339 resultados para Rt-Pcr


Relevância:

60.00% 60.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

Interferon (IFN) can induce an antiviral state via interferon-regulatory transcription factors (IRFs), which bind to and control genes directed by the interferon-stimulated response element (ISRE). Here we describe a fish IRF, termed CaIRF7, cloned from a subtractive cDNA library which is constructed with mRNAs obtained from crucian carp (Carassius auratus L.) blastulae embryonic (CAB) cells infected by UV-inactivated GCHV and mock-infected cells. CaIRF7 cDNA was found to be 1816 bp in length, with a 42 bp 5' UTR and a 508 bp 3' UTR. The open reading frame translates into 421 amino acids in which a DNA-binding domain (DBD) containing the repeated tryptophan motif and IRFs association domain have been identified. Like chicken GgIRF3, CaIRF7 was most similar to mammalian IRF7 with 27 to 30% identity overall and some 37% identity in their DBDs. A single transcript of 1.9 kb was detected in virally induced CAB cells by virtual Northern blotting. RT-PCR analysis revealed a wide tissue distribution of CaIRF7 constitutive expression, with detectable transcript in non-infected CAB cells and various tissues of healthy crucian carp. In addition, CaIRF7 expression was differentially increased by stimulation of the CAB cells with active GCHV, UV-inactivated GCHV or CAB IFN, indicating that the activation of CaIRF7 was directly regulated by IFN. (C) 2003 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Relevância:

60.00% 60.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

To understand the molecular events governing fish oogenesis, a multiple technique was used to identify the genes differentially expressed at different phases during fish oogenesis. This technique is a combination of suppression subtractive hybridization, SMART cDNA synthesis and RACE-PCR. Here we report the cDNA cloning and expression characterization of a novel SNX gene based on its differential transcription between previtellogenic and fully mature oocytes in naturally gynogenetic gibel carp. First, a cDNA fragment selectively expressed in previtellogenic oocytes was identified and used to screen a SMART cDNA library prepared from the same mRNA sample by RACE-PCR for cloning fully length cDNA. The full length cDNA was 1392-bp long and coded for a novel SNX protein with 225 amino acids. The 5' UTR had 72 bp and 3' UTR had 642 bp. Unlike most of maternal genes that are transcribed after vitellogenesis and stored in oocytes, this gene is expressed at a higher level in the previtellogenic oocytes and at a much lower level in fully matured oocytes. However, RT-PCR analysis of tissues showed it was ubiquitous transcription. The novel gene is named fish sorting nexin (fSNX), because it contains a conserved PX domain. The fact which major expression of the gene occurs in the previtellogenic oocytes suggests that it might have an important function in the oogenesis. (C) 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Relevância:

60.00% 60.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

Immunoglobulin light chain cDNA sequences of a perciform fish, the mandarin fish Siniperca chuatsi were amplified from head kidney mRNA by reverse transcription (RT)-PCR and RACE methods using degenerated primer and gene specific ones. In cDNA sequences of the VL region, nucleotide exchanges were present mainly within CDRs, although a lesser degree of variability was also found in FRs. Moreover, the length of CDRI and CDR3 in the mandarin fish is shorter than in most other fish species. In the middle of S. chuatsi CL region, a microsatellite sequence (AGC)(6-8) was found, which is also present in another perciform species, the spotted wolffish (Anarhichas minor). The comparison of amino acid sequence of the mandarin fish CL domain with those of other vertebrates showed the highest degree of similarity of 94.5% to the spotted wolffish, while the similarity with rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Ig L1 (62.7%) and channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) Ig LG (55.9%) isotypes is also higher. However, there is only 50% identity in the VL regions between the mandarin fish and the wolffish. The sequence similarity of the mandarin fish CL domain with those of higher vertebrate did not readily allow it to be classified as kappa or lambda isotype. The phylogenetic analyses also demonstrated that the CL genes of the mandarin fish and most other teleost fish cluster as a separate branch out of the mammal kappa and lambda branches. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Relevância:

60.00% 60.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

UV-inactivated grass carp hemorrhage virus (GCHV) can induce high titer of interferon in cultured CAB (crucian carp (Carassius auratus L.) blastulae) cells, and thus defend host cells against the virus invasion. The mechanism is proposed that an antiviral state should be established in the host cells by activating expression of a set of antiviral-relevant genes. In this study, suppressive subtractive hybridization is applied to constructing a subtracted cDNA library with mRNAs isolated from UV-inactivated GCHV infected and mock-infected CAB cells. 272 differential cDNA fragments are identified by both PCR and dot blot from the subtractive cDNA library. Sequencing analysis reveals 69 genes, including 46 known gene homologues, and 23 unknown putative genes. The known genes include the genes involved in interferon signaling pathways, such as Stat1 and Jak1, the antiviral genes, such as Mx and Viperin, and a set of interferon-stimulated genes observed in mammalian cells. Most of the unknown putative genes contain AU-rich element in their sequences. Differential expressions of these genes are further confirmed by virtual Northern blot and RT-PCR. The data imply that UV-inactivated GCHV is not only able to induce production of interferon in the infected CAB cells, but also leads to the expression of a series of antiviral-relevant genes or immune-relevant genes, and therefore reveals that the signaling pathway of interferon system and antiviral mechanism in fish are similar to those in mammals.

Relevância:

60.00% 60.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

A new gene with WD domains is cloned and characterized according to its differential transcription and expression between previtellogenic oocytes (phase I oocytes) and fully-grown oocytes (phase V oocytes) from natural gynogenetic silver crucian carp (Carassius auratus gibelio) by using the combinative methods of suppressive subtraction hybridization, SMART cDNA synthesis and RACE-PCR. The full-length cDNA is 1870 bp. Its 5 ' untranslated region is 210 bp, followed by an open reading frame of 990 bp, which has the typical vertebrate initiator codon of ANNATG. The open reading frame encodes a protein with 329 amino acids. It has 670 bp of 3 ' untranslated region and an AATAAA polyadenylation signal. Because it has 92% homology to STRAP (serine-threonine kinase receptor-associated protein), a recently reported gene, we named it FSTRAP (fish STRAP). Virtual Northern blotting indicated that the FSTRAP was transcribed in fully-grown oocytes (phase V oocytes), but not in previtellogenic oocytes (phase I oocytes). RT-PCR analysis showed that FSTRAP was transcribed in brain, heart, kidney, muscle, ovary, spleen and testis, but not in liver. And its mRNA could be detected in the oocytes from phase II to phase V. Western blotting also showed that FSTRAP protein could be detected in brain, heart, kidney, muscle, ovary, spleen and testis except liver. Results of Western blotting on various oocytes were also similar to the RT-PCR data. FSTRAP protein was not expressed in the previtellogenic oocytes. Its expression initiated from phase II oocytes after vitellogenesis, and was consistent with the mRNA transcription.

Relevância:

60.00% 60.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

The transcriptional onset of hGH-transgene in fish was studied in the following three cases: the first is in MThGH-transgenic F-4 common carp (Cyprinus carpio) embryos, the second is in nuclear-transferred embryos supported by the transgenic F-4 embryonic nuclei, and the third is in nuclear-transferred embryos supported by the transgenic F-4 tail-fin nuclei. RT-PCR results show that the hGH-transgene initiates its transcriptional activity from early-gastrula stage, the early blastula stage and even 16-cell stage in the first, second and third cases, respectively. it looks like that fish egg cytoplasm could just offer a very restricted reprogramming on transcriptional activity of specific gene in differentiated cell nuclei by nuclear transplantation.

Relevância:

60.00% 60.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

A rapid, sensitive and highly specific detection method for grass carp hemorrhagic virus (GCHV) based on a reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) has been developed. Two pairs of PCR primers were synthesized according to the cloned cDNA sequences of the GCHV-861 strain. For each primer combination, only one specific major product was obtained when amplification was performed by using the genomic dsRNA of GCHV-861 strain. The lengths of their expected products were 320 and 223 bp, respectively. No products were obtained when nucleic acids other than GCHV-861 genomic RNA were used as RT-PCR templates. To assess the sensitivity of the method, dilutions of purified GCHV-861 dsRNA total genome (0.01 pg up to 1000 pg) were amplified and quantities of as little as 0.1 pg of purified dsRNA were detectable when the amplification product was analyzed by 1.5% agarose gel electrophoresis. This technique could detect GCHV-861 not only in infected cell culture fluids, but also in infected grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idellus and rare minnow Gobiocypris rarus with or without hemorrhagic symptoms. The results show that the RT-PCR amplification method is useful for the direct detection of GCHV.

