冬季强风条件下森林冠层/大气界面开路涡动相关CO_2净交换通量的UU修正

冬季夜间负净CO2通量的发生机制及合理处置的研究对于准确估算北方森林碳代谢状态具有重要影响.通过对长白山阔叶红松林2002年11月~2003年4月开路涡动相关系统获得的CO2净交换通量及相应交换过程的分析,发现(ⅰ)夜间负CO2通量主要发生在强风速条件下;(ⅱ)强风速条件下的压力脉动及平流过程是夜间负净CO2通量主要原因,鉴于对压力脉动及平流过程与CO2净交换同步实时监测的困难,提出了可操作的强风条件下CO2净交换通量的上界摩擦风速(UU)修正方法,长白山阔叶红松林的UU=0.4m·s?1,这个修正也适用于白天;(ⅲ)UU修正解决了长白山阔叶红松林冬季夜间净交换负总量问题.

Kinetics of acetic acid esterification with 2-ethoxyethanol over an Al-pillared clay catalyst

The Al-pillared clay catalyst obtained by exposing activated clay powder to sulfuric acid and aluminium salts and calcining in air at 373-673 K, was found to be highly active for the title reaction. The results indicated that pillared layer clay of the mixed oxide has been employed as parent catalysts for their definite structure and special properties which can be modified by the substitution of L and B acid sites cations. Solid acid catalyst of Supported aluminium was found to be highly active and selective at the 373-473 K temperature range for heterogeneous esterification. The activity is mainly attributed to the Lewis (and a considerably small number of Bronsted) acid sites whose number and strength increased due to pillaring. The water produced in the esterification can be induced by Al3+, which makes the catalyst surface to form strong B acid. Their acidities are obtained by pH measurement. If only B acid sites are > 70%, and pH < 1 in the 2-ethoxyethanol, there exists an activity of esterification. The used catalyst gave identical results with that of the fresh one. X-ray diffraction spectra show that the composition and active phase of the used catalysts are the same as the fresh ones. The kinetic study of the reaction was carried out by an integral method of analysis. The kinetic equation of surface esterification is y = 2.36x - 0.98.

Quantified MS analysis applied to combinatorial heterogeneous catalyst libraries

A high-throughput screening system for secondary catalyst libraries has been developed by incorporation of an 80-pass reactor and a quantified multistream mass spectrometer screening (MSMSS) technique. With a low-melting alloy as the heating medium, a uniform reaction temperature could be obtained in the multistream reactor (maximum temperature differences are less than 1 K at 673 K). Quantification of the results was realized by combination of a gas chromatogram with the MSMSS, which could provide the product selectivities of each catalyst in a heterogeneous catalyst library. Because the catalyst loading of each reaction tube is comparable to that of the conventional microreaction system and because the parallel reactions could be operated under identical conditions (homogeneous temperature, same pressure and WHSV), the reaction results of a promising catalyst selected from the library could be reasonably applied to the further scale-up of the system. The aldol condensation of acetone, with obvious differences in the product distribution over different kind of catalysts, was selected as a model reaction to validate the screening system.

Synthesis and spectroscopic study of mesoporous aluminum methylphosphonate foam templated by dibutyl methylphosphonate

New types of templates and novel interactive mechanisms between template and framework are very important for creating porous materials. In this work, by using neutral dibutyl methylphosphonate as a template, an inorganic-organic hybrid mesoporous material, aluminum methylphosphonate, was prepared. The as-synthesized material was studied by P-31 magnetic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (MAS NMR), Al-27 MAS NMR, C-13 CP/MAS, FT-IR spectroscopy, thermogravimetry (TG), differential thermal analysis (DTA), and transmission electron microscopy. After thermal treatment at 673 K and 10 mmHg for 2 h, hybrid mesoporous foam was obtained. The transformation process was investigated by FT-IR. TG-DTA results indicate that the methyl group bonded to the framework keeps intact up to 792 K under air and 823 K under nitrogen. The characterization results from nitrogen gas adsorption-desorption measurements show that the BET surface area and the Barrett-Joyner-Halenda desorption cumulative pore volume of the foam are 90 m(2) g(-1) and 0.32 cm(3) g(-1) respectively. (C) 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

喀斯特地区原状土的可蚀性

研究喀斯特地区原状土的可蚀性,有助于掌握土壤抗蚀的本底特征,对比研究耕作前后的土壤可蚀性变化,揭示人类加速侵蚀对石漠化过程的影响。通过对喀斯特地区原状土壤剖面的调查,分析土壤质地、有机质含量,选用Sharply等的EPIC模型,计算土壤可蚀性K值。结果表明:喀斯特地区原状土壤可蚀性K值集中在0.2~0.3之间,平均为0.269,比其他常见土壤的K值低。研究结果可用于与耕作土K值进行对比研究。

一种高速安全反向代理服务器的设计与实现

安全反向代理服务器架设在真实网页服务器与用户浏览器之间靠近真实服务器的一侧,通过传输层安全协议保障用户与真实服务器之间的通信.作为基于传输层安全协议的虚拟专用网服务器的一个最重要的组成部分,安全反向代理有着极大的商业价值和技术含量.在FreeBSD-6.3的基础上设计并实现了一个与传统TCP/IP并行的TCP/IP跳转表.基于TCP/IP跳转表设计并实现了一种多加速卡调度算法.设计并实现了直接从加速卡队列获取数据包的代理转发协议栈.设计并实现了基于后台真实服务器反馈的负载均衡算法.测试表明,由这些算法和协议栈组成的高速安全反向代理服务器新进连接数达到了国内领先水平.

