213 resultados para 321-U1338D
Resumo:
To examine the source and preservation of organic matter in the shelf sediments of the East China Sea (ECS), we measured bulk C/N and isotopes, organic biomarkers (n-alkanes and fatty acids) and compound-specific (fatty acids) stable carbon isotope ratios in three sediment cores collected from two sites near the Changjiang Estuary and one in the ECS shelf. Contrasting chemical and isotopic compositions of organic matter were observed between the estuarine and shelf sediments. The concentrations of total n-alkanes and fatty acids in the shelf surface sediments (0-2 cm) were 5-10 times higher than those in estuarine surface sediments but they all decreased rapidly to comparable levels below the surface layer. The compositions of n-alkanes in the estuarine sediments were dominated by C-26-C-33 long-chain n-alkanes with a strong odd-to-even carbon number predominance. In contrast, the composition of n-alkanes in the shelf sediment was dominated by nC(15) to nC(22) compounds. Long-chain (> C-20) fatty acids (terrestrial biomarkers) accounted for a significantly higher fraction in the estuarine sediments compared to that in the shelf sediment, while short-chain (< C-20) saturated and unsaturated fatty acids were more abundant in the shelf surface sediments than in the estuarine sediments. Stable carbon isotopic ratios of individual fatty acids showed a general positive shift from estuarine to shelf sediments, consistent with the variations in bulk delta(CTOCTOC)-C-13. These contrasts between the estuarine and shelf sediments indicate that terrestrial organic matter was mainly deposited within the Changjiang Estuary and inner shelf of ECS. Post-depositional diagenetic processes in the surface sediments rapidly altered the chemical compositions and control the preservation of organic matter in the region.
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过量氮和磷引起的海水富营养化引起了一系列的生态环境效应,探讨二者的耦合关系对阐明全球海洋生态环境变化机制意义重大。本论文首次探讨了过量氮和磷引起的富营养化对海水无机碳体系的影响,通过室内系统模拟实验,构筑了过量氮和磷与无机碳体系变化的定量耦合关系,在此基础上获得了中国近海典型海域特别是南黄海近十年氮和磷演变引起的无机碳源汇格局变化,获得了以下一系列新的结果和认识: 1、不同营养盐(NO3-、NH4+、NO2-和PO43-)对水体溶解无机碳体系均有重要影响,且影响程度有较大的差异。 在模拟实验中,当NO3-<188 μmol/L,NH4+<126 μmol/L,NO2-<39.5 μmol/L时均可明显提高水体的固碳能力,相应水体中的DIC、HCO3-和 pCO2均较空白对照组时有一定程度的下降。当N浓度达到一定值后,其固碳能力减弱,DIC、HCO3-和pCO2出现相反变化。当NH4+>126 μmol/L和NO2->39.5 μmol/L时pCO2增加,向大气释放CO2。在PO43-添加组中,当浓度小于19.5μmol/L时DIC、pCO2较空白对照组下降,水体表现为大气CO2的汇,其固碳能力高于N组。在孔石莼添加组中,各营养盐组水体的固碳能力均高于空白对照组,相应水体中DIC、HCO3-和pCO2的下降明显。其中,同一营养盐浓度水平下,NH4+组中各无机碳组分的变化幅度明显高于NO3-和NO2-组,PO43-组的无机碳体系变化幅度低于N组。其中,当NO3-、NH4+和NO2-浓度分别在71 μmol/L,49.7 μmol/L和11.7 μmol/L时,pCO2下降明显,水体表现为大气CO2的强汇。对无机碳各参数的变化量与营养盐进行多元回归分析,得到以下统计关系: ⊿DIC=-0.937(⊿PO43-)-0.34(⊿NO3-)-0.46(⊿NH4+)+0.11(⊿NO2-)(R2=0.69, n=30,Sig.