234 resultados para 16S tRNA


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在分子系统发生学研究中,因为线粒体基因组相对于其他分子标记具有明显的优越性,所以线粒体基因组已经逐渐成为一个研究后生动物系统发生的基本工具。螠虫动物大约有150多种,因为它体节不分节,具有真体腔的和两边对称的特性,所以在传统分类学上,人们把螠虫动物归类为一个独立的门。然而,螠虫动物和环节动物门的关系一直以来存在着很多的争议。越来越多的形态学和分子数据证明,我们应该重新考虑螠虫动物门的独立地位的合理性,因为大量包括形态和分子方面的证据都表明螠虫动物门很有可能起源于类似环节动物的祖先。本研究利用线粒体基因组作为系统发生研究的工具,对这个问题进行了进一步的探索研究。我们对一种螠虫动物代表种---单环刺螠(Urechis unicinctus)的线粒体全基因组序列进行测定,单环刺螠线粒体基因组DNA的总长度为15,761 bp,A+T含量为61.9%,包含13个蛋白质编码基因,22个tRNA基因,2个核糖体RNA基因,1个长度为923 bp的非编码区,37个基因都编码在同一条链上。基因顺序排列和基于氨基酸序列构建的系统发生树两方面的证据都支持:螠虫动物可能起源于环节动物。

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海洋是一个巨大的生态系统,多样的微生物是构成海洋生态系统的基本元素。海洋微生物的群落结构及演变深刻的反映着海洋生态系统的变迁。本文采用分子生物学技术,研究了近海沉积物生态系统——胶州湾沉积物中细菌的多样性、群落结构的时空演替规律以及远洋深海沉积物生态系统——东太平洋海隆北纬13o附近深海沉积物中细菌和古细菌群落结构沿沉积物断层的分布情况,结果表明在两处沉积物中,微生物群落的结构都与环境因子有显著的相关性,是反映海洋沉积物环境特征的重要(分子)标志物,并且可能在这些环境中参与生物地球化学循环等重要过程。 1.从胶州湾不同区域的8个代表性站点采集4个季度的沉积物样品。提取总基因组DNA,利用16S rDNA作为分子标记,采用克隆文库对胶州湾沉积物中细菌群落的组成、空间分布和季节演替规律进行了研究。结果显示沉积物中的细菌具有高度多样性,来自于13个细菌门,同时还有28%的未鉴定克隆,表明胶州湾沉积物中蕴藏着巨大的微生物资源。其中已鉴定的优势种群是α-、β-、γ-、δ-变形细菌、绿弯菌、厚壁菌、蓝细菌和放线菌。同时还包括酸杆菌、拟杆菌、浮霉菌、疣微菌、芽单胞菌、绿菌、梭杆菌、异常球菌-栖热菌等类群的存在。将各克隆库的组成与温度、总碳、总氮等环境因子结合分析,结果显示细菌群落结构更替的主要驱动力是季节变化所带来的温度等环境因子的演变。对数据库中与本研究所获得序列具有最近亲缘关系序列的来源环境进行分析表明,胶州湾中细菌群落受航运活动、水产养殖、重金属污染等人类活动的明显影响,同时这些活动表现出显著的空间特异性,比如C4和D6等站点明显受到航运活动的影响,而A3和Y1等站点则容易受到沿岸径流所带来的淡水和油污染的影响。 2.分别利用PCR-DGGE和克隆文库技术对东太平洋海隆北纬13o附近深海柱状沉积物样品中细菌和古菌群体进行研究,结果显示这些微生物群落沿四个分别代表不同沉积年代断层明显的成层分布,与环境因子结合分析表明这种成层分布与氧化还原性质等地球化学特征的成层分布相吻合,提示我们该生态系统中的微生物受到环境因子的巨大作用,同时也表明这些微生物可能参与该生态系统中硫、金属元素代谢等过程。通过系统发育分析,四个断层中的微生物群落中呈现出很多与热液活动相关的个体(其中34.7%的细菌序列和31%的古菌序列与来源于各种热液环境的序列具有最近的亲缘关系)。但总体群落结构分析表明该区域可能属于热液活动影响区域的边缘,处于从热液活动环境到普通的低温沉积物环境的过渡区域。 3.将在胶州湾和东太平洋海隆北纬13o附近海洋沉积物生态系统中都存在的优势细菌类群(α-、β-、γ-、δ-变形细菌和放线菌、绿弯菌、厚壁菌、酸杆菌、浮霉菌)进行系统发育分析和背景比较分析,结果显示两处沉积物中的细菌优势种群虽然在大类群上很多是相同的,但是可能由于两处沉积物中不同物理化学等环境因子的选择作用(如胶州湾的近海特征和人为活动,东太平洋深海特点和热液活动),而导致优势种群在系统发育关系上距离比较远。这表明独特的微生物群落结构,特别是优势种群的群落结构信息是描述特定环境生态系统的重要方面。本研究表明在全球环境变迁中,自然环境因子和人类活动都在深刻改变着微生物群落的结构和功能。本文阐述了在环境变迁特定时期两处沉积物生态系统中的微生物群落结构及时空差异,为研究大范围生态系统的演变提供了依据,同时也为在两处沉积物环境中进行微生物参与的生物地球化学研究奠定了基础。

