Wind-vector estimation for RADARSAT-1 SAR images: Validation of wind-direction estimates based upon geometry diversity

In this letter, a new wind-vector algorithm is presented that uses radar backscatter sigma(0) measurements at two adjacent subscenes of RADARSAT-1 synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images, with each subscene having slightly different geometry. Resultant wind vectors are validated using in situ buoy measurements and compared with wind vectors determined from a hybrid wind-retrieval model using wind directions determined by spectral analysis of wind-induced image streaks and observed by colocated QuikSCAT measurements. The hybrid wind-retrieval model consists of CMOD-IFR2 [applicable to C-band vertical-vertical (W) polarization] and a C-band copolarization ratio according to Kirchhoff scattering. The new algorithm displays improved skill in wind-vector estimation for RADARSAT-1 SAR data when compared to conventional wind-retrieval methodology. In addition, unlike conventional methods, the present method is applicable to RADARSAT-1 images both with and without visible streaks. However, this method requires ancillary data such as buoy measurements to resolve the ambiguity in retrieved wind direction.

卫星高度计资料在海洋潮汐研究中的应用

本文依据收集到的392个地面验潮站8个主要分潮（M2、S2、K1、O1、N2、K2、P1及Q1）的调和常数，对现有7个全球大洋潮汐模式的准确度进行了检验，结果显示各模式在深海区域均达到了比较高的准确度，相互之间差别也不大。经验模式GOT00和CSR4.0、同化模式NAO99、反演同化模式TPXO7.0、数值同化模式FES2002和FES2004的M2分潮均方根偏差在3 cm左右，其它分潮（S2、K1、O1、N2、K2、P1及Q1）大约在1～2 cm。本文还依据中国近海18个岛屿的调和常数对其中的5个大洋潮汐模式的准确度进行了检验，结果表明，M2分潮均方根偏差在6～14 cm，明显高于大洋部分的偏差，其中日本国家天文台的潮汐模式NAO99在中国近海的结果相对较准确。 我们利用1992年8月至2008年8月的TOPEX/POSEIDON和JASON-1(T/P-J)卫星高度计资料，对沿卫星轨道的302816个站点进行了14个分潮的潮汐调和分析，得到了全球大洋潮汐的8个主要分潮以及2个气象分潮Sa、Ssa的经验同潮图。主要结果有：（1）各分潮在卫星上升轨道与下降轨道的交叉点(约7000个)相关性分析表明：M2分潮的振幅和迟角的相关系数很高（分别为0.9965和0.9961）；S2，K1，O1和Sa分潮也有较好的相关性（相关系数为0.94～0.99）；（2）该结果与392地面个验潮站吻合较好，其中M2分潮的振幅、迟角和向量的均方根偏差分别为：1.73 cm，2.340和2.93 cm；S2，K1和O1分潮的振幅、迟角和向量的均方根偏差为1 cm左右，5.250～7.270和1.5～2.1 cm，该精度与最近几年国际上的主要大洋潮汐模式的准确度相近；（3）首次通过卫星资料获得了Sa、Ssa分潮的同潮图。周期为1年的Sa分潮与大洋105个地面站相比，振幅、迟角和向量的均方根偏差分别为1.50 cm、18.360和2.16 cm。在此基础上，进一步分析了构成Sa、Ssa气象分潮的两个主要因素（海水密度以及海面气压）在全球的分布。 在T/P-J等卫星资料无法覆盖到南大洋和北冰洋，本文利用Princeton Ocean Model（POM）进行了数值模拟，模拟结果与162个地面实测站（其中南大洋30个，北冰洋132个）的观测比较一致。基于卫星资料分析的结果和数值模拟结果合并得到了全球大洋的8个主要分潮同潮图。在此基础上通过全球潮汐能量耗散的计算得到潮能通量的分布，并得到全球M2、S2、K1和O1分潮的潮汐能量耗散率为2.431TW、0.401TW、0.336TW和0.176TW。 本文还利用卫星资料对南海潮汐进行了研究，在中国南海，获得了主要的半日潮、全日潮、四分日分潮和长周期分潮（M2，S2，N2，K2，K1，O1，P1，Q1，M4, MS4，Sa, Ssa）的经验同潮图。与南海沿岸94个地面验潮站的数据符合得比较好，M2，S2，K1及O1等4个主要分潮的平均振幅差为2～4 cm，均方根偏差分别是9～11 cm.其它4个主要分潮N2，K2，P1，Q1的平均振幅差为1～2 cm，均方根偏差为2～4 cm。此外，本文还利用卫星高度计资料潮汐分析结果沿卫星轨道进行高通滤波，分离得出中国近海的M2，S2，K1及O1分潮的内潮信息。

