281 resultados para Tibetan Buddhism
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In Asia, especially in China, our knowledge of the distribution of testate amoebae is still limited. In this paper, the geographical distribution of testate amoebae in Tibetan Plateau and northwestern Yunnan Plateau, southwest China and their relationships with the climatic factors have been studied. We found testate amoebae shifted in the most dominant species and increased in species (or genus) richness from northwest to southeast. Further, the linear regression analyses revealed that both species richness and genus richness have higher positive correlations with the mean temperature of the warmest month and annual mean precipitation as contrasted with the mean altitude, which showed weak negative correlation. This indicates that the temperature and precipitation are more significant influences on the richness than the altitude. The cluster analysis based on the community structure, defined by Sorenson's coefficient matrix, suggested four groups from the 10 physiographical regions. This geographical distribution pattern was also closely related with the climatic regionalization. The present climatic regionalization pattern of the study area originated from the uplift of Tibetan Plateau and mainly occurred in or after the late Pleistocene. Therefore, the geographical distribution of testate amoebae in our study area may have experienced complicated and drastic changes corresponding to the variation of the climate caused by the geological events.
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The family Sisoridae is one of the largest and most diverse Asiatic catfish families, most species occurring in the water systems of the Qinhai-Tibetan Plateau and East Himalayas. To date published morphological and molecular phylogenetics hypotheses of sisorid catfishes are part congruent, and there are some areas of significant disagreement with respect to intergeneric relationships. We used mitochondrial cytochrome b and 16S rRNA gene sequences to clarify existing gaps in phylogenetics and to test conflicting vicariant and dispersal biogeographical hypotheses of Chinese sisorids using dispersal-vicariance analysis and weighted ancestral area analysis in combination with palaeogeographical data as well as molecular clock calibration. Our results suggest that: (1) Chinese sisorid catfishes form a monophyletic group with two distinct clades, one represented by (Gagata (Bagarius, Glyptothorax)) and the other by (glyptosternoids, Pseudecheneis); (2) the glyptosternoid is a monophyletic group and Glyptosternum, Glaridoglanis, and Exostoma are three basal species having a primitive position among it; (3) a hypothesis referring to Pseudecheneis as the sister group of the glyptosternoids, based on morphological evidence, is supported; (4) the genus Pareuchiloglanis, as presently defined, is not monophyletic; (5) congruent with previous hypotheses, the uplift of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau played a primary role in the speciation and radiation of the Chinese sisorids; and (6) an evolutionary scenario combining aspects of both vicariance and dispersal theory is necessary to explain the distribution pattern of the glyptosternoids. In addition, using a cytochrome b substitution rate of 0.91% per million years and 0.23% for 16S rRNA, we tentatively date that the glyptosternoids most possibly originated in Oligocene-Miocene boundary (19-24Myr), and radiated from Miocene to Pleistocene, along with a center of origin in the Irrawaddy-Tsangpo drainages and several rapid speciation in a relatively short time. (c) 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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Phylogeny of the specialized schizothoracine fishes (Teleostei: Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae). Zoological Studies 40(2). 147-157. To elucidate phylogenetic relationships within the specialized schizothoracine fishes, we used 41 variable osteological and external characters among this groups, three species of Schizothorax, and 1 fossil species. When the 3 species of Schizothorax were designated as an outgroup and all 41 characters were set as unordered with equal weighting, the data matrix yielded a single most-parsimonious tree with a tree length of 71 steps, a consistency index of 0.6761, and a retention index of 0.7416. Meanwhile, a bootstrap test was conducted to verify the reliability of the results. The matrix was also analyzed for different conditions: all characters were ordered and the fossil species was added as an outgroup. The phylogenetic analyses presented herein support the following hypotheses. 1) All species of the specialized schizo-thoracines fishes form a monophyletic group. 2) Monophyly of the genus Ptychobarbus is not supported by the bootstrap test or when these characters are ordered. 3) The genus Gymnodiptychus forms a monophyletic group. 4) All species of Ptychobarbus and Gymnodiptychus form a monophyletic group with Diptychus as its sister group.
