PHASE-BEHAVIOR IN EPOXY-RESIN CONTAINING PHENOLPHTHALEIN POLY(ETHER ETHER SULFONE)

Phenolphthalein poly(ether ether sulphone) (PES-C) was found to be miscible with uncured bisphenol-A-type epoxy resin, i.e. diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA), as shown by the existence of a single glass transition temperature within the whole composition range. Miscibility between PES-C and DGEBA is considered to be due mainly to the entropy contribution. However, dynamic mechanical analysis (d.m.a.) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies revealed that PES-C exhibits different miscibility with four cured epoxy resins (ER). The overall compatibility and the resulting morphology of the cured blends are dependent on the choice of cure agent. For the blends cured with amines (4,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane (DDM) and 4,4'-diaminodiphenylsulphone (DDS)), no phase separation occurs as indicated by either d.m.a. or SEM. However, for the blends cured with anhydrides (maleic anhydride (MA) and phthalic anhydride (PA)), both d.m.a. and SEM clearly show evidence of phase separation. SEM study shows that the two phases interact well in the MA-cured blend while the interface between the phases in the PA-cured blend is poorly bonded. The differences in the overall compatibility and the resulting morphology between the amine-cured and anhydride-cured systems have been discussed from the points of view of both thermodynamics and kinetics.

INVESTIGATIONS OF HYDROLYSIS KINETICS OF ATROPINE SULFATE BY ELECTROANALYSIS AT THE WATER NITROBENZENE INTERFACE

The hydrolysis kinetics of atropine sulphate has been investigated by cyclic voltammetry at the water/nitrobenzene interface. The transfer process is diffusion controlled and the transfer species is a 1:1 proton-atropine complex. Two main factors, pH and temperature, which have notable effects on the hydrolysis rate, are illustrated. The most suitable pH for atropine to be preserved in aqueous solution and related parameters were estimated.

CRYSTALLIZATION KINETICS OF MIXTURES OF POLY(EPSILON-CAPROLACTONE) AND POLY(STYRENE-CO-ACRYLONITRILE)

The crystallization kinetics in mixtures of poly(epsilon-caprolactone) (PCL) and poly(styrene-co-acrylonitrile) (SAN) has been investigated as the function of composition and crystallization temperature. The isothermal growth rates of PCL spherulites decrease with increasing concentration of SAN. Because of the miscibility of PCL/SAN mixtures, the radial growth rates of the spherulites are described by a kinetic equation including the interaction parameter and the free energy for the formation of crystal nuclei. The interaction parameter obtained from the fitting of the kinetic equation with experimental data is in good agreement with that obtained from melting point depression. Folding surface free energies decrease with the increase of SAN concentration. In light of these results, it is suggested that, for the PCL/SAN mixtures, the noncrystallizable SAN polymer reduces the mobility of crystallizable PCL polymer so that the growth rates decrease with the increase of noncrystallizable component fraction.

PHASE-SEPARATION IN ANHYDRIDE-CURED EPOXY-RESIN CONTAINING PHENOLPHTHALEIN POLY(ETHER ETHER KETONE)

Dynamic mechanical analysis and scanning electron microscopy were used to study phase separation of three blends of anhydride-cure bisphenol-A-type epoxy resin with phenolphthalein poly(ether ether ketone). Phase separation was observed for all the blends. The overall compatibility and the resulting morphology of the cured blends are dependent on the choice of cure agent. The phenomena have been discussed from the points of view of both thermodynamics and kinetics. The effects of the choice of hardener on phase separation are considered to be primarily due to differences between the chemical natures of the hardeners.

KINETICS OF ION TRANSFER ACROSS LIQUID LIQUID INTERFACE BY CHRONOPOTENTIOMETRY WITH LINEAR CURRENT SCANNING

The equation of the potential-current curve for the ion transfer across the liquid/liquid interface during the linear current scanning has been derived theoretically. A method to calculate the kinetics parameters for the ion transfer by the way of linear current scanning is presented. The transfer of TPAs~+ ions, which is a typical basic electrolyte ion usually used in liquld/liquid interface electrochemistry, was practically investigated at the water/nitrobenzene interface.

Tank cultivation of the red alga Palmaria palmata: Effects of intermittent light on growth rate, yield and growth kinetics

Tank cultivation of marine macroalgae involves air-agitation of the algal biomass and intermittent light conditions, i.e. periodic, short light exposure of the thalli in the range of 10 s at the water surface followed by plunging to low light or darkness at the tank bottom and recirculation back to the surface in the range of 1-2 min. Open questions relate to effects of surface irradiance on growth rate and yield in such tumble cultures and the possibility of chronic photoinhibition in full sunlight. A specially constructed shallow-depth tank combined with a dark tank allowed fast circulation times of approximately 5 s, at a density of 4.2 kg fresh weight (FW) m(-2) s(-1). Growth rate and yield of the red alga Palmaria palmata increased over a wide range of irradiances, with no signs of chronic photoinhibition, up to a growth-saturating irradiance of approximately 1600 mumol m(-2) s(-1) in yellowish light supplied by a sodium high pressure lamp at 16 h light per day. Maximum growth rate ranged at 12% FW d(-1), and maximum yield at 609 g FW m(-2) d(-1). This shows that high growth rates of individual thalli may be reached in a dense tumble culture, if high surface irradiances and short circulation times are supplied. Another aspect of intermittent light relates to possible changes of basic growth kinetics, as compared to continuous light. For this purpose on-line measurements of growth rate were performed with a daily light reduction by 50% in light-dark cycles of 1, 2 or 3 min duration during the daily light period. Growth rates at 10degreesC and 50 mumol photon m(-2) s- 1 dropped in all three intermittent light regimes during both the main light and dark periods and reached with all three periodicities approximately 50% of the control, with no apparent changes in basic growth kinetics, as compared to continuous light.