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用平板画线法从患病栉孔扇贝(Chlamys farreri)体内分离到了一种原核生物(简称QDP)。QDP可以在改进的液体培养基MEM(含2.2%NaCl,5%小牛血清)和脑心浸液(含2.2% NaCl)中生长;菌落在显微镜下(150×)为无色、透明的小点状;革兰氏染色阴性;菌体为圆形或近似圆形。QDP在发育过程中有两种状态,一种为未成熟阶段,直径小于100nm;另一种为成熟阶段,直径变化很大,最小约60nm,最大可达4µm以上。较小的个体有拟核、核糖体和新月状的空泡,未见细胞壁;较大的个体有细胞壁,胞内大部分被空泡充满,未见拟核和核糖体。栉孔扇贝组织超簿切片电镜观查证实QDP的存在。QDP的密度随着生长发育时间的不同而有所变化,繁殖高峰期密度较大。 建立了密度梯度离心结合滤膜过滤分离技术,优化人工培养条件。最适生长温度为23℃,最适生长pH值为7.4,最适生长盐度相当于细胞培养液所需的盐浓度(0.85%NaCl)。 提取的QDP核酸能被RNase A 降解,且没有检测到DNA。以PCR、RT-PCR扩增其16SrRNA基因序列片段,PCR反应没有扩增出扩增子,而RT-PCR则扩增出了16S rRNA基因序列片段,经测定其序列全长度为1430bp,经与GENEBANK中的16S rRNA片段比较分析,与6种不同科的微生物的同源率最高的为95%-95.47%。 采用温度梯度和病原浓度梯度回归感染实验方法,较为系统地研究了QDP的致病性。研究结果表明:QDP对栉孔扇贝有强烈的致病作用,高温(23℃以上)是其致病的必要条件,证实DQP是栉孔扇贝大规模死亡的病原体之一。

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为了进一步研究青蟹属系统进化的科学问题,并揭示我国东南沿海青蟹群体遗传结构和群体进化细节信息,本论文主要开展了以下两个方面的研究:(1)基于线粒体12S rRNA、16S rRNA和COI三种基因序列探讨中国东南沿海青蟹的种类归属与青蟹属的系统进化;(2)利用线粒体COI基因标记分析中国东南沿海拟穴青蟹的群体遗传结构。序列特征、遗传距离和系统进化分析结果都表明本文研究的青蟹均为S. paramamosain。NJ、BAYES和ML系统进化树显示S. paramamosain与S. tranquebarica互为姐妹种,S. olivecea应该是4种青蟹中最早分化出来的种类。10个地理群体130只拟穴青蟹的线粒体DNA(mitochondrial DNA,mtDNA)细胞色素氧化酶亚基I(COI)基因序列Mantel检验结果显示群体间的遗传分化程度与地理距离没有显著的相关性。分子进化中性检验结果表明自然选择在分子进化过程中起了重要作用,并暗示该物种在最近经历了一个快速的群体爆发及扩张事件。