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语言文字的信息处理技术是人类社会现代化的重要成果。信息处理技术的水平已成为一个国家、一个民族发展进步的重要标志。改革开放以来,在实现汉语言文字信息处理技术的同时,我国少数民族语言文字信息处理技术也取得了巨大成就。从上世纪80、90年代起,藏语文信息处理工作取得突破性进展,然而在藏文的联机手写识别领域却仍处于起步阶段。 本文在总结了汉字识别和已有的藏文联机识别成果的基础上,在预处理过程、特征提取部分以及聚类部分进行了改进。在预处理过程中,使用了应用于图像处理中的数学形态学操作作为预处理中的去噪声方法,主要操作包括膨胀,腐蚀和细化;在特征提取阶段,在分析了原始特征值在后续计算中存在缺陷的基础上,本文对原始特征值进行了非线性变换,在网格方向特征提取时加入了网格的权值,从而增强了特征向量的区分能力;聚类使用的是k-means聚类方法,在聚类距离方面,我们在对比了各种距离测度方法后,提出了一种变型的欧氏距离计算方法,并将硬聚类方法改为模糊聚类方法,提高了算法的鲁棒性;为了提高系统区分相似字的能力,本文在借鉴了签名识别的方法后,实现了二级分类器,增强了其对细微差别的辨别能力。 实验结果表明,本文提出的改进方法对识别率有一定的提高,说明方法可行有效,适用于藏文的联机手写识别。
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藏文语言模型是藏文信息处理的基础和核心技术。研究和开发具有强大描述藏语能力的藏文统计语言模型对藏文信息处理的各个应用领域,如机器翻译、藏文语音识别、藏文输入法、藏字校对和藏文信息检索等具有重要的现实意义和实用价值,构建藏文语言模型是藏文信息处理的关键性基础工作,是实现藏文信息化的必要步骤。 本文首先对藏文自动分词进行了研究,实现了基于格助词的藏文最大匹配分词方案。接着研究了统计语言模型构造、数据平滑等技术,实现了一个藏文统计语言模型系统,主要包括词频统计、模型训练和模型评估三个模块。为解决数据稀疏问题,实现了多种模型平滑方法,包括Witten-Bell平滑、绝对折扣平滑、Kneser-Ney平滑和修正的Kneser-Ney平滑。 本文的实验在收集和整理一定规模的藏文语料并进行预处理的基础上,使用分词程序对藏文文本进行分词,并将藏文文本分成训练语料和测试语料两个部分。接着使用测试语料训练得到藏文统计语言模型,并使用了多种平滑方法,结合测试语料对藏文统计语言模型进行评估,比较了不同平滑方法的优劣。
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藏文拉丁转写是研究藏文化和进行藏文术语交流的重要工具。介绍了一种基于藏文编码字符集基本集和藏文编码字符集扩充集A,实现藏文拉丁转写的方法。通过引入垂直预组合的概念,将藏文由复杂文本变为简单文本,从而简化了拉丁转写的处理过程,降低了算法复杂度。详细讲述了算法的原理及在OpenOffice.org中的实现。
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本文介绍了一种实现藏文字典序排序的方法,它针对藏文"大字丁字符集"编码方案.通过引入有(无)前加基字符的概念,它把待排序的藏字预处理为有(无)前加基字符、前加字符、基字(基字符或者字丁)、后加字符、再后加字符串后,再行比较,从而避免拆分字丁.本实现方法符合ISO/IEC14651标准语义.
