Study of thermal behaviors in CO2 laser irradiated glass

To understand mechanisms underlying laser-induced damage of BK7 and fused silica, we calculate the temperature field of the substrates with CO2 laser irradiating at a given laser power and beam radius. We find that the two glasses show different thermal behaviors. A model is developed for estimating the time t to heat the surface of the substrates up to a particular temperature T with cw CO2 laser irradiation. We calculate theoretically the duration t that the samples are irradiated, from the beginning to visual catastrophic damage, with the assumption of damage threshold determined by the critical temperature. The duration t that the samples are irradiated, from the beginning to visual catastrophic damage, is investigated experimentally as well. Here we take the melting point or softening point as the critical temperature, given the thermomechanical coupling properties, which is enough to cause damage for BK7. Damage features are characterized by the sound of visual cracks. Finally, we calculate stresses induced by laser heating. The analysis of stress indicates that the damage of BK7 is due to the stresses induced by laser heating. (c) 2005 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers.

Influence of Cr interlayer on the structure and optical properties of Ag films on glass substrate by magnetron sputtering

Optical properties and microstructure of Ag film on glass substrate with Cr intermediate layer were studied by using spectrophotometer and XRD. The spectra results showed that introducing Cr intermediate layer reduced the surface roughness and promoted the reflectivity of Ag film. The XRD analysis showed that the crystalline grains increased and the stress decreased. The adhesion was also improved by using the tape test method. (c) 2006 Published by Elsevier B.V.

Measurements of light scattering from glass substrates by total integrated scattering

A total integrated scattering (TIS) measurement was performed to investigate the surface and volume scattering of K9 glass substrates with low reflectance. Ag layers with thicknesses of 60 nm were deposited on the front and back surfaces of the K9 glass substrates by the magnetron sputtering technique. Surface scattering of the K9 glass substrate was obtained by the TIS measurement of the Ag layers on the assumption that the Ag layers and the K9 substrate had the same surface profile. Volume scattering of the substrates was deduced by subtracting the front and back surface scattering from the total scattering of the substrates. (c) 2005 Optical Society of America.

Nonpolarizing beam splitter designed by frustrated total internal reflection inside a glass cube

A method for the design of an all-dielectric nonpolarizing prism beam splitter utilizing the principle of frustrated total internal reflection is reported. The nonpolarizing condition for a prism beam splitter is discussed, and some single layer design examples are elaborated. The concept can be applied to a wide range of wavelengths and arbitrary transmittance values, and with the help of a computer design program examples of 400-700 nm, T-p = T-p = 0.5 +/- 0.01, with incident angles of 45 degrees and 62 degrees are given. In addition, the sensitivity and application of the design are also discussed. (c) 2006 Optical Society of America.

Effect of alumina and chromium interlayers on microstructures and optical properties of thin Ag films on glass substrates

Effects of alumina and chromium interlayers on the microstructure and optical properties of thin Ag films are investigated by using spectrophotometry, x-ray diffraction and AFM. The characteristics of Ag films in Ag/glass, Ag/Al2O3/glass and Ag/Cr/glass stacks are analysed. The results indicate that the insertion of an Al2O3 or Cr layer decreases the grains and influences the reflectance of Ag films. The reflectance of the Ag film can be increased by controlling the thickness of alumina interlayer. The stability of Ag films is improved and the adhesion of Ag films on glass substrates is enhanced by alumina as an interlayer.

Elevated levels of urinary 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine in male electrical and electronic equipment dismantling workers exposed to high concentrations of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, and polychlorinated biphenyls

To investigate the occupational exposure levels to polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), indoor dust (n = 3) in workshops and hair samples from male workers (n = 64) were collected at two electrical and electronic equipment waste (E-waste) dismantling factories located in the LQ area in east China in July 11-13, 2006. Pre- and postworkshift urines (64 of each) were also collected from the workers to study oxidative damage to DNA using 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) as a biomarker. The concentrations of PCDD/Fs, PCDD/F-WHO-TEQs, PBDEs, PCBs and PCB-WHO-TEQs were (50.0 +/- 8.1) x 10(3), 724.1 +/- 249.6, (27.5 +/- 5.8) x 10(6), (1.6 +/- 0.4) x 10(9), (26.2 +/- 3.0) x 10(3) pg/g dry weight (dw) in dust, and (2.6 +/- 0.6) x 10(3), 42.4 +/- 9.3, (870.8 +/- 205.4) x 10(3), (1.6 +/- 0.2) x 10(6), 41.5 +/- 5.5 pg/g dw in hair, respectively. The homologue and congener profiles in the samples demonstrated that high concentrations of PCDD/Fs, PBDEs, and PCBs were originated from open burning of E-waste. The 8-OHdG levels were detected at 6.40 +/- 1.64 mu mol/mol creatinine in preworkshift urines. However, the levels significantly increased to 24.55 +/- 5.96 mu mol/mol creatinine in postworkshift urines (p < 0.05). Then, it is concluded that there is a high cancer risk originated from oxidative stress indicated by the elevated 8-OHdG levels in the E-waste dismantling workers exposed to high concentrations of PCDD/Fs, PBDEs, and PCBs.

Research on the influence of fabrication parameters on the performance of buried ion-exchanged glass waveguides using the variational method

The variational method is proposed to analyze the influence of the fabrication parameters on the performance of buried K+-Na+ ion-exchanged Er3+-Yb3+ ions co-doped glass waveguide. The unknown parameters of the Hermite-Gaussian functions as the trial field distribution are determined based on the scalar variational principle. It is demonstrated that the results calculated in this paper agree with those measured in the experiment. The mode dimensions, the effective refractive index, and the overlap factor as the functions of the fabrication parameters are investigated. These results of the variational analysis are useful for the design and optimization of Er3+-Yb3+ ions co-doped waveguides.