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海洋趋磁细菌在黄海、东海的近岸海域沉积物中分布广泛,形态上以球菌为主,部分地区有杆菌、螺旋菌。在青岛汇泉湾发现大量的海洋趋磁细菌,趋磁球菌占优势,最大丰度可达105 cells/cm3。 透射电镜观察潮间带趋磁细菌以球菌或卵球菌占绝对优势;潮下带菌体形态多样,有球形或卵球形、长短杆状、弧状和螺旋状,其中球形或卵球形趋磁细菌占优势。电镜观察还发现磁小体的排列方式多样化,大多数呈链状排列,有单链、双链及多链,还有的呈环状或者成簇排列。磁小体的形态也多种多样,有正方体、棱柱体、立方八面体、子弹头状、片状和齿状。 PCR-RFLP分析RT收集潮间带得到的三个菌株同属于α-变形菌亚纲中的未培养的趋磁球菌,三者之间相似性都在98%以上,可能都属于同一个属。潮下带RT收集,测序分析得到10个菌株。发现9个属于α-变形菌亚纲,1个属于γ-变形菌亚纲,共有8个不同的属,优势种是MRT-81和MRT-82。目前尚未获得这些细菌的纯培养。 结合电镜观察的结果发现,潮间带形态单一,属于同一个属;潮下带形态多样,属于8个不同的属。电镜结果跟RFLP的结果一致。结合区域特点我们分析潮间带水深大约0.5-1 m,在大潮最低潮时可能暴露于空气中,且受潮汐的影响,物化环境变化较大。潮下带水深常年>2 m,物化环境比较稳定。这可能是造成两个区域多样性差别的主要原因。 我们得到的所有的序列与未培养和已纯培养的海洋趋磁球菌的16S rDNA相似性都不高于94%,两优势菌群与纯培养的MC-1相似性都不高于88%,可能为新发现的海洋趋磁细菌资源。

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冷泉是指温度接近于海水,而以高于周围水环境浓度的烃类化合物(主要为甲烷)、硫化物或二氧化碳为主要成分,受地质构造或压力梯度作用渗出沉积物表层的流体。对冷泉沉积物中微生物群落的调查,有助于认识该极端环境中某些生理未知微生物类群的功能并理解微生物活动对整个系统的影响。 本文对从鄂霍次克海冷泉区采集获得的沉积物样品按深度划分得到的11个断层中的6个断层进行了总基因组的提取,利用16S rDNA作为分子标记,构建克隆文库并结合总有机碳、总氮、硫等环境因子对该样品中的细菌和古菌群落结构沿沉积物断层的分布情况进行研究,结果显示该沉积物中的细菌和古菌均具有高度多样性且显示出明显的成层分布: 1.细菌群落主要来自10个细菌门,优势门类为绿弯菌、未定门JS1、γ-、δ-变形菌,同时还发现浮霉菌、未定门OP8、放线菌、酸杆菌、拟杆菌、疣微菌的存在。我们还在分布于表层沉积物δ-变形菌类群中发现了占该层群落15%以上的SRB(硫酸盐还原菌)类群,这强烈提示着该沉积物环境中存在着AOM(甲烷厌氧氧化)过程。 2.古菌类群主要划分为DSAG、MBG-D、MCG、MGI、MBG-A和MHVG等类群。其中MBG-D类群沿断层的垂直分布与沉积物中硫含量表现出相似的变化趋势,这提示MBG-D类群可能参与该环境中硫相关的地质化学过程。