<0.05) ⊿HCO3-=-1.357(⊿PO43-)-0.35(⊿NO3-)-0.57(⊿NH4+)-0.013(⊿NO2-)(R2=0.76, n=32, Sig.<0.05) ⊿CO32-=0.344(⊿PO43-)+0.16(⊿NO3-)+0.18(⊿NH4+)+0.076(⊿NO2-)(R2=0.69, n=32, Sig.<0.05) ⊿pCO2=-1.321(⊿PO43-)-0.12(⊿NO3-)-0.31(⊿NH4+)-0.032(⊿NO2-)(R2=0.84, n=35, Sig.<0.01) 2.氮、磷对海水无机碳体系的源汇格局影响主要受控于水体浮游藻类对营养盐的利用。 模拟实验各种情况下Chl-a的浓度均有不同程度的变化。在N组中,当NH4+<126 μmol/L,随着NH4+浓度的增加,Chl-a浓度增加,而高浓度(NH4+>126 μmol/L)的实验组中,Chl-a则随浓度的增加而下降。当NO2-和PO43-的浓度分别大于39.5 μmol/L和19.5 μmol/L时,水体中Chl-a随营养盐浓度的增加而出现下降趋势,不同的是NO3-添加组在实验浓度范围内藻类均出现了不同程度的增长,这可能与浮游藻类对过量营养盐的耐受性不同有关。在低浓度时,PO43-组pCO2的下降最为明显,这与 PO43-组Chl-a的含量较高相一致,其次为NH4+,NO3-高于NO2-,可见在实验水体中PO43-对于藻类新陈代谢作用影响明显,从而作用到无机碳上的影响也就最为明显。对各实验水体⊿Chl-a与无机碳各组分作相关性分析发现,⊿Chl-a与⊿pCO2的相关性最为明显(R2=0.75,p<0.0001),这可能是因为浮游藻类光合作用和分解作用消耗或生成的首先是海水中的游离CO2(即pCO2)。在孔石莼组中,由于大藻对过量营养盐的耐受性较强,因此各组中藻类干重均有一定程度的增长。藻类干重的增加以NH4+最为明显,其次为NO3-和NO2-,这可能与其对N盐的优先吸收顺序NH4+>NO3->NO2-有关。加PO43-组中藻类的干重增加量低于NH4+和NO3-组,这与大藻的生理特性有关。对藻类干重增加量⊿m与⊿DIC作相关性发现,二者相关性明显(R2=0.64,p<0.01),这是由于孔石莼光合作用同时吸收HCO3-和CO2为碳源有关。 3、近年来,中国近海由于海水过量氮磷引起的富营养化,可使大部分海域海水无机碳汇强度增加 应用室内模拟获得的无机碳与氮、磷之间的定量耦合关系,估算了过量氮、磷引起的富营养化条件下,中国近海水体无机碳源汇的变化情况。结果表明,近十年来,由于氮、磷浓度的增加而导致渤海、南黄海、北黄海和东海每年从大气中多吸收0.197×106t C、0.302×106t C、0.039×106t C和2.233×106t C,东中国近海营养要素的含量的变化及组成比例的时间性和地区性差异是造成各海区碳通量差异的重要因素;对2006年南黄海水文、化学、生物与无机碳体系之间的相互关系进行综合分析,可知水体无机碳体系与营养盐水平密切相关。
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In corrosion medium, metals can deform under tensile stress and form a new active surface with the anodic dissolution of the metals being accelerated. At the same time, the anodic dissolution may accelerate the deformation of the metals. The synergy can lead to crack nucleation and development and shorten the service life of the component. Austenitic stainless steel in acidic chloride solution was in active dissolution condition when stress corrosion cracking (SCC) occurred. It is reasonable to assume that the anodic dissolution play an important role, so it's necessary to study the synergy between anodic dissolution and deformation of austenitic stainless steels. The synergy between deformation and anodic dissolution of AISI 321 austenitic stainless steel in an acidic chloride solution was studied in this paper. The corrosion rate of the steel increased remarkably due to the deformation-accelerated anodic and cathodic processes. The creep rate was increased while the yield strength was reduced by anodic dissolution. The analysis by thermal activation theory of deformation showed a linear relationship between the logarithm of creep rate and the logarithm of anodic cur-rent. Besides, the reciprocal of yield strength was also linearly dependent on the logarithm of anodic current. The theoretical deductions were in good agreement with experimental results.
