标均与其叶片δ13C值呈现显著的正相关关系（p<0.05），说明植物的WUE与植物叶片解剖结构的变化存在着内在的相关关系。 2 喀斯特石漠化区植物水分来源的时空变化 （1）由于07年降雨丰富，其喀斯特皮下水显著低于06年，但是06年喀斯特皮下水的季节变化却不大，这是由于06年为特大欠水年，观测期内降雨仅721mm，为正常年份的60%，“活塞效应”不明显。2006年对各等级石漠化样地植物水分来源研究结果表明：（12月）土壤水及小枝木质部水分的δD及δ18O值明显高于夏季（7、9月）。降雨较多的7月，强、中度石漠化大多数植物主要利用土壤水，轻、无石漠化样地植物则利用土壤水和喀斯特皮下水。9月，由于干旱严重，各石漠化样地大多数植物均不同程度的利用了喀斯特皮下水。 （2）对研究区各小生境植物水分来源的研究表明：各小生境土壤水分δD、δ18O各不相同，石缝小生境土壤水分δD、δ18O最负，石面土壤水分δD、δ18O最正，土面、石沟居中。强度石漠化土壤剖面水分δD、δ18O值>中度石漠化样地>轻度石漠化样地>无石漠化样地，显示随着石漠化的进行，样地蒸发越强烈。整体上，石缝中植物比其他生境更容易利用喀斯特皮下水，无石漠化样地的植物比石漠化样地的植物更容易利用喀斯特皮下水，常绿植物比落叶植物利用更多的喀斯特皮下水，乔木比灌木利用更多的喀斯特皮下水。 3 植物稳定性氢氧同位素与碳同位素耦合 通过对研究区植物叶片δ13C值和不同水源和植物木质部δD、δ18O值的测定，结果表明无石漠化样地植物具有更负的δ13C值，即其水分利用效率（WUE）低于石漠化样地，这是由于无石漠化样地喀斯特水赋存的二元结构，植物除了可以利用浅薄土层的水分，还拥有稳定的浅层地下水即喀斯特皮下水，这已通过植物木质部水分δD、δ18O值的测定得到佐证。落叶种具有比常绿种更正的δ13C值，即其水分利用效率（WUE）高于常绿种，这是由于常绿种比较稳定的利用了浅层地下水，具有稳定的水分来源，使得常绿种的水分利用效率（WUE）较低。土面生境植物具有比其他生境更负的δ13C值，是因为较大的土面面积、较厚的土厚，较多的土量提够给植物较多的水分，养分，土壤水分较充足，避免或减少了植物的水分胁迫，植物WUE较低。