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本研究以双壳纲、翼形亚纲、珍珠贝目、扇贝超科的栉孔扇贝(Chlamys farreri )、海湾扇贝(Argopecten irradians)和牡蛎超科巨蛎属(Crassostrea)的长牡蛎(C. gigas)、葡萄牙牡蛎(C. angulata)、熊本牡蛎(C. sikamea)、香港巨牡蛎(C. hongkongensis)和近江牡蛎(C. ariakensis)5种牡蛎及异齿亚纲、帘蛤目、帘蛤科的紫斑文蛤(Meretrix pethechialis)为研究对象,系统的研究了以上物种的线粒体基因组全序列的特点。并以线粒体12个蛋白质编码基因的序列,在氨基酸和核苷酸水平上构建了软体动物的分子系统发生树。本研究旨在为利用线粒体基因组全序列全面构建软体动物分子系统发生树,为软体动物的系统发生和进化研究提供一种新的思路和前期基础工作,本研究主要内容分为以下三个部分: 一、栉孔扇贝和海湾扇贝线粒体基因组序列分析及分子系统发生研究 采用Long-PCR技术扩增了栉孔扇贝和海湾扇贝线粒体全基因组,利用步移法结合文库构建的测序策略获得了线粒体基因组的序列。海湾扇贝线粒体全基因组长度为16,211 bp,栉孔扇贝接近全序列长度为20,789 bp。两个基因组都编码35个基因,包括12个蛋白质编码基因,2个rRNA和21个tRNA。与典型的动物线粒体基因组相比,两个基因组都缺少一个蛋白质编码基因atp8和2个trnS, 在海湾扇贝基因组中有1个trnF的重复,而在栉孔扇贝基因组中有1个trnM的重复。基因排列比较显示,尽管海湾扇贝、栉孔扇贝和巨扇贝分类学上属于同一扇贝科,但是它们的线粒体基因排列非常不同。在四种扇贝中,虾夷扇贝与栉孔扇贝的基因排列顺序非常相似;即使排除tRNA的比较,栉孔扇贝和海湾扇贝基因组仅仅共享三个小的基因块;而海湾扇贝与巨扇贝仅有一个相同的基因块。在所有的系统发生分析中,四种扇贝稳定的系统发生关系得到强有力的支持,海湾扇贝较其他三种扇贝较早的分化出来;栉孔扇贝比其他两种扇贝与虾夷扇贝亲缘关系更近。贝叶斯法和最大似然法分析都支持扇贝超科的单系发生。 二、巨蛎属牡蛎线粒体基因组全序列分析及分子系统发生研究 采用Long-PCR扩增技术和步移法结合文库构建的技术策略获得了巨蛎属C. gigas、C. angulata、C. sikamea、C. hongkongensis和C. ariakensis 5种牡蛎线粒体全基因组序列,并于GenBank已公布的美洲牡蛎C.virginica序列进行比较研究。C. gigas、C. angulata、C. sikamea、C. hongkongensis和C. ariakensis线粒体全基因组长度分别为18,225 bp、18,225 bp、18,243 bp、18,622 bp和18,414 bp,都长于C. virginica基因组17,244 bp的长度。本研究的5种牡蛎线粒体基因组都编码39个基因,包括12个蛋白质编码基因,2个rRNA和25个tRNA。与典型的线粒体基因组相比,都缺少一个蛋白质编码基因atp8,有trnM、trnK和trnQ 3个tRNA基因的重复,更特别的是基因组中的rrnL分为两段,这在其它线粒体基因组中未见报道,有一个重复的rrnS;而C. virginica基因组编码37个基因,与其他牡蛎相比,没有trnK和trnQ重复,只有一个rrnS。基因排列比较显示,巨蛎属的5种牡蛎C. gigas、C. angulata、C. sikamea、C. hongkongensis和C. ariakensis基因排列完全一致,而与C. virginica的基因排列相比仍然有较大的差别,有多个tRNA发生易位。系统发生分析显示,C. gigas和C. angulata首先聚在一起,然后与C. sikamea聚为一支。C. hongkongensis和C. ariakensis聚成一支。C. virginica为单独的一支。系统树清楚的显示出C. gigas和C. angulata以及C. hongkongensis和C. ariakensis非常近的亲缘关系,这也是长期以来,牡蛎分类学上的经典问题,有学者认为C. gigas和C. angulata为同一物种,线粒体基因组的数据显示C. gigas和C. angulata可能达到不同物种的差异。传统分类上的“近江牡蛎”的“白蚝”和“赤蚝”,线粒体序列差别明显,完全支持两种牡蛎新种名的制定。 三、紫斑文蛤线粒体基因组全序列分析及分子系统发生研究 采用Long-PCR扩增技术和步移法结合文库构建的技术策略获得了紫斑文蛤线粒体基因组全序列。该基因组全长19,567 bp,编码36个基因,包括12个蛋白质编码基因,2个rRNA和22个tRNA。与典型的线粒体基因组相比,缺少一个蛋白质编码基因atp8和1个trnS, 有1个trnQ基因的重复。基因排列比较显示,双壳类的基因排列在低的分类阶元时相对保守。在帘蛤科中,紫斑文蛤M. petechialis和菲律宾蛤仔V. philippinarum共享四个完全一致的基因块,两个大的基因块是cox1-L1-nad1-nad2-nad4L-I 和 cox2-P-cob-rrnL-nad4-H-E-S2-atp6-nad3-nad5,另两个小基因块只包括tRNA基因。在以氨基酸序列构建的分子系统树中,帘蛤科紫斑文蛤与菲律宾蛤仔首先聚在一起,然后,它们与A. tuberculata形成一个进化枝。这一枝与H. arctica结合起来,支持异齿亚纲单系发生。

