205 resultados para 315-C0002D
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以猪草河剖面和羊儿坝剖面为例,进行硅质岩的PGE与微量元素等地球化学分析,结果表明:槽区硅质岩中的PGE异常受控于硅质岩中火山物质(蚀变成粘土矿物)的多少,PGE与Se、Rb、Cs、Ti、Cr、Zr等具有良好的相关性;猪草河剖面远离陆源区,沉积厚度大,更靠近火山活动区域,接受火山粗碎屑物质的量多;羊儿坝剖面远离火山活动中心,主要接受了火山灰等细碎屑物质,更接近陆源区,受一定量的陆源碎屑物质影响。根据Cr/Co、Nb/Ta、Pd/Ir-Ni/Cu及Ni/Pd-Cu/h对岩浆性质的约束,当时岩浆性质为基性玄武岩。根据La-Y-Nb图解和Th-Hf-Ta图解的进一步约束,表明当时的火山岩浆性质为钙碱性的火山弧玄武岩。
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铁氧化物铜—金矿床是一类具许多共同特征但成因联系不太密切的矿床类型,近来已成为国外铜—金勘探的主要矿床类型之一。该类矿床以矿石中含有大量的铁氧化物(磁铁矿或赤铁矿)且伴有很强的区域性钠(—钙)质蚀变为特征,可以产于元古代克拉通内或新生代大陆边缘岛弧环境,其周围具火成岩或含蒸发盐层,时空上与之有关的侵入岩为磁铁矿系列花岗岩,矿化主要产于近区域主断裂的羽状次级断裂中。部分该类矿床的形成与一定的主岩类型有关,而多数矿床可能由高盐度H2O——CO2——盐混合流体的不混溶作用形成,且矿化通常与钾化有关。对成矿流体是主要来自岩浆还是受围岩控制尚有争论,成矿模式有蒸发盐来源模式、外来流体加热模式和岩浆——热液流体模式。但对部分该类矿床详细的流体包裹体和稳定同位素研究表明成矿流体主要源于岩浆。对该类矿床进行地球物理勘探需要考虑磁铁矿、硫化物和Cu—Au矿化之间的相互关系。在我国开展对该类矿床的研究将有益于发现新的铜资源基地。
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采用原子吸收光谱(AAS)、X射线衍射(XRD)、偏光显微镜(OH)和分析型透射电镜(TEM)等技术手段,对贵州产70kN和日本进口120kN、210kN三类瓷绝缘子的化学组成,矿物成分特征和产品性能的关系进行了研究。结果表明,三类产品的主化学成分为siO2、Al2O3。矿物相有刚玉、英来石、石英和长石。产品除含有偏光显微镜可分辨的晶体外,在电镜下还见有微米级以下的显微矿物。不同等级的产品,不但结晶相含量不同,晶体大小、分布状态各有特征。指出贵州产70kN产品应控制K20含量,并用部分工业氧化铝替代铝矾土,通过调整工艺提高结晶相的含量。
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勉略宁地区位于秦岭造山带西端,是指由阳平关深大断裂与勉略缝合带所夹的三角形地块,是我国西北重要的铜金多金属成矿远景区,已发现多种类型的铜、铁、铅、锌、金和银等多金属矿床(点)多达上百处(李朝阳等,2000;任小华,2001),除金矿床为大-超大型外(煎茶岭和李家沟金矿床),铜金多金属矿床规模均不大(中-小型),该区最具代表性的铜厂铜金多金属矿床和东沟坝金银铅锌多金属矿床,其规模也仅为中型,可谓是铜金多金属矿床(点)星罗棋布,仅是"只见星星,不见月亮".长期来,在区域铜金多金属矿产勘查研究方面仍存在诸多问题和争议,许多被大家所看好的地段或含矿层位的进一步找矿却步履艰难,久攻不破,寻找大型一超大型铜金多金属矿床一直是该区地质研究工作的难题.