东海天然气水合物地球物理特征及全波形反演方法研究

地球物理方法是目前海域天然气水合物和游离气识别与预测分析的重要手段，并且已经由早期主要研究地层的速度和振幅信息发展到利用波形特征进行叠前反演，提取多种属性、多种弹性参数进行综合分析的阶段，因此对水合物地层进行综合地球物理属性研究具有重要的理论意义和实践意义。 本文通过对2001年东海973航次在冲绳海槽取得的多道地震数据进行有针对性的特殊处理，并通过精细地地震地层解释，发现海槽南部存在大量的泥底辟构造并伴生天然气水合物。针对DMS01-5测线上的泥底辟构造，分别从叠加速度分析、砂泥岩比分析、计算海底热流与实测海底热流对比分析、流体势能分析和波阻抗反演分析等几方面探讨了泥底辟型天然气水合物的地球物理特征，并对该处底辟顶部和其周围岩层中似海底反射（BSR）的成因进行了探讨，认为这里的BSR并不代表天然气水合物稳定带的底界，而分别对应于天然气水合物生成带的底界和游离气的顶界。 基于波动方程的一维半空间叠前全波形反演可以求取多个弹性参数，同时可以获得水合物沉积层精细的速度结构，这对天然气水合物和游离气的识别进而估算天然气水合物和游离气的含量至关重要。本文系统讨论了在Kennett广义反射透射系数矩阵正演基础上叠前全波形反演的遗传算法。Kennett广义反射透射系数矩阵正演算法包含了自由表面反射、薄互层层间多次反射波、透射反射波以及P-SV波之间的相互转换波，适合水合物层精细速度结构研究。采用遗传算法进行全波形反演克服了传统局部线性最优化方法依赖初始模型，需要利用目标函数导数信息的不足之处，算法收敛速度较快并且具有一定的稳定性。

