水下机器人粘性类水动力数值计算方法研究

通过对通用流体动力学仿真软件CFX的研究,提出了一套水下机器人粘性类水动力的数值计算方法.该方法采用标准k-ε湍流模型计算位置力系数,采用标准k-ω湍流模型计算旋转力系数及其它耦合水动力系数.对“CR-02”6000 m自治水下机器人的计算表明,通过这种方法获得的水动力系数具有较高的精度,可以满足水下机器人方案设计阶段的操纵性设计、运动预报和仿真等需求.

“CR-02”自治水下机器人在定点调查中的应用

本文介绍了“CR- 0 2”AUV的主要性能和技术指标 ,详细介绍了“CR- 0 2”AUV在湖试定点调查中的应用 ,为进一步的海试提供了试验数据和理论依据 .

“CR-01”6000m自治水下机器人在太平洋锰结核调查中的应用

介绍了“CR 0 1”自治水下机器人的研制背景和系统的特点 ,以及“CR 0 1”在太平洋锰结核调查中的应用情况 ,并对所获得的数据进行了分析

从有缆遥控水下机器人到自治水下机器人

文章给出了水下机器人的定义 ,依据定义进行了分类 ,简要回顾了几类重要水下机器人的进展 ,指出了无人无缆自治水下机器人 (AUVs)是当今水下机器人研究与开发的热点 ,介绍了最近 2 0年沈阳自动化研究所与国内外有关单位合作 ,在水下机器人领域从无人有缆遥控水下机器人 (ROVs)到AUVs的研究开发工作 ,它从一个侧面反映了我国在这一领域的进展情况。

小襟翼对自治式水下机器人潜浮运动的影响

无动力大纵倾角的下潜和上浮方式对自治式水下机器人具有很大的意义．但是这种潜浮方式却无法满足自治式水下机器人潜浮位置范围及航向控制的要求．采用在稳定翼上加装小襟翼的方法，即可以解决这一难题．本文介绍了小襟翼对自治式水下机器人无动力潜浮运动轨迹的影响，并通过自治式水下机器人的运动方程，结合“ＣＲ－０１”６０００ｍ自治式水下机器人的深海试验结果，对这一影响作了定性地分析．为通过试验找出最佳小襟翼提供了理论基础

特提斯喜马拉雅带晚白垩世-始新世沉积源区分析及其构造意义

Tethyan Himalayan Sequence (THS) is located at the frontier of the India-Asia collision zone, which can preserve critical information about collision. This paper reports detailed petrology, geochemistry, spinels electron microprobe data, and in situ U-Pb ages and Lu-Hf isotopic data on detrital zircons from the late Cretaceous to early Eocene strata in Gyantze and Gamba area, south Tibet that provide important constraints on the early tectonic evolution of the India-Asia collision. In Gyantze, the lithic arkose in Zongzhuo mélange is characterized by, SiO2 =80.4%, Al2O3=8.6%, Na2O=1.6%, K2O=1.1%, LaN/YbN=8.90, and εNd (0) =-10.27. Spinels compositions are characterized by low TiO2 (generally <0.1%) and a Cr number mainly between 70 and 80. The largest population of detrital zircons is within the 73-169Ma range with high εHf (t) and > 500 Ma with complex εHf (t) values. The lithic arkose in Rilang conglomerate is characterized by, SiO2 =56.5%, Al2O3=15.6%, Na2O=4.7%, K2O=0.6%, LaN/YbN=5.00-5.29, and εNd (0) =1.92. Spinels of 2006T98 display high TiO2 (generally >0.2%) and a Cr number mainly between 70 and 85, other spinels are characterized by low TiO2 (generally <0.2%) and a Cr number mainly between 60 and 90. The largest population of detrital zircons is within 90-146 Ma range with high εHf (t). The lithic arkose in Jiachala formation is characterized by, SiO2 =64.6%, Al2O3=12.1%, Na2O=1.9%, K2O=1.8%, LaN/YbN=7.73-9.13, and εNd (0) =-5.52~-8.43. Spinels in the Jiachala formation have low TiO2 (generally <0.2%) and a Cr number between 39 and 88. Detrital zircons have a wide range of age distribution of 82-3165Ma with complex εHf (t). In Gamba, The quartze sandstone in Jidula formation is characterized by, SiO2=97.4%, Al2O3=0.9%, Na2O=0.03%, K2O=0.18%, LaN/YbN=18.70-21.684, and εNd (0) between -13.1~-7.4. While the lithic arkose in Zhepure formation is characterized by, SiO2=68.4%, Al2O3=7.3%, Na2O=1.15%, K2O=0.52%, LaN/YbN=6.09-8.99, and εNd(0)=-5.8~-6.3. Based on our geochemical analysis, spinles electron microprobe data, U–Pb ages and Hf isotope data for detrital zircons of the late Cretaceous-Eocene strata in Gyantze and Gamba, southern Tibet, the following major conclusions can be drawn: 1. In Gyantze, the Zongzhuo mélange was mainly derived from accretionary prism/THS of continental slop and Gangdese arc. Rilang conglomerate was totally from Gangdese arc. The Jiachala formation was derived from THS, suture zone and Gangdese arc. 2. In Gamba, the Jidula formation was from India craton, while the Zhepure formation was derived from THS, suture zone and Gangdese arc. 3. The deposite of Zongzhuo mélange and Rilang conglomerate (73-55Ma) marks the collision between India and Asia. 4. Late Paleocene-Eocene tectonic evolution is consistent with foreland basin system.

