Comparative study on polyimides from 3,3'- and 4,4'-linked diphthalic anhydride

1,4-Bis(2,3-dicarboxyphenoxy)benzene dianhydride, 1,4-bis (3,4-dicarboxyphenoxy)benzene dianhydride, bis(2,3-dicarboxyphenoxy) sulfide dianhydride, bis (3,4-dicarboxyphenoxy)sulfide dianhydride, and 2,3,3',4'-tetracarboxy diphenyl sulfide dianhydride were synthesized from 3-chlorophthalic anhydride and 4-chlorophthalic anhydride. Bis(2,3-dicarboxyphenyl)sulfone and bis(3,4-dicarboxyphenyl) sulfone were obtained by the oxidation of the corresponding bis(dicarboxyphenyl)sulfide by hydrogen peroxide. The polyimides from the dianhydrides mentioned above and 4,4'-oxydianiline were prepared. The properties, such as dynamic mechanical behavior, thermooxidative stability, stress-strain behavior, chemical resistance, and permeability to some gases have been in investigated for the isomeric polyimides. (C) 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

AMPEROMETRIC BIOSENSORS BASED ON THE IMMOBILIZATION OF OXIDASES IN A PRUSSIAN BLUE FILM BY ELECTROCHEMICAL CODEPOSITION

Prussian blue has been formed by cyclic voltammetry onto the basal pyrolytic graphite surface to prepare a chemically modified electrode which provides excellent electrocatalysis for both oxidation and reduction of hydrogen peroxide. It is found for the first time that glucose oxidase or D-amino oxidase can be incorporated into a Prussian blue film during its electrochemical growth process. Two amperometric biosensors were fabricated by electrochemical codeposition, and the resulting sensors were protected by coverage with a thin film of Nafion. The influence of various experimental conditions was examined for optimum analytical performance. The glucose sensor responds rapidly to substrates with a detection limit of 2 x 10(-6) M and a linear concentration range of 0.01-3 mM. There was no interference from 2 mM ascorbic acid or uric acid. Another (D-amino acid) sensor gave a detection limit of 3 x 10(-5) M D-alanine, injected with a linear concentration range of 7.0 x 10(-5)-1.4 x 10(-2) M. Glucose and D-amino acid sensors remain relatively stable for 20 and 15 days, respectively. There is no obvious interference from anion electroactive species due to a low operating potential and excellent permselectivity of Nafion.

CONSTRUCTION OF A TYROSINASE-BASED BIOSENSOR IN PURE ORGANIC-PHASE

A novel immobilization method for construction of a tyrosinase-based biosensor applied in pure organic phase is described. This method gives the enzyme a hydrated shell which allows the enzyme to maintain its biocatalytic activity in a pure organic solvent The enzyme electrode was used to determine several phenols and o-diphenols in pure chloroform and chlorobenzene. The biosensor can be stored in dry state for more than 3 months without any loss of the activity. The kinetic parameters have also been calculated and are presented herein.

AN ORGANIC-PHASE ENZYME ELECTRODE BASED ON AN APPARENT DIRECT ELECTRON-TRANSFER BETWEEN A GRAPHITE ELECTRODE AND IMMOBILIZED HORSERADISH-PEROXIDASE

A mediatorless horseradish peroxidase (HRP) enzyme electrode operated in nonaqueous media is constructed by cryohydrogel immobilization.