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The method for the measurement of the pure mechanical wear loss for 321 stainless steel, 1045 steel and pure iron in the study of the synergy between corrosion and wear was studied, The methods studied included the measurement in distilled water, by cathodic protection and by adding inhibitor KI, and all were compared with the wear loss in air. The experiment showed that the pure mechanical wear losses and friction coefficients obtained by the three methods were close to each other and can be used to calculate the various wear components in the study of the interaction of corrosion and wear, but the measurements in distilled water for pure iron and 1045 steel are not recommended due to their corrosion.
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建立了藏药麻花艽中龙胆苦苷(gentiopicroside)、落干酸(loganic acid)、獐牙菜苦苷(swertiamarin)和獐牙菜苷(sweroside) 4种苦苷类成分的HPLC分析方法. 色谱柱为Eclipse XDB-C8 (4.6 mm i.d. ×150 mm, 5 μm), 流动相为体积分数5%乙腈+10 mmoL甲酸~95%乙腈水溶液, 检测波长为240 nm. 结果表明, 该方法具有良好的线性关系和回收率, 为麻花艽中苦苷类成分的进一步开发利用提供了科学依据.
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以新鲜尿和粪作气味源,在行为选择箱中观察根田鼠的行为识别模式,结果表明:雌鼠对陌生同性尿、粪气味源行为识别的差异不显著,雄鼠对陌生同性尿、粪气味源的行为识别在多个指标上存在显著差异;根田鼠对陌生异性尿、粪的行为响应模式无明显差异;除嗅舔时间外,雌、雄鼠对粪气味的行为识别在其他指标上不存在明显差异;比较雌、雄鼠对尿刺激的行为识别发现,雄鼠对尿刺激的访问频次和反标记显著大于雌鼠,雌性嗅舔时间显著大于雄性,其他方面二者之间并无显著差异.因此,雌、雄性根田鼠对粪气味的行为识别模式不存在性别差异;对尿气味的行为识别模式存在性别差异.
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The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of tannic acid on the gworth and survival of small mammalian berbirvores. Measurements were conducted with weaned root voles fed with 3% or 6% tannic acid and 10% or 20% protein in their diets. The results indicated that the effect of tannic acid on growth rate of weaned root voles was greater when given a lower protein diet than a higher protein diet. After 20 d, with 10% protein diets, mean growth rates of the weaned voles fed with 3% or 6% tannic acid were -0.135 g/d and -0.25 g/d, respectively. When given 20% protein diet, mean growth rates of weaned root voles fed with 3% and 6% tannic acid for 20 d were 0.134 g/d and -0.116 g/d, respectively. Food utilization efficiencies of the voles fed with 3% and 6% tannic acid diets were significantly lower than that of the control diet at the level of 10% protein. When given the 20% protein diet, food utilization efficiencies of weaned voles fed with 6% tannic acid were significantly lower than that of the voles fed with 3% tannic acid diet or the control diet with the 10% protein diets, the average survival days of the weaned voles fed with 3% and 6% tannic acid diets decreased 26.23% and 49.36% compared to controls at the end of trial period, respectively. With 20% protein diets, the average survival of weaned voles given 6% tannic acid diet decreased 39.41% compared to controls at the end of trial period, although weaned voles given 3% tannic acid had a slight decrease of average survival days. The results of study suggested that tannins could substanitially affect the individual performance of weaned root voles.