新疆东昆仑蛇绿岩岩石学、地球化学特征及其大地构造意义

The East Kunlun area of Xinjiang (briefly EKAX) is the western part of broadly speaking East Kunlun orogenic zone. The absence of geological data (especially ophiolites) on this area has constrained our recognition to its geology since many years. Fund by National 305 Item (96-915-06-03), this paper, by choosing the two ophiolite zones (Muztag and Southwestern Margin of Aqikekule Lake ophiolite zones) exposed at EKAX as the studied objects and by the analysis of thin section, electron probe, XRF, ICP-MS, SEM and Sm-Nd isotope, totally and sys ematically dealt with the field geological, petrological, minerological, petrochemical and geochemical characteristics (including trace, rare earth element and Sm-Nd isotope) and the tectonic setting indicated by them for each ophilite zone. Especially, this paper discussed the trace and rare earth element patterns for metamorphic peridotites, their implications and related them to the other components of ophiolite in order to totally disclose ophiolite origins. Besides, this paper also studied the petrological, geochemical and paleobiological characteristics for the cherts coexsisted with the Muztag ophiolite and the tectonic setting indicated by them. Based on these, the author discussed the tectonic evolution from Proterozoic to Permian for this area. For Muztag ophiolite, their field geological, petrological, minerological, petrochemical and geochemical characteristics show that: ① outcropped along the Muztag-Jingyuhu fault with west-to-east strike, the ophiolite is composed of such three components as metamorphic peridotites, cumulates and volcanic rocks; ② metamophic peridotites consist of such types as lherzolites, serpentinized lherzolites and serpentinites, only pyroxenites is seen of cumulates and volcanic rocks include basalts, basaltic andesites and andesites; ③ mineralogical data on this ophiolite suggest it formed in supra-subduction zone (SSZ)environment, and its mantle wedge is heterogeneous; ④ whole-rock TiO_2 and Al_2O_3 of metamorphic peridotites indicate their original environment with the MORB and SSZ characteristics; ⑤ metamorphic peridotites have depleted LREE and flat REE patterns and volcanic rocks have enriched LREE patterns; ⑥ trace element characteristics of metamorphic peridotites imply that they had undergone Nb and Ta enrichment event after partial melting; ⑦ trace element characteristics of volcanic rocks and their tectonic diagrams show they are formed in the spreading and developed island arc environment with back-arc basin, such as rifted island arc, which is supported by the ε_(Nd)(t) -2.11～+3.44. In summary, the above evidence implies that Muztag ophiolite is formed in SSZ environment, where heterogeneous mantle wedge was metasomatised by the silica-enriched melt from subducted sediments and/or oceanic crust, which makes the mantle wedge enriched again, and this enriched mantle wedge later partially melted to form the volcanic rocks. For Southwestern Margin of Aqikekule Lake ophiolite, their field geological, petrological, minerological, petrochemical and geochemical characteristics show that: ① it outcropped as tectonic slices along the near west-to-east strike Kunzhong fault and is composed of metamorphic perodotties, cumulates and volcanic rocks, in which, chromites are distributed in the upper part of metamorphic peridotites as pods, or in the lower part of cumulates as near-strata; ② metamorphic peridotites include serpentinites, chromite-bearing serpentinites, thlorite-epidote schists and chromitites, of which, chromitites have nodular and orbicular structure, and cumulates include pyroxenits, serpentinites, chromite-bearing serpentinites, chromites and metamorphically mafic rocks and only basalts are seen in volcanic rocks; ③ Cr# of chromites suggest that they formed in the SSZ and Al_2O_3 and TiO_2 of metamorphic peridotites also suggest SSZ environment; ④metamorphic peridotites have V type and enriched LREE patterns, cumulates have from strongly depleted LREE, flat REE to enriched LREE patterns with universally striking positive Eu anomalies and basalts show flat REE or slight enriched LREE patterns with no Eu anomalies; ⑤ trace element and Sm-Nd isotope characteristics of metamorphic peridotites imply their strikingly heterogeneous mantle character(ε_(Nd)(t)+4.39～+26.20) and later Nb, Ta fertilization; ⑥ trace element characteristics of basalts and their tectonic diagrams show they probably formed in the rifted island arc or back-arc basin enviromnent. In summary, the above evidence shows that this ophiolite formed in the SSZ environment and melts from subudcted plate are joined during its formation. Rare earth element, whole-rock and sedimentary characteristics of cherts with the Muztag ophiolite show that they formed in the continental margin environment with developed back-arc basin, and radiolarias in the cherts indicate that the upper age of Muztag ophiolite is early carboniferous. Based on the accreted wedge models of Professor Li Jiliang for Kunlunshan Mountain and combined with study on the two typical ophiolite profiles of EKAX, the author discussed the tectonic evolution of EKAX from Proterzoic to Permian.