中国近海和西北太平洋温跃层时空变化分析、模拟及预报

温度跃层是反映海洋温度场的重要物理特性指标，对水下通讯、潜艇活动及渔业养殖、捕捞等有重要影响。本文利用中国科学院海洋研究所“中国海洋科学数据库”在中国近海及西北太平洋（110ºE-140ºE,10ºN-40ºN）的多年历史资料（1930-2002年，510143站次），基于一种改进的温跃层判定方法，分析了该海域温跃层特征量的时空分布状况。同时利用Princeton Ocean Model(POM)，对中国近海，特别是东南沿海的水文结构进行了模拟，研究了海洋水文环境对逆温跃层的影响。最后根据历史海温观测资料，利用EOF分解统计技术，提出了一种适于我国近海及毗邻海域，基于现场有限层实测海温数据，快速重构海洋水温垂直结构的统计预报方法，以达到对现场温跃层的快速估计。 历史资料分析结果表明，受太阳辐射和风应力的影响，20°N以北研究海域，温跃层季节变化明显，夏季温跃层最浅、最强，冬季相反，温跃层厚度的相位明显滞后于其他变量，其在春季最薄、秋季最厚。12月份到翌年3月份，渤、黄及东海西岸，呈无跃层结构，西北太平洋部分海域从1月到3月份，也基本无跃层结构。在黄海西和东岸以及台湾海峡附近的浅滩海域，由于风力搅拌和潮混合作用，温跃层出现概率常年较低。夏季，海水层化现象在近海陆架海域得到了加强，陆架海域温跃层强度季节性变化幅度(0.31°C/m)明显大于深水区(约0.05°C/m)，而前者温跃层深度和厚度的季节性变化幅度小于后者。20°N以南研究海域，温跃层季节变化不明显。逆温跃层主要出现在冬、春季节（10月-翌年5月）。受长江冲淡水和台湾暖流的影响，东南沿海区域逆温跃层持续时间最长，出现概率最大，而在山东半岛北及东沿岸、朝鲜半岛西及北岸，逆温跃层消长过程似乎和黄海暖流有关。多温跃层结构常年出现于北赤道流及对马暖流区。在黑潮入侵黄、东、南海的区域，多温跃层呈现明显不同的季节变化。在黄海中部，春季多温跃层发生概率高于夏季和秋季，在东海西部，多跃层主要出现在夏季，在南海北部，冬季和春季多温跃层发生概率大于夏季和秋季。这些变化可能主要受海表面温度变化和风力驱动的表层流的影响。 利用Princeton Ocean Model(POM)，对中国东南沿海逆温跃层结构进行了模拟，模拟结果显示，长江冲淡水的季节性变化以及夏季转向与实际结果符合较好，基本再现了渤、黄、东海海域主要的环流、温盐场以及逆温跃层的分布特征和季节变化。通过数值实验发现，若无长江、黄河淡水输入，则在整个研究海域基本无逆温跃层出现，因此陆源淡水可能是河口附近逆温跃层出现的基本因素之一。长江以及暖流（黑潮和台湾暖流）流量的增加，均可在不同程度上使逆温跃层出现概率及强度、深度和厚度增加，且暖流的影响更加明显。长江对东南沿海逆温跃层的出现，特别是秋季到冬季初期，有明显的影响，使长江口海域逆温跃层位置偏向东南。暖流对于中国东南沿海的逆温跃层结构，特别是初春时期，有较大影响，使长江口海域的逆温跃层位置向东北偏移。 通过对温跃层长期变化分析得出，黄海冷水团区域，夏季温跃层强度存在3.8年左右的年际变化及18.9年左右的年代际变化，此变化可能主要表现为对当年夏季和前冬东亚地区大气气温的热力响应。东海冷涡区域，夏季温跃层强度存在3.7年的年际变化，在El Nino年为正的强度异常，其可能主要受局地气旋式大气环流变异所影响。谱分析同时表明，该海域夏季温跃层强度还存在33.2年的年代际变化，上世纪70年代中期，温跃层强度由弱转强，而此变化可能与黑潮流量的年代际变化有关。 海洋水温垂直结构的统计预报结果显示，EOF分解的前四个主分量即能够解释原空间点温度距平总方差的95%以上，以海洋表层附近观测资料求解的特征系数推断温度垂直结构分布的结果最稳定。利用东海陆架区、南海深水区和台湾周边海域三个不同区域的实测CTD样本廓线资料，对重构模型的检验结果表明，重构与实测廓线的相关程度超过95%的置信水平。三个区重构与实测温度廓线值的平均误差分别为0.69℃，0.52℃，1.18℃，平均重构廓线误差小于平均气候偏差，统计模式可以很好的估算温度廓线垂直结构。东海陆架海区温度垂直重构廓线与CTD观测廓线获得的温跃层结果对比表明，重构温跃层上界、下界深度和强度的平均绝对误差分别为1.51m、1.36m和0.17℃/m，它们的平均相对误差分别为24.7%、8.9%和22.6%，虽然温跃层深度和强度的平均相对误差较大，但其绝对误差量值较小。而在南海海区，模型重构温跃层上界、下界和强度的平均绝对预报误差分别为4.1m、27.7m和0.007℃/m，它们的平均相对误差分别为16.1%、16.8%和9.5%，重构温跃层各特征值的平均相对误差都在20%以内。虽然南海区温跃层下界深度平均绝对预报误差较大，但相对于温跃层下界深度的空间尺度变化而言（平均温跃层下界深度为168m），平均相对误差仅为16.8%。因此说模型重构的温度廓线可以达到对我国陆架海域、深水区温跃层的较好估算。 基于对历史水文温度廓线观测资料的分析及自主温跃层统计预报模型，研制了实时可利用微机简单、快捷地进行温跃层估算及查询的可视化系统，这是迄今进行大范围海域温跃层统计与实时预报研究的较系统成果。