人类活动影响下岷江上游景观变化分析

综合利用多种数据源,结合3S技术,分析了岷江上游1986、1995和2000年3个时期的景观格局,重点探讨了森林、草地等主要景观类型在持续人类活动强度作用下的变化,确定了不同景观类型对人类活动强度的敏感程度。结果表明:1)岷江上游景观以草地、森林为主要景观类型。1986、1995和2000年3个时期森林、草地景观类型面积之和均高达96.1%、96.38%和95.23%,其它景观类型作为斑块镶嵌其中,森林和草地共同控制了整个研究区景观格局变化与生态过程;2)不同景观对人类活动强度的敏感性有显著差异。低强度的人类活动有利于有林地景观的恢复;高盖度草地对人类活动很敏感,严格减少干扰活动强度才有利于维持其景观;中盖度草地对中低强度的人类活动(如放牧)很敏感,景观退化,面积减少。

三工河流域新老绿洲发育度的比较

绿洲是干旱区最重要的景观单元之一。人工绿洲是在干旱条件下经长期人类活动改造而形成的特殊景观。随着人类对绿洲水土资源开发利用程度的不断加强,绿洲呈现出不同的发展阶段。从天然绿洲到人工绿洲,是人类适应和改造干旱区自然环境的历程。在这一人地相互作用的过程中,绿洲显示出明显的发育演化特征。从多学科综合的角度,提出绿洲发育度的概念,并从灌溉体系的建设状况、水资源的利用水平、植被与生态建设、农业发展程度、社会经济水平和绿洲景观结构等7个方面提出了绿洲发育度的评价指标体系,以天山北坡2个人工绿洲为例,从空间上定量比较2个绿洲的发育程度,其中阜康市绿洲发育度高于222团绿洲(阜北农场)。

杀伤血管内皮生长因子受体1阳性细胞的靶向毒素

白喉毒素(diphtheria toxin DT) 是棒状白喉杆菌被茁噬菌体感染后分泌的一种外毒素. 它可以阻断真核细胞的蛋白质合成,杀死细胞. 血管内皮生长因子(VEGF) 的R82A,K84A,H86A突变体可以和肿瘤血管上高表达的VEGF受体1 (VEGFR-1) 特异性结合. 首先从白喉杆菌中提取基因组DNA,扩增出白喉毒素C区、T区基因. 并运用点突变技术,制成VEGF的R82A,K84A,H86A突变体. 利用这个可以和肿瘤血管上特异性受体相结合的VEGF的突变体,代替白喉毒素上的受体结合区,制成了针对VEGFR-1的靶向融合毒素——DT391-mVEGF. 以去除了受体结合区的DT391为阴性对照,细胞实验表明,融合毒素对VEGFR-1阳性的肿瘤细胞有特异性杀伤作用.

树木、林内、林冠上与森林区风速廓线研究(英文)

风速是森林生态系统研究中最为重要的变量之一,同时也是控制气流运输过程最基本的要素。由于树木生理指标和生长过程对风速的改变十分敏感,因此风速随高度的变化规律,即风速廓线的研究十分重要。一般认为,在裸地或林冠上的风廓线均呈对数规律变化,但是在单株树木和林分内风速随高度的变化则不呈对数规律。本文根据最近在海岸松林内风的研究结果,总结了针叶树种单株树木内、林分内和林冠上层以及海岸林区的风速廓线变化规律,其主要结论如下:1)单株针叶树树冠内的风速廓线呈指数形式分布,2)在林分内的风速廓线可用风的减弱系数来表示,3)[(\267\347)(\300\252\317\337\324\332\301\326\271\332\262\343)]上的分布可由风廓线参数(摩擦速度、粗糙长度、零平面位移)确定,4)在海岸林区,极端风速的分布可以使用了建筑上的风荷载模型进行预测。另外,本文提出了该研究领域尚需进一步探讨的问题,主要包括:1)风速廓线与树木特征及林分特征间的关系,2)利用简单的方法预测了风速廓线参数,3)风速廓线在树木生理、生态研究的作用、树木生长过程中风的微生态学效应以及森林生态和管理应用等方面。图4表1参60。

文冠果果壳提取物对学习记忆障碍的改善作用

目的研究文冠果果壳乙醇提取物、总皂苷及ST-n-2对学习记忆障碍的影响,并初步探讨其作用机制。方法采用跳台法观察东莨菪碱和亚硝酸钠所致学习记忆障碍小鼠的学习记忆能力,八臂放射状迷路法观察(+)-MK-801致学习记忆障碍大鼠的学习记忆能力。结果文冠果果壳乙醇提取物、总皂苷及ST-n-2均显著改善东莨菪碱所致的记忆获得障碍和亚硝酸钠所致的记忆巩固障碍,文冠果果壳乙醇提取物显著改善(+)-MK-801所致的工作记忆和参照记忆障碍。结论文冠果果壳乙醇提取物、总皂苷及ST-n-2对学习记忆障碍均有显著改善作用,其作用机制可能与增强中枢胆碱能神经系统及谷氨酸能神经系统功能、抗脑组织耗氧损伤有关;总皂苷是文冠果果壳改善记忆障碍的有效部位,ST-n-2是其主要有效成分之一。