西江流域环境河水地球化学研究

River is a major component of the global surface water and CO2 cycles. The chemistry of river waters reveals the nature of weathering on a basin-wide scale and helps us understand the exogenic cycles of elements in the continent-river-ocean system. In particular, geochemical investigation of large river gives important information on the biogeochemical cycles of the elements, chemical weathering rates, physical erosion rates and CO2 consumption during the weathering of the rocks within the drainage basin. Its importance has led to a number of detailed geochemical studies on some of the world's large and medium-size river systems. Flowing in the south of China, the Xijiang River is the second largest river in the China with respect to its discharge, after the Yangtze River. Its headwaters drain the YunGui Plateau, where altitude is approximately 2000 meters. Geologically, the carbonate rocks are widely spread in the river drainage basin, which covers an area of about 0.17xl06 km2, i.e., 39% of the whole drainage basin. This study focuses on the chemistry of the Xijiang river system and constitutes the first geochemical investigation into major and trace elements concentrations for both suspended and dissolved loads of this river and its main tributaries, and Sr isotopic composition of the dissolved load is also investigated, in order to determine both chemical weathering and mechanical erosion rates. As compared with the other large rivers of the world, the Xijiang River is characterized by higher major element concentration. The dissolved major cations average 1.17, 0.33, 0.15, and 0.04 mmol I"1 for Ca, Mg, Na, and K, respectively. The total cation concentrations (TZ+) in these rivers vary between 2.2 and 4.4 meq I'1. The high concentration of Ca and Mg, high (Ca+Mg)/(Na+K) ratio (7.9), enormous alkalinity and low dissolved SiO2/HCO3 ratio (0.05) in river waters reveal the importance of carbonate weathering and relatively weak silicate weathering over the river drainage basin. The major elements in river water, such as the alkalis and alkaline-earths, are of different origins: from rain water, silicate weathering, carbonate and evaporite weathering. A mixing model based on mass budget equation is used in this study, which allows the proportions of each element derived from the different source to be calculated. The carbonate weathering is the main source of these elements in the Xijiang drainage basin. The contribution of rainwater, especially for Na, reaches to approximately 50% in some tributaries. Dissolved elemental concentration of the river waters are corrected for rain inputs (mainly oceanic salts), the elemental concentrations derived from the different rock weathering are calculated. As a consequence, silicate, carbonate and total rock weathering rates, together with the consumption