Adsorption and Corrosion Inhibition Behavior of Mild Steel by One Derivative of Benzoic-Triazole in Acidic Solution

A newly synthesized benzoic-triazole derivative 3,5-dimethylbenzoic acid [1,2,4]triazol-l-ylmethyl ester (DBT) was investigated as a corrosion inhibitor of mild steel in 1 M HCl solution using weight loss measurements, potentiodynamic polarization, SEM, and EIS methods. The results revealed that DBT was an excellent inhibitor, and the inhibition efficiencies obtained from weight loss and electrochemical experiments were in good agreement. Using the potentiodynamic polarization technique, the inhibitor was proved to have a mixed-type character for mild steel by suppressing both anodic and cathodic reactions on the metal surface. The number of water molecules (X) replaced by a molecule of organic adsorbate was determined from the Flory-Huggins, Dhar-Flory-Huggins, and Bockris-Swinkels substitutional adsorption isotherms applied to the data obtained from the gravimetric experiments performed on a mild steel specimen in 1 M HCl solution at 298 K.

Dichloridobis[N-(2-pyridylmethyl)-benzamide-kappa N-2,O]cadmium(II)

In the title compound, [CdCl2(C13H12N2O)(2)], the Cd-II ion is situated on an inversion centre, coordinated by two 0 atoms [Cd-O=2.3878 (17) angstrom] and two N atoms [Cd-N = 2.3404 (15) angstrom] from two N-(2-pyridylmethyl)benzamide ligands, and two Cl atoms [Cd-Cl = 2.5566 (6) angstrom], in a distorted octahedral geometry. In the crystal structure, intermolecular N-H center dot center dot center dot Cl hydrogen bonds [N center dot center dot center dot Cl = 3.1705 (18) angstrom] and pi-pi interactions, with a distance of 3.868 (3) angstrom between the centroids of the phenyl and pyridyl rings of neighbouring molecules, lead to the formation of two-dimensional layers parallel to the bc plane.

Bis(2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium) tetrachloridocadmate(II)

The title compound, ( C19H15N4)(2)[ CdCl4], a salt comprising two 2,3,5-triphenyl-substituted tetrazolium cations and a tetrachloridocadmate(II) anion, was synthesized by hydrothermal methods. In the anion, the Cd-II ion is tetrahedrally coordinated by four chloride anions. In the crystal structure, four cations and two anions pack into inversion-related subunits linked by C-H center dot center dot center dot Cl and offset pi-stacking interactions.Each of these subunits is surrounded by six others. Intermolecular pi-pi stacking interactions between phenyl rings are observed along the a axis, with perpendicular distances between the ring planes of 3.6015 and 3.6934 angstrom.

空间柔性双臂机器人系统建模、控制与仿真研究

空间柔性多臂机器人系统是高度非线性,强耦合的动力学系统,其动力学的研究是比较复杂和困难的问题.本文针对极为复杂的空间柔性双臂机器人系统,建立了其系统动力学模型,利用逆动力学控制算法对该动力学模型实现了轨迹跟踪控制,仿真结果表明该方法具有较好的控制效果,分析了在仿真过程中出现的有关数值算法的问题.