Resumo:
苔藓植物由于具有特殊的形态结构和生物学性质而被广泛应用于环境变化和大气沉降的指示和监测,而稳定同位素(如13C、15N、34S)是辨识环境体系中物源走向以及研究植物和环境关系的可靠技术。本论文正是结合苔藓生物指示方法和稳定同位素示踪技术,开展了苔藓碳氮同位素指示环境条件和大气氮沉降的初步研究。通过不同环境条件下苔藓同位素的对比研究,揭示了苔藓碳氮同位素对环境因子和氮沉降变化的响应机制。进而应用石生苔藓碳氮元素含量和同位素,并结合光合色素含量等参数,对贵阳地区的大气氮沉降进行了详细研究,深化了苔藓同位素方法在环境监测和大气氮沉降研究中的应用,并为城市氮污染的防治提供了地球化学依据。获取了一些有意义的发现和创新点。 1. 不同生长条件下苔藓元素含量和同位素的变化及其意义 即使在同一地点,苔藓13C会由于水分条件和光照条件的差异而发生明显变化,而树冠对大气沉降物质的长期截留吸收会使下方苔藓氮硫含量偏低以及同位素偏负,其同位素效应还与树冠类型和树冠厚度有关。因此,应用苔藓元素含量和同位素指示区域环境和大气沉降时应尽量消除生境差异的影响,受生长条件影响或歪曲了的苔藓指示信息可能导致在解释环境变化和大气沉降时得出错误的结论,相对而言,开阔地的石生苔藓是较可靠的指示工具。利用同位素方法探讨苔藓记录信息的差异是本研究的创新点之一,目前国内外尚无相关的报道,这深化了苔藓碳氮同位素对环境条件和大气输入响应机制的认识,同时还为苔藓同位素研究大气沉降提供了采样指导。 2. 不同地区苔藓新老组织碳氮含量和同位素组成特征 贵阳市区苔藓碳含量高于贡嘎山地区,而13C明显偏负,表明城市苔藓受人为CO2排放的影响,而非污染区苔藓13C能够响应海拔和年均温度的差异。贵阳市区苔藓氮含量较高反映其氮沉降高于贡嘎山地区,明显偏负的15N值主要指示了城市废水氨释放的影响。不同地区苔藓新生组织的碳氮含量总体高于衰老组织,但同位素没有明显变化,反映了生理功能的衰退和部分元素向新生组织迁移会导致老组织碳氮含量降低,但不会明显改变其碳氮同位素记录,新组织氮含量较可靠地反映了氮沉降的水平(贵阳市约为30.18 kg/ha/yr,贡嘎山地区约为8.46 kg/ha/yr)。本研究扩展了苔藓同位素对不同地区环境因子和氮沉降差异的响应状况,并首次探讨了苔藓衰老对其碳氮含量和同位素记录的影响,为深入理解非维管植物衰老过程的碳氮同位素分馏奠定基础。 3. 贵阳地区大气氮沉降的空间分布 根据大气氮沉降和苔藓氮含量之间的定量关系(y=0.052x+0.7325),可以利用石生苔藓氮含量(0.85% ~ 2.97%)计算贵阳地区的大气氮沉降。贵阳地区的氮沉降(0.91 kg/ha/yr ~ 44.69 kg/ha/yr)总体已经超过最易受影响的陆地生态系统的氮沉降负荷值(5 kg/ha/yr ~ 10 kg/ha/yr),市区氮沉降平均值(29.21±6.17 kg/ha/yr)与前期监测值(30.18kg/ha/yr)基本一致,高于酸性针叶林和落叶林的氮沉降负荷值(15 kg/ha/yr ~ 20 kg/ha/yr)。而农村地区氮沉降平均值(14.31±5.11 kg/ha/yr)与贵州农村地区铵沉降的平均值(14.3 kg/ha/yr)吻合。本研究首次根据石生苔藓氮含量量化了氮沉降的水平和空间分布,对大气氮沉降生态环境影响的评价以及喀斯特地区脆弱生态系统的保护具有重要意义。 4. 贵阳地区大气氮沉降的主要来源和主要形态 贵阳地区石生苔藓15N值(-12.50‰ ~ -1.39‰)呈明显的双峰分布模式(-12‰ ~ -6‰和-5‰ ~ -2‰),表明该地区的氮沉降存在两个主要来源。市区明显偏负的苔藓15N值(平均-8.87±1.65‰,<5km; -8.59±2.28‰,5 km ~ 10km)主要反映城市废水和人畜排泄物NH3的影响,而往外到农村较高的苔藓15N值(平均-3.83±0.82‰ ~ -2.48±0.95‰,>15km)主要指示了农业NH3的贡献。根据市区苔藓和雨水15N值计算,市区氮沉降中铵态氮的贡献约占76%,硝态氮约为23%,贵阳地区的氮沉降以铵沉降为主。本研究首次发现了以铵沉降为主的城市地区苔藓15N值市区偏负、农村偏正的变化规律,这与氮沉降以硝态氮为主的城市苔藓15N变化(市区偏正、农村偏负)相反。此外,根据苔藓15N随大气沉降中铵态氮和硝态氮比值的变化规律,贵阳地区苔藓氮含量和15N的变化主要由两种不同铵源(城市铵和农业铵)的变化所控制,贵阳苔藓氮含量和15N的空间变化可以进一步作为铵沉降变化的证据。 5. 贵阳地区主要大气氮源(铵)的沉降机制与模式 贵阳市区往外石生苔藓氮含量随离市中心的距离呈指数降低(y=1.5e-0.13x+1.26),而15N值随距离对数升高(y=2.54Ln(x)-12.23),揭示了城市来源的铵沉降从市区往外随距离指数降低,其分布模式为点源模式,贵阳市区可被视为贵阳地区的一个点状氨源。而农村地区苔藓氮含量不随距离而变化、15N值不存在明显差异,反映了农业氨的面源分布模式。通过极限法计算苔藓氮含量和15N随距离变化的函数,氮沉降在离市中心17.2km以内以城市铵为主,以外以农业铵为主,城市铵的影响范围总体小于41km,城市铵随离市中心距离的变化关系为y=56.272e-0.116x-0.481。此外,贵阳市区往外不同方向的苔藓氮含量和15N随距离的变化梯度存在差异,表明城市铵向周边不同方向的传输具有非均一性,这主要与不同方向的地形条件、地表植被状况、风向、城市化程度等差异有关。本研究首次通过苔藓监测证实以铵沉降为主的城市,城市铵沉降的分布呈点源模式,并通过苔藓氮含量和15N的变化得出了城市铵的定量分布、沉降机制和影响因素。 6. 贵阳地区石生苔藓碳含量和13C值的变化及其意义 贵阳地区石生苔藓碳含量(34.47% ~ 52.76%)从市区到农村随距离指数降低(y=9.206e-0.042x+38.024),并与氮含量存在正相关关系,表明大气氮输入具有增加苔藓碳含量的作用。苔藓13C值(-30.69‰ ~ -26.96‰)从市区到农村随距离逐渐升高(y=0.674Ln(x)-30.03),反映了城市人为CO2的影响逐渐减小。此外,苔藓13C随碳氮含量增加而降低,碳氮同位素存在正相关关系,反映了石生苔藓光合作用与氮素吸收相互制约,市区较高的氮沉降或铵沉降增强了苔藓光合作用和碳代谢,使苔藓在固碳过程中发生更大的13C分馏。本研究首次发现了城市地区较高的氮沉降能够促进石生苔藓光合固碳能力,苔藓13C值能够指示城市人为CO2的影响以及氮沉降的生物效应。 7.其它创新之处 为深入认识城市地区氮沉降的变化及其生物响应,本研究还对石生苔藓光合色素含量进行了分析,首次探讨了石生苔藓光合生理参数和碳氮含量、碳氮同位素之间的关系。市区苔藓光合色素含量高于农村地区,叶绿素含量与碳氮含量存在正相关关系,表明光合色素分析可以反映环境胁迫状况、苔藓固碳能力和氮素营养状况。叶绿素含量与13C值呈负相关关系指示了氮沉降增强石生苔藓光合作用的机制。