Relevância:

60.00% 60.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

The effects of estradiol (E(2)) on growth hormone (GH) production was investigated in gonad-intact female goldfish. It was first necessary to generate a specific antibody for use in immunocytochemistry, Western, and dot-blot analyses of GH production. To accomplish this, grass carp GH (gcGH) cDNA was cloned by the reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and expressed in Echerichia coli and a specific polyclonal antibody to recombinant gcGH was generated in the rabbit. In Western blot, the anti-gcGH antibody specifically immunoreacted with recombinant gcGH, purified natural common carp GH, and with a single 21.5-kDa GH form from pituitary extracts of grass carp, common carp, goldfish, and zebrafish but not salmon, trout, or tilapia. Intraperitoneal injection of the recombinant gcGH enhanced the growth rates of juvenile common carp demonstrating biological activity of this GH preparation. Electron microscopic studies showed that the anti-gcGH-I antibody specifically reacted with GH localized in the secretory granules of the goldfish somatotroph. Using anti-gcGH-I in a dot-blot assay, it was found that in vivo implantation of solid silastic pellets containing E(2) (100 mu g/g body weight for 5 days) increased pituitary GH content by 150% in female goldfish. In a second, independent study employing a previously characterized anticommon carp GH antibody for radioimmunoassay, it was found that E(2) increased pituitary GH content by 170% and serum GH levels by approximately 350%. The E(2)-induced hypersecretion of GH and increase in pituitary GH levels was not associated with changes in steady-state pituitary GH mRNA levels, suggesting that this sex steroid may enhance GH synthesis at the posttranscriptional or translational level. Previous observations indicate that GH can stimulate ovarian E(2) production. The present results show that E(2) can in turn stimulate GH production, indicating the existence of a novel pituitary GH-ovarian feedback system in goldfish. (C) 1997 Academic Press.

Relevância:

60.00% 60.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

内皮抑素具有抑制内皮细胞增殖和抗肿瘤新生血管生成活性,在小鼠实验中对多种肿瘤取得了有效的结果,有望成为一种新型抗肿瘤药物。本论文从基因的获取到在大肠杆菌中的高效表达,系统地研究了重组内皮抑素的全过程,并对其体内、体外的生物学活性及多种光谱学性质进行了深入的研究。采用Trizol试剂改进法从人胚肝组织中制备细胞mR NA,通过RT-PCR方法获得人内皮抑素基因。应用基因工程技术构建了亚克隆载体和表达载体,在大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中以包涵体方式表达出N-末端带有6XHisTag标签的融合蛋白,表达量最多达到菌体总蛋白的42%。建立了包涵体蛋白的复性和纯化方法,得到具有较高纯度的重组内皮抑素蛋白。首次用质谱法证实从大肠杆菌的包涵体中获得的重组蛋白,因宿主菌中水解甲硫氨酸的酶不能对所有包涵体蛋白起作用,而在目的蛋白中会棍有N-末端具有甲硫氨酸的产物。对内皮抑素基因做定点突变,首次将内皮抑素蛋白的N-末端锌离子结合位点的的His2、His4突变成Leu2、Va14,构建了点突变的亚克隆载体,为以后研究其作用机理提供了条件。重组内皮抑素能够抑制鸡胚尿囊膜血管生成和人脐静脉内皮细胞ECV-304的增殖,在小鼠体内实验中对黑色素瘤产生良好的抑瘤效果(P<0.01)。通过细胞周期分析,首次发现重组内皮抑素在G2期抑制 ECV-304细胞的增殖。电镜观察发现受内皮抑素作用的ECV-304细胞,产生了凋亡小体并出现多种细胞凋亡特征。同时,首次发现内皮抑素能使Balb/c 3T3细胞产生凋亡。计算机结构模拟结果表明重组内皮抑素蛋白与天然蛋白具有相似的空间结构。研究了内皮抑素与锌离子、肝素、稀土离子作用后蛋白质的光谱学性质和二级结构的变化,首次发现偏酸性pH对肝素与内皮抑素的结合作用有特殊影响,为研究内皮抑素特异抑制肿瘤组织新生血管的生成提供了实验依据。从人胚肝组织出发初步完成了人硒蛋白P亚克隆载体的构建。

Relevância:

60.00% 60.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

可变性剪接在调节基因表达和增加蛋白多样化方面具有重要的作用。它也是高等生物基因组进化中产生新蛋白的主要机制之一。人类大脑――适应性进化的产物,则更加倾向运用可变性剪接的策略来行使其高度复杂的功能。因此,鉴定出人类中枢神经系统中的特异性剪接体对于我们理解人类认知的功能进化有着相当重要的意义。 KLK8 (Kallikrein 8, 又名 neuropsin)是中枢神经系统中参与大脑学习记忆的一种丝氨酸蛋白酶。以前的研究表明,这个基因的剪接形式在人和小鼠中是不同的,在人脑中表达一种特有的更长的剪接形式(type Ⅱ)。而序列分析又提示这个更长的剪接形式在灵长类中是最近起源的。本论文的研究目的:(1)揭示在人类大脑进化过程中,type Ⅱ特异剪接体产生的分子遗传机制;(2)了解type Ⅱ的蛋白异型体比原先KLK8 蛋白的typeⅠ异型体有何新的功能特点。我们发现type Ⅱ是一种人特有的剪接体,在其它非人灵长类的大脑中没有表达。运用体外剪接实验,我们证实:一个人类特有的T 到A 单碱基突变改变了KLK8 的剪接模式,使得type Ⅱ这一崭新的剪接体在人类大脑中产生。体外突变体的剪接实验则进一步证实了这一单碱基突变是type Ⅱ表达的充要条件。此外,运用突变实验我们也证实了多个位点参与削弱KLK8 原有组成性剪接位点的剪接效率。我们估计在灵长类进化过程中,新剪接位点的产生和原组成性剪接位点的削弱共同造成了KLK8 剪接的变化,这就表明KLK8 经过多个演化步骤最终才导致了type Ⅱ在人大脑中的表达。5’RACE,启动子区域序列分析以及启动子的活力检测则表明KLK8 的转录调节在进化过程中一直在动态变化。此项研究揭示了在人类进化过程中,中枢神经系统中通过可变剪接产生新蛋白的遗传学分子机制。除此之外,RT-PCR 和western blot 实验表明特异剪接体的表达是时空依赖性的,它的分泌效率也与细胞类型相关。生物化学和酶学实验则表明type Ⅱ 不仅能够产生原有KLK8 的活性形式蛋白,它还有type Ⅱ异型体特有的一个中间蛋白体,提示我们人类大脑中type Ⅱ蛋白的形成可能会对原有蛋白起一定的功能修饰作用

Relevância:

60.00% 60.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

肌肉生长抑制素(myostatin)属于转化生长因子β(TGF-β)超家族中的一个成员,是控制骨骼肌生长发育的重要细胞因子。该研究以松江鲈肌肉总RNA为模板,采用RT-PCR、5'-RACE和3'-RACE的方法,获得了松江鲈MSTN基因的3个片段,测序后拼接得到2568bp全长cDNA序列,其包含了1131个核苷酸的开放性阅读框,翻译编码376个氨基酸。松江鲈MSTN具有MSTN的共同特征,有蛋白酶水解位点RARR和10个保守的半胱氨酸残基;核苷酸和氨基酸同源性分析发现,松江鲈MSTN基因序列与石首鱼、条纹狼鲈、美洲白鲈、金眼石鮨等同源性较高;与哺乳动物和鸟类同源性较低。系统发育分析表明,松江鲈MSTN与石首鱼亲缘关系最近。RT-PCR分析表明,该基因在肌肉表达量最高;在肠中也有较高表达;在脑和肝脏中也能检测到表达。此结果表明,松江鲈MSTN基因除对肌肉生长发育有调控作用以外,可能还有其他功能。

Relevância:

60.00% 60.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

两栖类动物的皮肤是其得以生存的重要器官,它担负着许多生理功能,如呼吸、水份调节、温度控制、排泄、繁殖、抵抗微生物、防御天敌等。存在于两栖动物皮肤分泌物中的生物活性成分已成为研究热点。目前,己分离鉴定出许多具有各种生物活性的蛋白质及多肤。通过三步分离纯化过程:DEAE-SephadexA-50离子交换,SephadeX075凝胶过滤,和DEAE-SephadexA-50离子交换层析,我们从大蹼铃蟾(Bombinamaxima)皮肤匀浆物中分离得到纯化的大蹼铃蟾皮肤白蛋白(Bm-A-skin)。SDS-PAGE电泳表明,该蛋白为单链蛋白质,在还原状态下表观分子量为67kDa。非还原状态下至少存在三条带,分子量分别为50,55和110kDa。经N-端氨基酸序列分析,其序列均相同,故该蛋白在SDS存在下有同分异构体及多聚体形式。根据所测得的N端氨基酸序列及内肤序列设计引物,通过筛选已构建的大蹼铃蟾皮肤cDNA文库,获得了编码该蛋白的全长cDNA。经序列分析发现该蛋白由三个保守的血清白蛋白结构域组成,并且同人血清白蛋白及牛血清白蛋白的序列相似度分别为39%和38%。随后,我们从血清中也分离纯化到血清白蛋白(BmA-serum),并通过RT-PCR,从大蹼铃蟾肝脏中扩增得到其全长cDNA序列。对由cDNA序列推导的两个大蹼铃蟾白蛋白的氨基酸序列进行比较,发现二者基本相同,只有两个氨基酸的差异,即BmA-skin的Gly417,Ser569,在BmA-serum中均为Asn。造成这两个氨基酸差异的只有一个碱基的突变,即编码BmA-skinGly417,Ser569密码子的第二位碱基A在BmA-serum中变为G。另外,从肝脏获得的BmA-serum的cDNA3'非翻译区还有8个碱基的插入。经扫描光谱分析,BmA-skin含有大量的血红素b,含量为0.95moFinol蛋白,而BmA-serum中含量较少,为0.05mol/mol蛋白。经schiff试剂染色发现,BmA-skin及BmA-serum均为非糖蛋白质。两者均具有抑制trypsin水解小肚底物的活性,但对其它丝氨酸蛋白酶的活性则无抑制,如thrombin、chyomotryPSin、elastase及substilisin。利用表面等离子共振技术研究BmA-skin及BmA-serum与trysin的相互作用,分别得到它们与trrpsin结合的动力学常数,解离平衡常数KD为两者均通过由一对二硫键cys53-Cys62形成的一个暴露的活性位点环,以1:1分子摩尔比同tryrsin形成稳定的非共价结合的复合物,其反应活性位点为Arg58(P1)-His59(P1')。利用免疫组织化学方法研究发现,BmA-skin广泛地分布于成年大蹼铃蟾上皮细胞的细胞膜及真皮的疏松结缔组织层。表明其在蛙皮肤的生理功能中发挥重要作用,如水及代谢物质交换,渗透压的维持,皮肤呼吸等。另外,我们还从非洲爪蟾(xenopus勿即is)的血清及皮肤中分离到其68扔a的血清白蛋白,经初步鉴定也具有trtPsin抑制活性,但其抑制机制与B.maxima白蛋白不同,还有待于进一步研究。通过MTT法研究发现,BmA-skin对人T淋巴细胞H9、C8166及hemin处理的红白血病细胞K562具有细胞毒活性。三种细胞经BmA-skin处理72h,CC50A片段化,细胞核形态变化及流式细胞仪分析,结果显示,BmA-skin具有选择性诱导细胞调亡的特性。而BmA-serum对三种细胞均无毒性作用,单独的hemin对三种细胞的,胜也很弱。实验结果表明,BmA-skin结合的血红素b可能对其细胞毒及诱导细胞调亡的活性具有较大的贡献。用Cy3标记的BmA-skin与Hg和C8166细胞保温后,发现其进入细胞内发挥作用,这可能是其诱导细胞调亡机制之一。

Relevância:

60.00% 60.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

近来的研究表明,转录后调控对于调节脊椎动物发育过程中的细胞分化,细胞分裂及基因区域特异性表达都具有重要作用。转录后调控包括对mRNA稳定性、翻译效率、细胞内定位及poly(A)水平的调控等。Sox2基因是脊椎动物早期发育中最早表达的神经系统特异性基因之一,是脊椎动物早期神经系统发育的重要调节因子。通过生物信息学分析,我们发现,在脊椎动物Sox2 mRNA 3’非翻译区中存在4段非常保守的富含AU的区域,通过报告基因分析等手段研究发现Sox2 3’非翻译区中的部分元件可显著提高报告基因表达,提示我们Sox2的表达可能受到转录后调控。 我们通过对爪蟾Xfhl3基因序列分析时发现其3’非翻译区存在一段保守的只在两栖类具有的序列,我们克隆并检测了该基因的表达图式,并采用报告基因分析等手段研究了Xfhl3基因 3’非翻译区对报告基因表达的影响。结果发现其3’UTR可抑制报告基因表达水平。由于Xfhl3基因3’UTR中这段序列只在爪蟾基因中高度保守,而在在进化过程中两栖动物最独特的便是变态现象,这提示我们去探索这段爪蟾特有的保守序列是否与两栖类变态发育密切相关。由于甲状腺激素在两栖类的变态中的重要作用,因此我们设想Xfhl3基因的3’UTR中的保守序列可能与甲状腺激素相互作用共同调节爪蟾的变态过程。我们的初步结果表明,在爪蟾胚胎中,甲状腺激素对于正常报告基因表达没有明显的作用,但是在插入Xfhl3基因3’UTR中保守序列后,甲状腺激素处理可显著提高报告基因的表达,表明甲状腺素可能直接或间接通过与该段保守序列参与基因的表达调控。 脊椎动物的眼是一个功能非常特殊的器官,受到复杂的调控网络的调节,众多对神经发生重要的基因在眼中表达并参与了这一调节过程。我们克隆了非洲爪蟾的Sox1基因并研究了它在非洲爪蟾早期发育过程中的时空表达图式,比较了Sox1-3基因在发育的脑和眼中的表达图式,进一步阐明SoxB1基因家族在脊椎动物神经系统发生过程中的作用。此外,我们还克隆了非洲爪蟾MGC85160基因并利用RT-PCR和胚胎整体原位杂交技术探测它在不同胚胎阶段的时空表达图式。结果表明母源性表达的MGC85160基因早期主要在动物极表达;从神经板期开始在发育的中枢神经系统和眼中表达,石蜡切片显示它主要在视网膜和晶状体中表达,说明该基因在爪蟾早期外胚层的模式化以及中枢神经系统的发育过程中可能起到重要作用。 此外,我们还研究了鱇浪白鱼的早期发育分期和眼睛特异基因的表达图式。鱇浪白鱼(Anabarilius grahami )是云南抚仙湖的特有鱼种。我们首次完成了鱇浪白鱼早期发育的完整分期,主要包括合子期,卵裂期,囊胚期,原肠期,体节期和孵化期六个主要的时期。为了理解鱇浪白鱼眼睛的发育,我们克隆并检测了在眼发育早期起关键作用的基因Sox2, Pax6a, Six3a 和 Rx2的表达图式。结果表明这四个基因全部在尾芽期的前端神经板中表达,随后在视网膜原基细胞中表达明显。在晚期阶段,除Rx2外其它三个基因也在晶状体中表达。其表达模式与斑马鱼中同源基因的表达很相似,说明涉及眼发育的分子网络在鱇浪白鱼中也是高度保守的。

Relevância:

60.00% 60.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

神经嵴(neural crest)是一类脊椎动物特有的多潜能迁移细胞。这一类细胞历经“表皮—间充质”转换(EMT),与神经管背侧的其它细胞分离,经由不同路线迁移,定位于胚胎外周各处,后分化为不同的细胞类型包括外周神经系统、颅面骨骼系统及色素细胞等。神经嵴的发育是一个多途径多步骤的过程,受多种信号通路及转录因子调控。这些调控因子相互调节形成精密网络,可被划分为三个主要层次类群:分泌性信号分子(BMP、Wnt、FGF、Delta)、神经板边界特异基因(Msx、Pax3/7、 Zic1、Dlx3/5)、神经嵴特异基因(Snail/Slug、AP-2、FoxD3、Twist、Id、cMyc、Sox9/10)。本文第一章主要概述不同组织来源的各种分泌信号在神经嵴诱导中的作用以及他们之间的整合调控。 Nkx6家族蛋白是一类进化上保守的转录因子,在脊椎动物中枢神经系统(CNS)的图式形成和胰腺的发育中有重要作用。在第二章,我们描述了非洲爪蟾中Nkx6家族基因的克隆及其表达图式。与小鼠和鸡中的同源基因类似,爪蟾的Nkx6家族基因在胚胎发育过程中主要表达于中枢神经系统和前部内胚层组织。其中Nkx6.1和Nkx6.2在神经胚期神经板表达重合,晚期都表达于后脑和脊髓的腹侧。Nkx6.3从卵裂期到神经胚早期都表达于非神经外胚层,而尾芽期表达于后脑后部和腮弓。在内胚层中,Nkx6.2在尾芽期表达于底索。在蝌蚪期,Nkx6家族的三个基因分别表达于前部内胚层的衍生物,包括胰腺、胃、食道和肺。 Nkx6.3是最近发现的Nkx6家族新成员,它在爪蟾中的表达与Nkx6.1和Nkx6.2有了较大分歧。在第三章,我们通过功能获得及功能缺失实验来探讨Nkx6.3在爪蟾早期发育中的功能。我们发现原肠期前过量或抑制Nkx6.3表达都会影响胚胎原肠运动的正常进行。我们通过动物帽延伸实验证明Nkx6.3参与了细胞运动。半定量RT-PCR结果显示,Nkx6.3可以调控一些粘附分子的表达。以上结果说明Nkx6.3通过调控粘附分子的转录而参与细胞运动的调控。我们还发神经嵴(neural crest)是一类脊椎动物特有的多潜能迁移细胞。这一类细胞历经“表皮—间充质”转换(EMT),与神经管背侧的其它细胞分离,经由不同路线迁移,定位于胚胎外周各处,后分化为不同的细胞类型包括外周神经系统、颅面骨骼系统及色素细胞等。神经嵴的发育是一个多途径多步骤的过程,受多种信号通路及转录因子调控。这些调控因子相互调节形成精密网络,可被划分为三个主要层次类群:分泌性信号分子(BMP、Wnt、FGF、Delta)、神经板边界特异基因(Msx、Pax3/7、 Zic1、Dlx3/5)、神经嵴特异基因(Snail/Slug、AP-2、FoxD3、Twist、Id、cMyc、Sox9/10)。本文第一章主要概述不同组织来源的各种分泌信号在神经嵴诱导中的作用以及他们之间的整合调控。 Nkx6家族蛋白是一类进化上保守的转录因子,在脊椎动物中枢神经系统(CNS)的图式形成和胰腺的发育中有重要作用。在第二章,我们描述了非洲爪蟾中Nkx6家族基因的克隆及其表达图式。与小鼠和鸡中的同源基因类似,爪蟾的Nkx6家族基因在胚胎发育过程中主要表达于中枢神经系统和前部内胚层组织。其中Nkx6.1和Nkx6.2在神经胚期神经板表达重合,晚期都表达于后脑和脊髓的腹侧。Nkx6.3从卵裂期到神经胚早期都表达于非神经外胚层,而尾芽期表达于后脑后部和腮弓。在内胚层中,Nkx6.2在尾芽期表达于底索。在蝌蚪期,Nkx6家族的三个基因分别表达于前部内胚层的衍生物,包括胰腺、胃、食道和肺。 Nkx6.3是最近发现的Nkx6家族新成员,它在爪蟾中的表达与Nkx6.1和Nkx6.2有了较大分歧。在第三章,我们通过功能获得及功能缺失实验来探讨Nkx6.3在爪蟾早期发育中的功能。我们发现原肠期前过量或抑制Nkx6.3表达都会影响胚胎原肠运动的正常进行。我们通过动物帽延伸实验证明Nkx6.3参与了细胞运动。半定量RT-PCR结果显示,Nkx6.3可以调控一些粘附分子的表达。以上结果说明Nkx6.3通过调控粘附分子的转录而参与细胞运动的调控。我们还发现,在爪蟾胚胎中Nkx6.3的过表达或抑制表达都导致神经嵴标记基因表达降低。进一步研究发现,32细胞期在不同部位注射Nkx6.3 mRNA可以异位诱导或抑制Slug的表达。动物帽实验显示,Nkx6.3单独过表达可以诱导神经嵴发生,而迄今为止转录因子中只有Snail1具有这一单独诱导能力。在爪蟾胚胎及动物帽中,过表达Nkx6.3都可以诱导Fgf8、Wnt8而抑制BMP4的转录,而且Nkx6.3对这些分泌因子的调控方式是不同的。4细胞期过表达Nkx6.3的胚胎,在促进Fgf8和Wnt8而抑制BMP4的同时,却抑制神经板边界特异基因Msx1、Pax3和神经嵴特异基因Slug的表达,说明Nkx6.3对神经嵴的诱导调控在神经板边界基因层次还存在抑制作用。32细胞过表达Nkx6.3会细胞自主性抑制以及细胞非自主诱导Msx1、Pax3、Slug的表达。Nkx6.3异位诱导Dlx5却抑制Dlx3的表达,说明Dlx5可能是Nkx6.3负调控的直接靶基因。由此,我们提出Nkx6.3的神经嵴诱导调控分为两个层次:分泌信号分子水平的正调控和神经板边界决定水平的负调控。在脊椎动物的神经发生过程中,神经管背腹不同层次形成不同的神经元。这些神经元细胞的命运由背腹起源的多种形态发生素决定。形态发生素通过浓度梯度确定了一组转录因子在神经管背腹不同层次的特异表达,这些基因的组合调控决定了神经前体细胞的命运。然而,这些转录因子是如何解读形态发生素梯度信号的还不是很清楚。第四章,我们通过对神经管腹侧特异表达的转录因子的调控区进行预测,确定了可能调控这些基因表达的保守区段。此外,我们改进了爪蟾转基因操作,并用这一技术确证了Nkx6.2的调控区域。Dbx1、Nkx2.2及Pax6的转录调控区已在小鼠或爪蟾中报道过。由此我们得到了两对在神经管背腹图式中相互作用的转录因子的调控区域:Nkx6.2和Dbx1、Nkx2.2和Pax6。通过对Nkx6.2和Dbx1的调控保守区的转录因子结合位点的预测,我们发现这四个基因以及Wnt信号之间存在大量的相互调控。然而在这两个基因的调控区,我们没有发现Gli的调控位点,暗示这两个基因可能不受Shh的直接调控。我们还克隆了Dbx家族的两个基因,并检测了它们的时空特异性表达,发现Dbx2是母源性表达的,而Dbx1是合子型基因。这两个基因的表达图式相似,都在神经板中线两侧成线状表达,尾芽期在神经管中部表达。过表达Dbx2抑制神经元的初级分化,说明它可能与Dbx1一样具有维持神经板细胞未分化状态的功能。Dbx2的过表达还抑制Nkx6.2及Dbx1的表达,说明它们可能一起参与了神经管腹侧图式的调控。