渤海湾地区前第三系构造特征及其演化研究

Based on fine structural interpretation on seismic profiles of buried-hills in Huanghua depression, structural interpretation and balanced cross-section restoration of regional seismic profiles, drawing structural maps of main seismic interfaces, residual strata distribution of different ages in the Bohai Bay region and structural survey in the western Shandong uplifted area and the intracontinental orogeny of Yanshan mountain, the paper has studied pre-tertiary structural styles and tectonic evolution of the Bohai Bay region. There mainly develop 5 types of pre-tertiary structural style that are extension structure, compression structure, strike-slip structure, negative inversion structure and sliding structure in the Bohai Bay region. Among these 5 types of structural style, extension structure develops detachment fault and its controlling fault terrain structure and fault break slop; compression structure develops reverted fold, fault propagation fold, fault bent fold, imbricate thrust structure and triangle zone; strike-slip structure develops positive flower structure, negative flower structure, en-echelon structure and brush structure; negative reversion structure develops Indosinian compression and Yanshanian extension negative reversion structure, late Yanshanian compression and Cenozoic extension negative reversion structure; sliding structure develops interlayer sliding structure and detachment structure. According to Cangdong fault of SN direction, Zhangjiakou – Penglai fault and Qihe – Guangrao fault of NWW direction, the Bohai Bay region can be divided into 6 sub-regions in which structural direction and style is different from each other. Structural maps of bottom boundary of Cenozoic and upper Paleozoic manifest that main NNE structural direction is formed from late Yanshanian to Himalayan movement and minor NWW structural direction and a string of area more than 8000m are mainly suggest that Indosinian tectonic pattern strongly influence on Yanshanian and Himalayan movement. Residual strata distribution characteristics of middle to upper Neoproterozoic in the Bohai Bay region manifest that middle- to neo- aulacogen position may be corresponding to late Mesozoic uplifted zone. Residual Paleozoic distribution characteristics of main ENN suggest that structural alteration should be resulted from late Yanshanian to Himalayan movement while which of minor NWW structures suggest that deeper structure should restrict shallower structure. Structural patterns of main EW fold direction in the Bohai Bay region and thrust structure in eastern part are formed late Triassic in studied area. Granite magma intrusion of early to middle Jurassic mainly develops Yanshan mountain zone. Late Mesozoic rifting basins of NEE direction are widely distributed in the Bohai Bay region and granite magma intrusions are mainly distributed in Tancheng – Rongcheng zone. Mesozoic structural evolution in the Bohai Bay region is related to scissor convergent from east to west between North China plate and Yangtze plate and gradually reinforcing of the west circum-pacific tectonic tract while basin and range province of late Jurassic and early Cretaceous may be mainly related to lithospheric thinning of North China craton in late Mesozoic.

提高勘探成熟区地震资料精度的方法研究

With the Oil field exploration and exploitation, the problem of supervention and enhaning combination gas recovery was faced.then proposing new and higher demands to precision of seismic data. On the basis of studying exploration status,resource potential,and quality of 3D seismic data to internal representative mature Oil field, taking shengli field ken71 zone as study object, this paper takes advantage of high-density 3D seismic technique to solving the complex geologic problem in exploration and development of mature region, deep into researching the acquisition, processing of high-density 3D seismic data. This disseration study the function of routine 3D seismic, high-density 3D seismic, 3D VSP seismic,and multi-wave multi-component seismic to solving the geologic problem in exploration and development of mature region,particular introduce the advantage and shortage of high-density 3D seismic exploration, put forward the integrated study method of giving priority to high-density 3D seismic and combining other seismic data in enhancing exploration accuracy of mature region. On the basis of detailedly studying acquisition method of high-density 3D seismic and 3D VSP seismic,aming at developing physical simulation and numeical simulation to designing and optimizing observation system. Optimizing “four combination” whole acquisition method of acquisition of well with ground seimic and “three synchron”technique, realizing acquisition of combining P-wave with S-wave, acquisition of combining digit geophone with simulation geophone, acquisition of 3D VSP seismic with ground seimic, acquisition of combining interborehole seismic,implementing synchron acceptance of aboveground equipment and downhole instrument, common use and synchron acceptance of 3D VSP and ground shots, synchron acquisition of high-density P-wave and high-density multi-wave, achieve high quality magnanimity seismic data. On the basis of detailedly analysising the simulation geophone data of high-density acquisition ,adopting pertinency processing technique to protecting amplitude,studying the justice matching of S/N and resolution to improving resolution of seismic profile ,using poststack series connection migration,prestack time migration and prestack depth migration to putting up high precision imaging,gained reliable high resolution data.At the same time carrying along high accuracy exploration to high-density digit geophone data, obtaining good improve in its resolution, fidelity, break point clear degree, interbed information, formation characteristics and so on.Comparing processing results ,we may see simulation geophone high-density acquisition and high precision imaging can enhancing resolution, high-density seismic basing on digit geophone can better solve subsurface geology problem. At the same time, fine processing converted wave of synchron acquisition and 3D VSP seismic data,acquiring good result. On the basis of high-density seismic data acquisition and high-density seismic data processing, carry through high precision structure interpretation and inversion, and preliminary interpretation analysis to 3D VSP seismic data and multi-wave multi-component seismic data. High precision interpretation indicates after high resolution processing ,structural diagram obtaining from high-density seismic data better accord with true geoligy situation.