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Six experiments tested how headings of objects in scenes influenced the construction for the intrinsic frame of reference under different structure and viewpoint amount conditions. In Experiment 1 and 2, participants stood at 0 degree and learned an asymmetrical scene and a symmetrical scene that were composed by balls with no apparent headings separately. In Experiment 3, 4, 5 and 6, toys with apparent headings were used and they all faced the 315 degree of the scene. In Experiment 3 and 4, participants stood at 0 degree and learned an asymmetrical scene and a symmetrical scene that were composed by toys separately. In Experiment 5 and 6, participants stood at 0 and 315 degree and learned an asymmetrical scene and a symmetrical scene that were composed by toys separately. After learning, participants needed to finish triplet recognition tasks in all the experiments. The dependent measures were response latency and accuracy. The correct response latencies to the targets were analyzed by ANOVA. Accuracy was used to filter data and analyzed in an ANOVA in some experiments as a reference. Results indicate that headings of objects in scenes influence the pattern for intrinsic frame of reference. The structure of scene affects the acting mechanism of heading, but the amount of viewpoints does not have this effect. If the objects in scenes have no apparent headings, there will be viewpoint dependent effect and the advantage of symmetry axis as intrinsic axis in triplet recognition tasks. If the objects in scenes have apparent headings, people’s spatial memory pattern will be affected by objects’ headings. If the heading of objects (315 degree) is not parallel to the viewpoint (0 degree) in an asymmetrical scene, people will be inclined to represent the scene from the heading of objects but not from the viewpoint. As a result, the viewpoint dependent effect will disappear, and there is significant advantage for the triplets presented from heading of objects. If the heading of objects is not parallel to the symmetry axis in a symmetrical scene, people will represent the scene not only according to the symmetry axis as intrinsic axis, but also according to the heading of objects. As a result, the significant advantage for symmetry axis as intrinsic axis in triplet recognition tasks will disappear but there will be still a tendency. By contrast, the effect for the headings of objects is more significant in asymmetrical scenes than that in symmetrical scenes.