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深海生物圈有着不同于陆地和浅海的典型特点,例如高压、低温、永久黑暗及寡营养,并且深海微生物具有特殊的代谢途径及庞大的生物量,这使得深海成为一个巨大的有待开发利用的生物资源宝库。 本文研究的样品分别取自东太平洋E272站位(12°36’39"N, 104°19’28"W)和西太平洋Ph05-5站位(16°04’93"N, 124º34’48"E)。E272站位距离东太平洋13°N海隆45km,水深3 191m;而Ph05-5站位地处西菲律宾海盆,在黑潮源区附近,位于西太平洋暖池区边缘,水深3 382m,并且Ph05-5岩芯一共包含了五个明显的火山灰层。 本文采用了末端限制性片段长度多态性分析(T-RFLP)和16S rRNA 基因文库分析的方法在小尺度上对东太平洋E272站位的沉积物样品进行细菌群落结构的研究。研究结果表明沉积物细菌群落结构在小尺度上存在明显的垂直变化。系统进化分析表明,该沉积物样品的细菌多样性较高,共包含9个主要的门类,包括变形菌门、绿弯菌门(绿色非硫细菌)、浮霉菌门、酸杆菌门、放线菌门(高G+C革兰氏阳性菌)、拟杆菌门、硝化螺旋菌门、以及两个待定的门类OP8和TM6。其中变形菌门细菌是一类在海洋中非常常见的细菌,广泛分布于各个海洋环境,在我们的文库当中发现了变形菌门的三个纲,包括α-、-、-变形菌纲。本项研究充分表明该沉积物环境中具有较高的细菌多样性,在小尺度上细菌群落垂直分布明显,其结果也可从侧面反映深海沉积物近表层处的环境条件在小尺度上的垂直变化显著。 对西太平洋暖池区沉积物样品的细菌群落的研究也采用16S rRNA 基因文库分析的方法。系统进化分析表明该沉积物样品细菌的多样性相对较低,一共包含了六个不同的门类,包括变形菌门、浮霉菌门、放线菌门、厚壁菌门(低G+C革兰氏阳性菌)、绿弯菌门、酸杆菌门。在这个沉积物样品中也发现了变形菌门的三个纲包括α-、-和-变形菌纲。聚类分析和系统进化分析都表明表层的细菌群落同其它8层的细菌群落存在明显的差异,并且其它8层包括5个火山灰层和3个远洋粘土层的细菌群落结构差异不大,推测火山灰成分不仅对火山灰层的细菌群落产生影响,而且可能通过扩散对整个沉积物的微生物群落结构都产生影响。表层可能由于沉积时间较晚所以受影响相对较小或表层本身不同于较深层次的理化条件而使表层群落存在较大差异。 对东、西太平洋不同环境下的两个深海沉积物样品的细菌多样性进行比较,结合其它研究发现变形菌门细菌在不同深海环境中都普遍存在,是深海不同环境的广适类群。另外,两个环境中的细菌多样性存在很大差异,东太平洋沉积环境中的细菌多样性要远高于西太平洋沉积环境中的细菌多样性,推测其最可能的原因是西太平洋沉积物火山灰成分对细菌群落的影响,致使其细菌群落与东太平洋远洋粘土沉积物细菌群落产生很大差异;另外,不同洋区的环境差异也应该是造成细菌群落差异的一个重要方面。