DIRECT ELECTROCHEMISTRY AND SURFACE CHARACTERIZATION OF GLUCOSE-OXIDASE ADSORBED ON ANODIZED CARBON ELECTRODES

The glassy carbon electrode (gce) and highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (hopg) were electrochemically anodized at a potential of +2.0 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) to create active sites and to improve the adsorption of glucose oxidase (GOD) and flavin adenine dinucle

REDOX REACTION OF PEROXIDASE AT POLY(O-PHENYLENEDIAMINE) MODIFIED ELECTRODE

The redox conversion of heme-containing protein horseradish peroxidase (HRP), which has a molar mass of 40,000, was studied. The conversion was obtained at an electrochemical polymerized o-phenylenediamine (PPD) film-modified platinum electrode. Optical c

ORGANIC-PHASE ENZYME ELECTRODE OPERATED IN WATER-FREE SOLVENTS

A new material, polyhydroxyl cellulose, and a refrigerating immobilization method were used to construct HRP-mediator electrode for determination of hydrogen peroxide in water-free organic solvents. Rapid and sensitive response was obtained. The enzyme el

ELECTROCHEMISTRY OF THE TRANSFER OF ISOPOLY AND HETEROPOLY ANIONS ACROSS THE WATER NITROBENZENE INTERFACE - ISOPOLYTUNGSTATE AND HETEROPOLYTUNGSTATE ANIONS

The transfer behavior of the heteropoly anion [H3PW11O39]4- and the isopoly anion [H2W12O39]4- across the water/nitrobenzene interface was investigated by cyclic voltammetry and chronopotentiometry with linear current scanning. The transfer processes were

THE CATALYTIC ACTIVITY OF HETEROPOLY ACIDS (SALTS) AND MONO-LACUNARY HETEROPOLY TUNGSTOPHOSPHORIC COMPOUND IN THE OXIDATION OF ALCOHOLS

The catalytic activity of heteropoly compounds in the oxidation of benzyl alcohol and cyclohexa nol under phase transfer conditions has been studied. The catalytic activity of six kinds of heteropoly acids with Keggin structure will drop by the order of GeMo12 (H4GeMo12O40). PW12, PMo12, SiMo12, GeW12 and SiW12. When the three protons of H3PW12O40 Were replaced by Na+ step by step, the catalytic activity will raise gradually with the drop of acidity. The addition of base and trace amount of sulfuric acid to the reaction system resulted in an increase of catalytic activity. It was found that catalytic activity of mono-lacunary heteropoly compounds is higher than that of the primary heteropoly acids (or salts). The catalytic oxidation system of HPA-H2O2-PTC is very active in the oxidation of benzyl alcohol ana cyclohexanol, but it has little activity in the oxidation of inactive compounds such as n(or iso)-proplalcohol. n-butyl alcohol and n-hexanol. Solvent has great effect on reaction, when polar compounds such as water were used as solvent, the catalytic activity is better than that when non-polar compounds were used as solvent.

FLOW-INJECTION ANALYSIS OF GLUCOSE AT AN AMPEROMETRIC GLUCOSE SENSOR-BASED ON ELECTROCHEMICAL CODEPOSITION OF PALLADIUM AND GLUCOSE-OXIDASE ON A GLASSY-CARBON ELECTRODE

A glassy carbon electrode (GCE) modified with palladium provides excellent electrocatalytic oxidation of hydrogen peroxide. When the electrolyte contains palladium chloride and glucose oxidase, the GCE can be modified by electrochemical codeposition at a given potential. The resulting modified surface was coated with a thin film of Nation to form a glucose sensor. Such a glucose sensor was successfully used in the flow-injection analysis of glucose with high stability and anti-poisoning ability. It gave a detection limit of 1 X 10(-7) M injected glucose, with a linear concentration range of 0.001-8 mM. There is no obvious interference from substances such as ascorbate and saccharides.

AN EFFECTIVE TRIPHASIC CATALYTIC-SYSTEM FOR OXIDATION OF BENZYL ALCOHOL UNDER PHASE-TRANSFER CONDITIONS

A tri-phasic catalytic system consisting of aqueous hydrogen peroxide, benzyl alcohol and a solid catalyst such as tungsten trioxide has been proved effective for the oxidation of benzyl alcohol in the presence of cetyl trimethyl aniline bromide (CTMAB). At first, the oxide reacts with CTMAB to form a complex, which can be oxidized by aqueous hydrogen peroxide to form a peroxide which effectively oxidizes benzyl alcohol.