Oxygen pressure dependences of structure and properties of ZnO films deposited on amorphous glass substrates by pulsed laser deposition

ZnO films are prepared on glass substrates by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) at different oxygen pressures, and the effects of oxygen pressure on the structure and optoelectrical properties of as-grown ZnO films are investigated. The results show that the crystallite size and surface roughness of the films increase, but the carrier concentration and optical energy gap E-g decrease with increasing oxygen pressure. Only UV emission is found in the photoluminescence (PL) spectra of all the samples, and its intensity increases with oxygen pressure. Furthermore, there are marked differences in structure and properties between the films grown at low oxygen pressures (0.003 and 0.2 Pa) and the films grown at high oxygen pressures (24 and 150 Pa), which is confirmed by the fact that the crystallite size and UV emission intensity markedly increase, but the carrier concentration markedly decreases as oxygen pressure increases from 0.2 to 24 Pa. These results show that the crystal quality, including the microstructural quality and stoichiometry proportion, of the prepared ZnO films improves as oxygen pressure increases, particularly from 0.2 to 24 Pa.

Narrowing of band gap and low-temperature spin glass behavior of FeNi co-doped ZnO nanowires

This letter reports on the Raman, optical and magnetic properties of FeNi co-doped ZnO nanowires prepared via a soft chemical solution method. The microstructural investigations show that the NiFe co-dopants are substituted into wurtzite ZnO nanostructure without forming any secondary phase. The co-doped nanowires show a remarkable reduction of 34 nm (267.9 meV) in the optical band gap, while suppression in the deep-level defect transition in visible luminescence. Furthermore, these nanowires exhibit ferromagnetism and an interesting low-temperature spin glass behavior, which may arise due to the presence of disorder and strong interactions of frustrated spin moments of Ni and Fe co-dopants on the ZnO lattice sites. Copyright (C) EPLA, 2009

Upconversion emission of a Er3+-doped glass microsphere under 633 nm excitation (vol 35, pg 353, 2004)

　

Upconversion emission of a Er3+-doped glass microsphere under 633 nm excitation

In this work, The TBS glass microspheres doped with Er3+ for morphology-dependent resonances of upconversion emission were designed. The glass sample components are 25TiO(2)-27BaCO(3)-8Ba(NO3)(2)-6ZnO(2)-9CaCO(3)-5H(3)BO(3)-10SiO(2)-7water glass-3Er(2)O(3) (wt%), and the emission spectra of TBS glass and a TBS glass microsphere (about 48 mum in diameter) were measured under 633 nm excitation and discussed. The strong morphology-dependent resonances of upconversion luminescences in the microsphere were observed. The observed resonances could be assigned by using the well-known Lorenz-Mie Formalism. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Structural and optical properties of ZnO thin films on glass substrate grown by laser-ablating Zn target in oxygen atmosphere

C-axis-orientated ZnO thin films were prepared on glass substrates by pulsed-laser deposition (PLD) technique in an oxygen-reactive atmosphere, using a metallic Zn target. The effects of growth condition such as laser energy and substrate temperature on the structural and optical properties of ZnO films had been investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission spectra and room-temperature (RT) photoluminescence (PL) measurements. The results showed that the thickness, crystallite size, and compactness of ZnO films increased with the laser energy and substrate temperature. Both the absorption edges and the UV emission peaks of the films exhibited redshift, and UV emission intensity gradually increased as the laser energy and substrate temperature increased. From these results, it was concluded that crystalline quality of ZnO films was improved with increasing laser energy and substrate temperature. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.N. All rights reserved.

Lasing of CdSSe quantum dots in glass spherical microcavity

Glass spherical microcavities containing CdSSe semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) of a few microns in diameter are fabricated using a physical method. When a single glass microspherical cavity is excited by a laser beam at room temperature, very strong and sharp whispering gallery modes are shown on the background of PL spectra of CdSSe QDs, which confirms that coupling between the optical emission of embedded QDs and spherical cavity modes is realized. For a glass microsphere only 4.6 mum in diameter, it was found that the energy separation is nearly up to 26 nm both for TE and TM modes. With the increasing excitation intensity, the excitation intensity dependence of the emission intensity is not linear in the double-logarithmic scale. Above the threshold value, the linewidths of resonance modes become narrower. The lasing behavior is achieved at relatively low excitation intensity at room temperature. High optical stability and low threshold value make this optical system promising in visible microlaser applications. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Lasing of CdSexS1-x quantum dots in a glass spherical microcavity

A glass spherical microcavity only a few microns in diameter embedded with CdSexS1-x quantum dots (QDs) was fabricated using a physical method; it exhibited good optical stability under continuous-wave laser excitation with high power. We investigated the excitation power dependences of the emission intensity and the linewidth of both transverse electric and transverse magnetic resonance peaks of whispering gallery modes. Stimulated emission behaviour of multi-frequency modes is observed at room temperature. The low threshold value and large mode separation makes QD-containing microspheres promising for visible microlaser applications.

Photoluminescence behavior of quantum dots in spherical glass microcavity

Micrometer-sized spherical glass microspheres were fabricated. CdSeS semiconductor nanometer clusters were incorporated into spherical microcavities. When a single microsphere was excited by a laser beam, the whispering gallery mode resonance of the photoluminescence of CdSeS quantum dots in the spherical microcavities was realized by the multiple total internal reflections at the spherical interface. The coupling of restricted electronic and photonic states was realized.