Relevância:

60.00% 60.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

PEDF 蛋白(Pigment epithelium-derived factor)又名“色素上皮源因子”或 “色素上皮衍生因子”,为一个多功能性分泌糖蛋白,前人研究表明PEDF 蛋白 具有神经保护性、免疫调节、抑制新生血管生成以及抑制肿瘤恶化等多种功能。 PEDF-R 是PEDF 的受体, 属于PNPLA2 ( Patatin-like phopholipase domain-containing 2 family)蛋白家族的一个新成员,PEDF 蛋白与其结合后会激 活PEDF-R 的磷脂酶A2 活性。本研究中,我们描述了非洲爪蟾PEDF 和PEDF-R 基因的表达图式及其在胚胎发育中的可能功能。RT-PCR 结果显示PEDF 是非母 源性表达,而PEDF-R 则是母源性表达的。原位杂交实验表明它们均在神经系统 中特异表达,但PEDF-R 的表达区域更加广泛,在鳃弓、眼泡和耳泡中也有表达。 通过mRNA 过表达和Morpholino(MO)阻断蛋白合成等手段发现,PEDF 功能获 得和功能缺失后胚胎几乎不受影响。然而PEDF-R 过表达后胚胎向注射一侧弯 曲,TUNEL 凋亡检测实验发现这些胚胎在注射一侧发生了凋亡。这两个基因神 经表达的特异性表明它们可能在早期神经发育中有重要功能。TUNEL 结果暗示 着PEDF-R 可能是一个与凋亡信号通路相关的受体。PEDF 功能获得和缺失并未 导致胚胎明显的表型,这表明PEDF 在非洲爪蟾中可能还存在其他的受体来行使 与PEDF-R 不同功能的途径。 果蝇的vestigial 基因编码一个转录辅助因子,在果蝇中只有一个成员,即 vestigial(vg)基因。在脊椎动物中有四个vestigial 同源基因,即vestigial-like 1,2,3,4_(vgl-1,2,3,4)。Vestigial 蛋白能作为辅助因子与果蝇中的Scalloped(Sd)蛋白 或者哺乳动物中的TEF 蛋白结合成复合体,通过Sd/TEF 蛋白的TEA/ATTS 结构 域与DNA 结合,从而调节下游基因的转录。本研究中,我们克隆了非洲爪蟾 vestigial-like 家族的四个成员,并对其在爪蟾胚胎发育过程中的表达进行研究。 RT-PCR 显示vgl-2 和vgl-3 是合子型表达的,vgl-1、vgl-4 则是母源性表达。原位 杂交显示:vgl-1 主要在神经管背部、耳泡和眼泡中表达;vgl-2 则是在肌肉、第 一二鳃弓、脊索中特异表达;vgl-3 神经胚时期在后脑有强的表达信号,从神经 胚后期到尾芽期后脑部位的表达几乎消失了,而在胚胎的头部以及神经管中开始 有微弱的表达;vgl-4 的表达较广泛,在神经管、眼泡、耳泡、肌肉以及脊索中 均有表达。在爪蟾中这四个成员的表达图式各不相同,提示它们有可能与其行使 组织特异性基因调控的功能相关,上述结果将有助于对vestigial-like 家族基因在 胚胎发育中的功能研究。