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在植物生长室中 ,黄瓜植株第 1片真叶出现后 ,用人工UV B光源照射 6 0d ,测定植物各叶位叶片的生长和生理活动 .结果表明 ,UV B辐射条件下 ,植物出叶时间被延迟 ;叶面积和叶干重下降 ,降幅与叶位高低正相关 ;叶片含水量降低 ,老龄叶片 (第 1叶 ,下位叶 )和幼龄叶片 (第 5叶 ,上位叶 )的水分降幅均高于成年叶片 (第 3叶 ,中位叶 ) ;叶片的伸展速度、叶片数目以及单叶面积减少 ,致使黄瓜总叶面积下降 ;植株节间长度缩短 ,是植株矮化的重要原因 ;根、茎、叶等器官之间的相关生长变化不大.叶片生长在其中起重要的协调作用. UV-B 降低Pn和EAQE ,对光合作用的抑制程度随叶位升高而增加. UV-B 辐射后,黄瓜叶片的光呼吸显著提高,增幅与叶片发育阶段有关. UV-B 对黄瓜第1叶的暗呼吸没有影响,第2 、3 叶略微下降,第4 叶显著升高. 分析认为,植株矮化和叶面积减少有利于植物适应UV-B辐射;水分含量和光合作用减少、呼吸作用增强是黄瓜生长受抑制的生理基础。
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长江源区位于青海省西南部, 北纬31°35′~ 36°30′,东经89°35′~ 97°55′。本地区共有种子植物62科、321属、1377种。区系特征表现为: 1. 温带成分占96. 81% , 以绝对优势确定了本区系明显的温带性质。2. 世界成分多为衍生, 更兼所含的中国特有属亦多为衍生, 表明本区系的年轻性和衍生的性质。3. 主要植被均属典型的高寒类型, 它们的建群种亦多为典型的高寒植被的特征种。所以, 本区系高寒植被典型, 特征种典型, 高寒区系特色明显。4. 生态环境对本区系特征的塑造表现为高寒生态因子的选择和高山特化的作用强烈, 而在一定程度上湿冷生性质和寒旱生性质的高山特化作用更为明显。长江源区的植物区系是唐古特地区高山区系的代表之一。在中国特有种的分析中, 本区系与横断山和甘肃南部区系的联系最为密切,三者间的共有种最为丰富, 有593种, 占本区中国特有种的 74. 69%。关于唐古特地区的南部界线, 作者认为, 李锡文等(1993) 的“川西北、甘西南、青东南小区”同唐古特地区关系最为密切, 若能在考虑这一因素的前提下来划分似乎更合适, 也更能体现唐古特地区作为一个独立区系的自然界线。
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随着技术的发展和数字产品的价格下降,家用机器人必将成为未来数字家庭的主导。正如家用机器人生产厂商iRobot的CEO科林·安格尔所说:“我认为,完全有理由想像,10年之后每个家庭都将拥有一台机器人。”路径规划技术是移动机器人导航系统中不可缺少的重要组成部分,不仅是移动机器人完成任务的安全保障,同时也是移动机器人智能化程度的重要标志。 本论文以新松公司“家用服务机器人的研究开发”项目为背景,对服务机器人的路径规划系统中的重点和难点问题进行了深入的研究,主要工作如下: 在嵌入式微处理器ARM7上实现了服务机器人的路径规划系统,完成了超声波传感器和红外传感器的采集和标定,并通过仿真研究和实验研究两方面对机器人的路径规划系统进行分析和设计。 在MATLAB GUI的仿真平台上,采用改进斥力势场函数解决了障碍物附近目标点不可达问题,通过引入引导点解决机器人在‘U’型区域内的震荡问题。在实验中,首先采用改进势场函数实现了机器人的折线规划方法,基于此算法,实现了机器人在固定范围内漫游的功能;通过改进折线规划方法,提出了弧形规划算法;通过引入人工协调场,解决了机器人、障碍物与目标点在一条直线上时与长形障碍物的碰撞问题;最后再加上各种安全措施,保证机器人在躲避障碍物的同时,能以一种比较平滑、优美的曲线到达目标点。 本论文首先在仿真中实现基本的规划算法,以服务机器人为平台,通过实验,不断发现新问题,提出新的改进算法,最后再在实验中进行验证。实验结果表明本文设计的路径规划算法能够实现机器人以平滑优美的曲线在复杂环境中的路径规划功能。