碳酸盐岩缝洞型储层地球物理响应特征及预测方法研究

Proven by the petroleum exploration activities, the karsts-fissure reservoir in carbonate rocks is significant to find out the large scale oil & gas field. They are made up of the four reservoir types: karsts-cave, karsts-crack, crack-cave and fracture-pore-cave. Each reservoir space and each reservoir bed has different features of reservoir heterogeneity and small scale of pore-crack-cave. The fracture-cave reservoir in carbonate rocks is characteristic by multi-types and long oiliness well. The reservoir shape is controlled by the irregular pore-crack-cave. The development level of fracture and karst-cave is the key element of hydrocarbon enriching, high productivity and stable production. However, most of Carbonate formation are buried deeply and the signal-ration-noise of seismic reflection are very low. It is reason why the fracture-cave reservoir are difficult to be predicted effectively. In terms of surveyed and studied lots of the former research outcome, The author applied the methods of synthetical reservoir geophysical prediction from two ways including macrosopic and microcomic technics in terms of the reservoir-cap condition, geophysics and geology feature and difficulty of prediction in carbonate rocks. It is guiden by the new ideas of stratigraphy, sedimentology, sedimentography, reservoir geology and karst geology. The geophysics technology is key technics. In aspects of macroscopic studies, starting off the three efficiencies of controlling the reservoir distribution including sedimental facies, karst and fracture, by means of comprehensive utilization of geology, geophysics, boring well and well log, the study of reservoir features and karst inside story are developed in terms of data of individual well and multiple well. Through establishing the carbonate deposition model, karstic model and fracture model, the macro-distribution laws of carbonatite are carried out by the study of coherence analysis, seismic reflection feature analysis and palaeotectonics analysis. In aspects of microcosmic studies, starting off analysis in reservoir geophysical response feature of fracture and karst-cave model according to guidance of the macroscopic geological model in carbonate reservoir, the methods of the carbonate reservoir prediction are developed by comprehensively utilization of seismic multi-attribution intersection analysis, seismic inversion restricted by log, seismic discontinuity analysis, seimic spectrum attenuation gradient, moniliform reflection feature analysis and multiparameter karst reservoir appraisement.Through application of carbonate reservoir synthetical geophysics prediction, the author r successfully develops the beneficial reservoir distribution province in Ordovician of Katake block 1in middle Tarim basin. The fracture-cave reservoir distributions are delineated. The prospect direction and favorable aims are demonstrated. There are a set of carbonate reservoir prediction methods in middle Tarim basin. It is the favorable basic technique in predicting reservoir of the Ordovician carbonate in middle Tarim. Proven by exploration drilling, the favorable region of moniliform reflection fracture and pore-cave and cave-fracture in lower-middle Ordovician are coincidence with the region of hydrocarbon show. It’s indicated that the reservoir prediction methods described in the study of Ordovician carbonate formation are feasible practicably.