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Magnetotactic bacteria are a heterologous group of motile prokaryotes, ubiquitous in aquatic habitats and cosmopolitan in distribution. Here, we studied the diversity of magnetotactic bacteria in a seawater pond within an intertidal zone at Huiquan Bay in the China Sea. The pond is composed of a permanently submerged part and a low tide subregion. The magnetotactic bacteria collected from the permanently submerged part display diversity in morphology and taxonomy. In contrast, we found a virtually homogenous population of ovoid-coccoid magnetotactic bacteria in the low tide subregion of the pond. They were bilophotrichously flagellated and exhibited polar magnetotactic behaviour. Almost all cells contained two chains of magnetosomes composed of magnetite crystals. Intriguingly, the combination of restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis (RFLP) and sequencing of cloned 16S rDNA genes from the low tide subregion samples as well as fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) revealed the presence of a homogenous population. Moreover, phylogenetic analysis indicated that the Qingdao Huiquan low tide magnetotactic bacteria belong to a new genus affiliated with the alpha-subclass of Proteobacteria. This finding suggests the adaptation of the magnetotactic bacterial population to the marine tide.

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Two biological aerated filters (BAF) were setup for ammonia removal treatment of the circulation water in a marine aquaculture. One of the BAFs was bioaugmented with a heterotrophic nitrifying bacterium, Lutimonas sp. H10, where the ammonia removal was not improved and the massive inoculation was even followed by a nitrification breakdown from day 9 to 18. The nitrification was remained stable in control BAF operated under the same conditions. Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) with rRNA-targeted probes and cultivable method revealed that Lutimonas sp. H10 almost disappeared from the bioaugomented BAF within 3 d, and this was mainly due to the infection of a specific phage as revealed by flask experiment, plaque assay and transmission electron observation. Analyses of 16S rRNA gene libraries showed that bacterial groups from two reactors evolved differently and an overgrowth of protozoa was observed in the bioaugmented BAR Therefore, phage infection and poor biofilm forming ability of the inoculated strain are the main reasons for bioaugmentation failure. In addition, gazing by protozoa of the bacteria might be the reason for the nitrification breakdown in bioaugmented BAF during day 9-18.

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We conducted this study to assess the diversity of bacteria associated with the surfaces of algae based on 16S rDNA sequence analyses. Twelve strains of bacteria were obtained from the surfaces of the following four species of algae: Gracilaria textorii, Ulva pertusa, Laminaria japonica, and Polysiphonia urceolata. The isolated strains of bacteria can be divided into two groups: Halomonas and Vibrio, in physiology, biochemical characteristics and 16S rDNA sequence analyses. The phylogenetic tree constructed based on 16S rDNA sequences of the isolates shows four obvious clusters, Halomonas venusta, Vibrio tasmaniensis, Vibrio lentus, and Vibrio splendidus. Isolates from the surface of P. urceolata are more abundant and diverse, of which strains P9 and P28 have a 16S rDNA sequence very similar (97.5%-99.8%) to that of V. splendidus. On the contrary, the isolates from the surfaces of G textorii, U. pertusa and L. japonica are quite simple and distribute on different branches of the phylogenetic tree. In overall, the results of this study indicate that the genetic relationships among the isolates are quite close and display a certain level of host species specificity, and alga-associated bacteria species are algal species specific.

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Twenty-nine marine bacterial strains were isolated from the sponge Hymeniacidon perleve at Nanji island, and antimicrobial screening showed that eight strains inhibited the growth of terrestrial microorganisms. The strain NJ6-3-1 with wide antimicrobial spectrum was identified as Pseudoalteromonas piscicida based on its 16S rRNA sequence analysis. The major antimicrobial metabolite, isolated through bioassay-guide fractionation of TLC bioautography overlay assay, was identified as norharman (a beta-carboline alkaloid) by EI-MS and NMR.