Examination of Antioxidative System's Responses in the Different Phases of Drought Stress and During Recovery in Desert Plant Reaumuria soongorica (Pall.) Maxim

The aim of this study was to test the protective roles of superoxide dismutases (SODs), guaiacol peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and glutathione reductase (GR) against oxidative damage and their activities in different phases of the dry down process in Reaumuria soongorica (Pall.) Maxim. leaves. Drought stress was imposed during 100 consecutive days and rewatering after 16, 72, and 100 days. The concentration of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), malondialdehyde, and SODs activities were elevated significantly with progressing drought stress. POD and CAT activities increased markedly in the early phase of drought and decreased significantly with further drought stress continuation, and POD activity was unable to recover after rewatering. Ascorbate, reduced glutathione, APX, and GR activities declined in the initial stages of drought process, elevated significantly with further increasing water deficit progression and recovered after rewatering. These results indicate that: (1) iron SODs-removing superoxide anion is very effective during the whole drought stress; (2) CAT scavenges H2O2 in the early phase of drought and enzymes of ascorbate-glutathione cycle scavenge H2O2 in further increasing drought stress; and (3) POD does not contribute to protect against oxidative damage caused by H2O2 under drought stress.

The influence of the cation of quaternized chitosans on antioxidant activity

Various quaternized chitosans (QCSs) were synthesized according to previous method. Their reducing power and antioxidant potency against hydroxyl radicals ((OH)-O-center dot) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) were explored by the established systems in vitro. The QCSs exhibited markedly antioxidant activity, especially TCEDMCS, whose IC50 on hydroxyl radicals was 0.235 mg/mL. They showed 65-80% scavenging effect on hydrogen peroxide at a dose of 0.5 mg/mL. Generally, the antioxidant activity decreased in the order TCEDMCS > TBEDMCS > EDMCS > PDMCS > IBDMCS > Chitosan. Furthermore, the order of their (OH)-O-center dot and H2O2 scavenging activity was consistent with the electronegativity of different substituted groups in the QCSs. The QCSs showed much stronger antioxidant activity than that of chitosan may be due to the positive charge density of the nitrogen atoms in QCSs strengthened by the substituted groups. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Molecular cloning and characterization of a catalase gene from Zhikong scallop Chlamys farreri

Catalase is one of the central enzymes involved in scavenging the high level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by degradation of hydrogen peroxide to oxygen and water. The full-length catalase cDNA of Zhikong scallop Chlamys farreri (denoted as CfCAT) was identified from hemocytes by expressed sequence tag (EST) and rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) approaches. The nucleotide sequence of CfCAT cDNA consisted of 3146 bp with a 5' UTR of 103 bp, an unusually long 31 UTR of 1519 bp with a canonical polyadenylation signal sequence AATAAA and a potyA tail, and an open reading frame (ORF) of 1521 bp encoding a polypeptide of 507 amino acids with predicted molecular weight of 57.5 kDa. The deduced amino acid sequence of CfCAT has significant homology to catalases from animals, plants and bacteria. Several highly conserved motifs including the proximal heme-ligand signature sequence RLFSYNDTH, the proximal active site signature FNRERIPERVVHAKGGGA, and the three catalytic amino acid residues of His(72), Asn(145) and Tyr(355) were identified in the deduced amino acid sequence of CfCAT. The CfCAT was demonstrated to be a peroxisomal glycoprotein with two potential glycosylation sites and a peroxisome targeting signal of ANL that was consistent with human, mouse and rat catalases. The time-course expression of CfCAT in hemocytes was measured by quantitative real-time PCR. The expression of CfCAT increased gradually and reached the highest point at 12 h post-Vibrio infection, then recovered to the original level at 24 h. All these results indicate that CfCAT, a constitutive and inducible protein, is a member of the catalase family and is involved in the process against ROS in scallop. (c) 2007 Published by Elsevier Ltd.