高阶广义屏波动方程叠前深度偏移

Attaining sufficient accuracy and efficiency of generalized screen propagator and improving the quality of input gathers are often problems　of wave equation presack depth migration,　in this paper,a high order formula of generalized screen propagator　for one-way wave equation is proposed by using the asymptotic expansion of single-square-root operator. Based on the formula，a new generalized screen propagator is developed ,which is composed of split-step Fourier propagator and high order correction terms，the new generalized screen propagator not only improving calculation precision without sharply increasing the quantity of computation，facilitates the suitability of generalized screen propagator to the media with strong lateral velocity variation.　As wave-equation prestack depth migration is sensitive to the quality of input gathers, which greatly affect the output，and the available seismic data processing system has inability to obtain traveltimes corresponding to the multiple arrivals, to estimate of great residual statics， to merge seismic datum from different projects and to design inverse Q filter, we establish　difference equations with an embodiment of Huygens’s principle for obtaining traveltimes corresponding to the multiple arrivals,bring forward a time variable matching filter for seismic datum merging by using the fast algorithm called Mallat tree for wavelet transformations， put forward a method for estimation of residual statics by applying the optimum model parameters estimated by iterative inversion with three organized algorithm,i.e,the CMP intertrace cross-correlation algorithm,the Laplacian image edge extraction algorithm,and the DFP algorithm, and present phase-shift inverse Q filter based on Futterman’s amplitude and phase-velocity dispersion formula and wave field extrapolation theory. All of their numerical and real data calculating results shows that our theory and method are practical and efficient. Key words: prestack depth migration, generalized screen propagator, residual statics，inverse Q filter ,traveltime，3D seismic datum mergence

构造复杂区变速成图方法研究

In the complex structure areas, velocity field building and structure mapping are important for seismic exploration. With the development of seismic exploration, the methods of structure mapping, reservoir prediction and reservoir description all require high precious velocity field. And more accurate depth-structure maps are required for well site design. Aiming at the problems and defects in velocity analysis and structure mapping in oil seismic exploration, the paper which is based on the studies of real data in several areas combines the theories with practical application, and analyzes the precision and applicability of several methods of velocity model building. After that, the following methods are mainly studied: the coherence inversion methods based on the pre-stack CMP gathers or stacking velocity; the interval velocity inversion methods constrained by multi-well; the Random Simulation method; 3D Image Ray Map Migration method and the structure mapping in floating datum and in fixed datum, and then we conclude the method of building high precious seismic velocity field and structure mapping with variable velocity. Firstly, the paper analyses the distributing rule of the velocity variation in the areas with complex structures in the northwest of China, then points out that velocity is a crucial factor which influences the precision of structure mapping, and the velocity variations have something to do with the shapes of the structures, the variety of lithology and so on. The key point of improving the precision of seismic velocity field is to obtain a structure mapping with high precision. We also describe the range and conditions of these methods. Secondly, by comparing many popular methods of velocity model building, we propose a new method in the use of velocity model building. The new method is more effective in velocity model building under every kind of complex condition and is worthy of spreading. At last, the paper fingers out that it is a system engineering to study variable velocity mapping in every kind of complex structure areas. Every step of the work can affect the final results. So it is important to build high efficient and practical velocity model and the flows of mapping processing. The paper builds the flows and gives some examples. The method has been applied in more than ten exploring surveys. The application proves that this method could bring good effect on researching on low-amplitude trap, reservoir prediction, reservoir description and the integrated research of oil&gas geology. Keywords: structure mapping velocity model building complex structure variable velocity media