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A phenylurea herbicides-selective molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) was prepared using N-(4-isopropylphenyl)-N'-butyleneurea as a dummy template and toluene as a porogen. The experimental results showed that the optimum molar ratio of template, functional monomer (MAA) and cross-linker (EDMA) was 1:8:20. Scatchard analysis showed that two classes of binding sites were formed in the imprinted polymer with dissociation constants of 26.81 mu L mol l(-1) and 1.428 mmol l(-1). The affinity and selectivity of MIP for phenylurea herbicides were studied. Among the 14 phenylurea herbicides tested, the MIP prepared showed obviously high affinity and selectivity for 10 chemicals (monuron, diuron, isoproturon, fenuron, chlortoluron, difenoxuron, metoxuron, neburon, buturon and fluometuron) with dichloromethane containing 10% hexane as mobile phase while non-imprinted polymer showed very low affinity for all the phenylurea herbicides tested. The experimental and calculated results also indicated that the size and property of the group at the N' position of phenylurea molecules have great influence on the affinity of MIP for them and the recognition site is mainly located at the N' position of phenylurea herbicides. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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The molar heat capacities of 2-(chloromethylthio)benzothiazole (molecular formula C8H6ClNS2, CA registry no. 28908-00-1) were measured with an adiabatic calorimeter in the temperature range between (80 and 350) K. The construction and procedures of the calorimeter were described in detail. The performance of the calorimetric apparatus was evaluated by heat capacity measurements on alpha-Al2O3. The deviation of experiment heat capacities from the corresponding smoothed values lies within 0.3%, whereas the uncertainty is within +/-0.5%, compared with that of the recommended reference data over the whole experimental temperature range. A fusion transition was found from the C-p-T curve of 2-(chloromethylthio)benzothiazole. The melting temperature and the molar enthalpy and entropy of fusion of the compound were determined to be T-m = (315.11 +/- 0.04) K, Delta(fus)H(m) = (17.02 +/- 0.03) kJ(.)mol(-1), and Delta(fus)S(m) = (54.04 +/- 0.05) J(.)mol(-1.)K(-1), respectively. The thermodynamic functions (H-T - H-298.15) and (S-T - S-298.15) were also derived from the heat capacity data. The molar fraction purity of the 2-(chloromethylthio)benzothiazole sample used in the present calorimetric study was determined to be 99.21 by fraction melting.