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The effect of S-10, a strain of marine bacteria isolated from sediment in the Western Xiamen Sea, on the growth and paralytic shellfish poison (PSP) production in the alga Alexandrium tamarense (A. tamarense) was studied under controlled experimental conditions. The results of these experiments have shown that the growth of A. tamarense is obviously inhibited by S-10 at high concentrations, however no evident effect on its growth was observed at low concentrations. Its PSP production was also inhibited by S 10 at different concentrations, especially at low concentrations. The toxicity of this strain of A. tamarense is about (0.9512.14) x 10(-6) MU/cell, a peak toxicity value of 12.14 x 10(-6) MU/cell appeared on the 14th day, after which levels decreased gradually. The alga grew well in conditions of pH 6-8 and salinities of 20-34 parts per thousand. The toxicity of the alga varied markedly at different pH and salinity levels. Toxicity decreased as pH increased, while it increased with salinity and reached a peak value at a salinity of 30 parts per thousand, after which it declined gradually. S-10 at a concentration of 1.02 x 10(9) cells/ml inhibited growth and the PSP production of A. tamarense at different pH and salinity levels. S-10 had the strongest inhibitory function on the growth of A. tamarense under conditions of pH 7 and a salinity of 34 parts per thousand. The best inhibitory effect on PSP production by A. tamarense was at pH 7, this inhibitory effect on PSP production did not relate to salinity. Interactions between marine bacteria and A. tamarense were also investigated using the flow cytometer technique (FCM) as well as direct microscope counting. S-10 was identitied as being a member of the genus Bacillus, the difference in 16S rDNA between S-10 and Bacillus halmapalus was only 2%. The mechanism involved in the inhibition of growth and PSP production of A. tamarense by this strain of marine bacteria, and the prospect of using it and other marine bacteria in the biocontrol of red-tides was discussed. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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Bacteria isolated from a highly toxic sample of gastropod Nassarius semiplicatus in Lianyungang, Jiangsu Province in July 2007, were studied to probe into the relationship between bacteria and toxicity of nassariid gastropod. The toxicity of the gastropod sample was 2 x 10(2) mouse unit (MU) Per gram Of tissue (wet weight). High concentration of tetrodotoxin (TTX) and its analogues (TTXs) were found in the digestive gland and muscle of the gastropod, using high performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass chromatography (LC-MS). Bacterial strains isolated from the digestive gland were cultured and screened for TTX with a competitive ELISA method. Tetrodotoxin was detected in a proportion of bacterial strains, but the toxin content was low. Partial 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) of the TTX-producing strains was then sequenced and compared with those published in the GenBank to tentatively identify the toxic strains. It was found that most of the toxic strains were closely affiliated with genus Vibrio, and the others were related to genus Shewanella, Marinomonas, Tenacibaculum and Aeromonas. These findings suggest that tetrodotoxin-producing bacteria might play an important role in tetrodotoxin accumulation/production in N. semiplicatus. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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The marine Roseobacter clade comprises one of the largest fractions of heterotrophic marine bacteria and accounts for about 16% of 16S rRNA gene clones retrieved from marine bacterioplankton. Their global distribution seems to be related to oceanic water masses and their environmental and biogeochemical properties. In this study, we report isolation and characterization of novel Roseobacter clade members from the Yellow Sea, China. Phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences reveals that the new isolates (YSCB1, YSCB2, YSCB3 and YSCB4) are closely related to uncultured Arctic seawater bacterium R7967 (99.57-100% sequence identity) and to the cultured Roseobacter sp. DSS-1 (99.27-99.76% sequence identity) isolated from the southeastern coastal water of the USA. Interestingly, YSCB strains possess unique intracellular chromium-containing aggregates. Therefore, these novel Roseobacter clade members exhibit a peculiar property in mineral biogeneration. (c) 2006 Elsevier SAS. All rights reserved.