全信息精细储层预测方法研究与实践-以周清庄油田沙三段油藏为例

With the continuously proceeding of petroleum exploratory development in China, exploratory development becomes more and more difficult. For increasing reserve volume and production, lithologic hydrocarbon reservoir has been the most workable, potential and universality exploration targets. In the past, Dagang Oil Field use the complicated fault reservoir theory as the guide, develop and form a suit of matching construction and instrument in prospecting complicated fault reservoir that reach top of exploration industry in China. But the research of lithologic hydrocarbon reservoir is not much, which affects the exploitation progress of lithologic hydrocarbon reservoir. In this thesis, is object, through the depth study of lithologic deposition in Shasan segment of Zhouqingzhuang Oil Field, a suit of holographic fine reservoir bed forecasting techniques is built up and finally gets following main results: 1. Applying geology, seism, drilling, logging and other information to sensitivity preferences, geological model, inversion and integrated stratum evaluation, realizing the method and flow of refined multi-information stratum forecast. 2. Built up a full three dimensional fine structural interpretation method: in view of r problem of accurately demarcating 90% inclined well, propose a inclined well air space demarcating method, make bed demarcating more exactly; in view of problem of faults demarcating and combination in seismic interpretation, propose a computational method of seismic interference based on wavelet translation, make identify the fault in different level more dependable and reasonable; for exactly identifying structural attitude, propose a velocity modeling method under multi-well restriction, make structural attitude closer to the facts. 3. Built up a high accuracy reservoir bed inversion method: in view of problem in exactly identifying reservoir and nonreservoir with conventional wave impedance inversion method in this place, propose a reservoir log response characteristic analysis and sensible log parameter inversion method. ①analysis log response of reservoir and nonreservoir in region of interest, make definite the most sensible log parameter in identifying reservoir and nonreservoir in this region; ②make sensible log parameter inversion based on wave impedance inversion, to improve inversion accuracy, the thickness of recognizable reservoir bed reach 4-5m. 4. Built up a 4-D reservoir forcasting circuit: in view of difficulty that in lithologic hydrocarbon reservoir making reservoir space characteristic clear by using structural map and reservoir forecasting techniques once only, propose a 4-D reservoir forcasting circuit. In other words, based on development conceptual design, forcast reservoir of different time, namely multiple 3D reservoir forcasting in time queue, each time the accuracy degree of reservoir forcasting is improved since apply the new well material, thereby achieve high quality and highly efficient in exploratory development. During exploratory development lithologic depositin in Shasan segment of Zhouqingzhuang Oil Field, there are thirteen wells get 100% success rate, which sufficiently proves that this suit of method is scientific and effective.

地球介质非线性与各向异性的地震波响应及其成像效应

The practice of geophysical prospecting shows us the complex interior earth. The studies of the complexity play an important role and practical guide for the subsurface structure. At present, the complexity of the earth mainly means lateral and vertical homogeneity, anisotropy and non-linear quality. And the anisotropy and non-linear media studies become the frontier in seismology and exploration seismology. This paper summarizes the development of complexities and presents the forward and inverse in the non-linear and anisotropic media. Firstly, the paper introduces the theory of seismic wave propagation in the non-linear and anisotropic media, the theoretical basis for simulation and inversion research. Secondly, high quality numerical simulation method with little dispersion has been developed to investigate the influence of complexity including anisotropy and non-linear multi-component seismograms. Because most real data in seismology have a single component, we developed two aspects work on anisotropic multi-component imaging. One is prestack reflection migration. The result show that distorted images are obtained if data from anisotropic media are migrated using isotropic extrapolation. Moreover, image quality will be improved greatly after considering anisotropy in subsurface layers. The other one is the we take advantage of multi-component data to inversion of the anisotropic parameters jointly seimic reflection travel time and polarization information. Based on these research works, we get the following results: 1.Combing numerical simulation, systematical studies indicate that anisotropy and non-linear seismograms characters are significant to detect cracked belts in the earth and to understand deformation field and mechanism. 2.Based on anisotropic media models, we developed an efficient prestack migration method for subsurface structure and different observation methods seismic data, which improving the imaging quality with VSP, seismograms and real data. 3.Jointly seismic inversion combining seismic anisotropic reflection traveltimes and polarizations data show that the complete wrong inversion and the following explanation will be resulted by ignoring anisotropy.