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长期以来尚未有完整的藏文操作系统,原因是藏文文字的特性要求特定的文字处理。本文基于ISO/IEC10646的藏文字符集标准,结合藏文正字法要求,详细分析了藏文操作系统实现中的关键问题:(1)藏文字符集方案比较与藏文存储;(2)藏文输入;(3)藏文显现。藏文显现是公认的“瓶颈”问题。对此,本文提出基于音节划分、使用OpenType字体及相应的文本引擎来解决藏文“叠加”字符的显现。此方案应用于Qt库的实验及相关测试证明基于ISO/IEC10646标准的藏文操作系统实现是较合理的方案。
Resumo:
国内藏文软件开发普遍使用的是基于垂直预组合字符的实现方案,但是缺乏统一的编码标准.藏文编码字符集扩充集的推出,对于国内藏文软件的标准化、国际化具有重要意义.本文通过分析ISO/IEC 10646藏文编码字符集基本集、藏文编码字符集扩充集国家标准,区分它们描述字丁的差异,分析由编码方案所导致的实现上的关键问题.最后,针对藏文扩充集B的特殊性,提出并实现了基于Linux国际化架构下支持藏文扩充集标准的解决方案.
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以开源项目OpenOffice.org为基础,针对藏文基本字符集在OpenOffice.org办公套件本地化的过程中出现的技术难点,根据藏文自身的特点结合OpenOffice.org中文本显示模块Icu的结构,解决了藏文小字符集在OpenOffice.org办公套件中显示、排序和转写等和文化与文字紧密相关的问题。该本地化软件可以跨Windows和Linux平台运行。
Resumo:
藏文操作系统是实施藏文信息处理、实现藏文信息化的基础。介绍了藏文信息处理的发展现状,并分析了藏文信息处理的需求。阐述了研发藏文操作系统涉及到的主要研究内容,以Linux操作系统模块结构为基础阐述了该系统采用的实现框架,分析了其中需要解决的关键技术难点,详细描述其解决方案。简要说明了"藏文Linux桌面系统V1.1"的特点及后续的工作方向。
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Linux系统对少数民族文字的支持需要建立在国际化机制基础上,本文在总结现有Linux国际化框架层次结构基础上,分析了X核心系统国际化的一些关键问题,并以增加藏文支持的实践为例,系统说明了增加民族文字支持所需对X核心系统进行的改动,对在相关项目中的实施情况和效果进行了评估,最后结合其他民族文字系统的研究,对这些工作的局限性进行了深入分析,并提出了今后的工作方向.
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软件产品的标准符合性测试是衡量产品质量与性能的重要方法。本文根据藏文字符集标准与字型标准,按软件产品的可用性原则.分析与定义了藏文字库标准符合性检测的含义与内容。本文提出了实施藏文字库标准符合性测试的方案与算法,实现了藏文字库测试程序。测试结果表明本文的检测方案可行、完整,也为其他文字的字库标准符合性检测提供了很好的途径。
Resumo:
藏文属于拼音文字,她的书写规则与英语书写规则一样是从左向右,从上到下,但每个单词之间没有空格,只用音节符把每个单词给分隔开。根据藏文文法,藏文的换行只能发生在音节符、单垂符,双垂符与空格的后面。目前主流浏览器(如Firefox,Netscape等)都不能处理藏文的这一断行特性,所以这些浏览器无法正常显示藏文文本,如Firefox将整个一段没有空格文本当作一个单词,造成在屏幕的右边无法换行。结果是用户必须拖动鼠标来浏览整篇文章,给用户带来了很大的麻烦。又由于藏文中大部分的拼音字母的宽度是不同的,在编写HTML文档时候也无法根据藏文字符串的多少来决定字符串的长度。该算法将采用了一个粗略的方法得到一个字符串长度的近似值,再根据行宽的限制在字符串的适当的位置找到一个可断行点进行断行。虽然得到的是近似值,但是基本上解决了主流浏览器无法处理藏文排版的问题。
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办公套件是人们日常应用最为广泛的信息处理软件之一,但真正意义的藏文办公套件至今都尚未问世,成为藏文信息技术发展的“瓶颈”.开源项目OpenOffice.org的不断发展和日益成熟,为藏文办公套件的研制开发提供了有利的契机.以OpenOffice.org为源代码基础,采用藏文编码字符集(扩充集A)国家标准,研制的藏文办公套件可支持藏文排版习惯和藏文本地环境,着重解决了藏文文本自动断行的问题,能够满足藏语文用户日常办公需要.