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贵州省赫章县的土法炼锌不仅导致植被的破坏,而且使附近土壤和溪流沉积物中重金属有不同程度的积累,土壤中w(Pb)达到37.24×lO^-6~30100×lO^-6,w(Zn)为162.23×lO^-6~31625×lO^6。,w(Cd)为O.50×lO^-6~113×lO^-6,大大超过了当地的土壤背景值;沉积物中w(Pb)达到325.00×lO^-6~21850×lO^-6,w(Zn)为1250.00×10^-6~30425×10^-6,w(Cd)为25×10^-6~97×10^-6。土壤和沉积物中Pb、Zn含量与Al2O3有极显著的正相关性;土壤中重金属Pb、压含量与A12O3有极显著的正相关性,而沉积物中Pb、压含量与Al2O3则没有相关性。土壤和沉积物中铁矿物(铁氧化物和氢氧化物)对重金属的强烈固定作用。连续提取法对化学形态研究表明,Pb、办在土壤中主要表现为铁锰氧化物结合态与残渣态,而在沉积物中则主要为碳酸盐结合态、残渣态和铁锰氧化物结合态。土壤中可交换态Pb、压所占的比例很小,但其绝对含量变化较大,w(Pb)从最低2.75×lO^-6到最高310.4l×l0^-6,w(Zn)4.94×lO^-6~321.10×lO^-6。沉积物中w(Pb)7.42×lO^-6~98.9l×lO^-6;w(zn))9.97×lO^-6~72.67×lO^-6。土壤中重金属Pb、压的有效性程度明显高于溪流沉积物,对生态环境的潜在危害更大.
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近年来地质证据和少量的实验研究证实,相当量的铜可以在气相中迁移,人们认识到铜在气相中迁移是一种重要的地球化学过程,但目前关于铜在气相中溶解反应机理的研究还相当缺乏.本文通过溶解度法,在310~350℃,压力为4.2~10 MPa的条件范围内,实验研究了铜在不饱和水蒸气相中的溶解度.结果表明:水蒸气的存在大大增强了铜在气相中的溶解度;恒定温度下,铜在气相中的溶解度随着水蒸气压的增加而增大;气相中铜可能以水合物的形式存在,铜在气相中的溶解可由以下反应表述:CuClm^solid +nH2O^gas=CuClm·(H2O)n^gas(m=1,2),其中水合数随着温度升高而下降,温度为310℃水合数n为~6,330℃为~5,350℃为~4.研究结果明确显示,气体溶剂H2O与铜之间的反应可大大增强铜在气相中的溶解和迁移能力。
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本研究主要研究了高岭石的结构缺陷、杂质元素(特别是铁、钒)的存在形式以 高岭石一奠来 石的热转变过程。应用先进的x射线衍射结合多重峰分离方法,解析了高蛉石的结构缺路,重新 修正了Hinkley结晶指数(HI).使之更能反映实际的结构信息。首次在低温条件下观察到苏州高 岭石钒的顺磁共振谱的超精细结构线发生分裂的现象(这种现象尚未见诸报道),这是由于四价钒 进入高岭石八面体晶格替代三价铝,且占据两种八面体位置的结果。 ’ 、 si魔角旋转核磁共振研 究证实,高蛉石脱羟变为偏高岭石后,铝的配位数由Ⅵ转为Ⅳ 、V和Ⅵ三种形式并存,且以V配位为 主;引起i000℃ 放热反应的主要因素为准莫来石的形成。奠来石约在1100℃ 开始生成。研究样品 采自贵州的丹寨、马场坪、小山坝和江苏苏州的阳山。贵州高岭土属含煤建造沉积型矿床,其中丹 寨和马场坪高岭土产自二叠系煤系地层,小山坝高岭土产自石炭系。阳山高岭土属古溶洞充填风 化型矿床。
Ab initio / Rice-Ramsperger-Kassel-Marcus approach to carbon nitride formation: CH3NH2 decomposition