A comparative study of thermolysis characteristics and kinetics of seaweeds and fir wood

Thermal analysis and thermolysis kinetics of three kinds of seaweeds and fir wood (M. glyptostriboides Huet Cheng), a kind of typical land plant, had been conducted. The results showed that thermal stability follows the order of Grateloupia filicina < Ulva lactuca < Dictyopteris divaricata < fir wood. A notable difference on heat flow between seaweeds and fir wood during thermolysis was that the former were mainly connected with exothermic processes at relatively lower temperature regimes. while the latter was connected with an apparent endotherm at a relatively higher temperature regime followed by a maximum exothermic peak. This suggested that the heat coupling might be realized if co-thermolysis of seaweeds and fir wood were carried out. The main devolatilization phase of each seaweed could be described by Avrami-Erofeev equation, which indicated that thermolysis of seaweeds follows the mechanism of random nucleation and nuclei growth, whereas that of fir wood by Z-L-T equation and its thermolysis mechanism was three-dimensional diffusion. The activation energies calculated for both seaweeds and fir wood increase as conversion increases. However, those for the former have wider distribution. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Temporal and spatial variability in nitrogen uptake kinetics during harmful dinoflagellate blooms in the East China Sea

Temporal and spatial variability in the kinetic parameters of uptake of nitrate (NO3-), ammonium (NH4+), urea, and glycine was measured during dinoflagellate blooms in Changjiang River estuary and East China Sea coast, 2005. Karenia mikimotoi was the dominant species in the early stage of the blooms and was succeeded by Prorocentrum donghaiense. The uptake of nitrogen (N) was determined using N-15 tracer techniques. The results of comparison kinetic parameters with ambient nutrients confirmed that different N forms were preferentially taken up during different stages of the bloom. NO3- (V-max 0.044 h(-1); K-s 60.8 mu M-N) was an important N source before it was depleted. NH4+ (V-max 0.049 h(-1); K-s 2.15 mu M-N) was generally the preferred N. Between the 2 organic N sources, urea was more preferred when K. mikimotoi dominated the bloom (V-max 0.020 h(-1); K-s 1.35 mu M-N) and glycine, considered as a dominant amino acid, was more preferred when P. donghaiense dominated the bloom (V-max 0.025 h(-1); K-s 1.76 mu M-N). The change of N uptake preference by the bloom-forming algae was also related to the variation in ambient N concentrations. Published by Elsevier B.V.

Biosorption of copper (II) and lead (II) from aqueous solutions by nonliving green algae Cladophora fascicularis: Equilibrium, kinetics and environmental effects

Biosorption of Cu2+ and Pb2+ by Cladophora fascicularis was investigated as a function of initial pH, initial heavy metal concentrations, temperature and other co-existing ions. Adsorption equilibriums were well described by Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. The maximum adsorption capacities were 1.61 mmol/ g for Cu2+ and 0.96 mmol/ g for Pb2+ at 298K and pH 5.0. The adsorption processes were endothermic and biosorption heats calculated by the Langmuir constant b were 39.0 and 29.6 kJ/ mol for Cu2+ and Pb2+, respectively. The biosorption kinetics followed the pseudo- second order model. No significant effect on the uptake of Cu2+ and Pb2+ by co-existing cations and anions was observed, except EDTA. Desorption experiments indicated that Na(2)EDTA was an efficient desorbent for the recovery of Cu2+ and Pb2+ from biomass. The results showed that Cladophora fascicularis was an effective and economical biosorbent material for the removal and recovery of heavy metal ions from wastewater.

Relationship between the ennoblement of passive metals and microbe adsorption kinetics in seawater

The relationship between microbial colonization of two kinds of passive metals and ennobling of their corrosion potentials (E-corr) were studied. Two types of passive metal coupons were exposed to natural seawater for about ten days. Under laboratory conditions, all corrosion potentials of the samples ennobled for about 200 mV. Epifluorescence microscopy showed that bacteria adsorption was the main process during about the first day immersion and bacteria reproduced in the following days. The bacteria number increased on the metal surface according to an exponential law and the kinetics of bacteria adsorption at the metal surface during this period was proposed. The ennoblement of E-corr was similar to the increasing bacteria number: E-corr increased quickly during the bacteria adsorption process and increased slowly after biofilms had formed.

Kinetics of the selective reduction of NO with CH4 over an In-Fe2O3/HZSM-5 catalyst

A kinetic model presented for the selective reduction of NO with CH4 over an InFe2O3/HZSM-5 catalyst by considering the process as a combination of two simultaneous reactions: NO+O2CH4 (reaction 1) and O-2+CH4 (reaction 2). Linear regression calculation was employed to find the kinetic parameters. It was found that although the activation energies of the two reactions were almost identical, the reaction rate constants were dramatically different, namely, k(1)much greater than k(2), indicating that the NO+O-2+CH4 reaction was more preferable to take place on the In-Fe2O3/HZSM-5 catalyst as compared with the O-2+CH4 reaction.