rates of atmospheric CO2 by weathering of each of these lithologies have been estimated. They provide specific chemical erosion rates varying between 5.1~17.8 t/km2/yr for silicate, 95.5~157.2 t/km2/yr for carbonate, and 100.6-169.1 t/km2/yr for total rock, respectively. CO2 consumptions by silicate and carbonate weathering approach 13><109and 270.5x10 mol/yr. Mechanical denudation rates deduced from the multi-year average of suspended load concentrations range from 92-874 t/km2/yr. The high denudation rates are mainly attributable to high relief and heavy rainfall, and acid rain is very frequent in the drainage basin, may exceed 50% and the pH value of rainwater may be <4.0, result from SO2 pollution in the atmosphere, results in the dissolution of carbonates and aluminosilicates and hence accelerates the chemical erosion rate. The compositions of minerals and elements of suspended particulate matter are also investigated. The most soluble elements (e.g. Ca, Na, Sr, Mg) are strongly depleted in the suspended phase with respect to upper continent crust, which reflects the high intensity of rock weathering in the drainage basin. Some elements (e.g. Pb, Cu, Co, Cr) show positive anomalies, Pb/Th ratios in suspended matter approach 7 times (Liu Jiang) to 10 times (Nanpan Jiang) the crustal value. The enrichment of these elements in suspended matter reflects the intensity both of anthropogenic pollution and adsorption processes onto particles. The contents of the soluble fraction of rare earth elements (REE) in the river are low, and REE mainly reside in particulate phase. In dissolved phase, the PAAS-normalized distribution patterns show significant HREE enrichment with (La/Yb) SN=0.26~0.94 and Ce depletion with (Ce/Ce*) SN=0.31-0.98, and the most pronounced negative Ce anomalies occur in rivers of high pH. In the suspended phase, the rivers have LREE-enriched patterns relative to PAAS, with (La/Yb) SN=1 -00-1 .40. The results suggest that pH is a major factor controlling both the absolute abundances of REE in solution and the fractionation of REE of dissolved phase. Ce depletion in river waters with high pH values results probably from both preferential removal of Ce onto Fe-Mn oxide coating of particles and CeC^ sedimentation. This process is known to occur in the marine environment and may also occur in high pH rivers. Positive correlations are also observed between La/Yb ratio and DOC, HCO3", PO4", suggesting that colloids and (or) adsorption processes play an important role in the control of these elements.

贵州织金磷矿岩元素地球化学特征

采用电感耦合等离子体．质谱仪（ICP-MS）对贵州织金戈仲伍剖面戈仲伍组磷矿岩样品的微量、稀土元素含量进行了测定。戈仲伍组磷矿岩主要为生物碎屑白云岩、硅质磷块岩，普遍形成生物碎屑结构，以小壳类动物化石及藻类化石为主。分析结果表明，磷矿岩中As、Sb等微量元素富集，Co／Ni的比值为0．14，明显小于1；U／Th比值介于1．27-7．39之间。平均值为3．40；在lgw（U）．lgw（Th）关系图、Cr-Zr的关系图中样品点几乎都落在热水沉积区。表现出热水沉积成因的地球化学特征。磷矿岩中普遍富集稀土元素，含稀土总量∑REE较高。尤其富集Y重稀土元素；磷矿岩具Ce负异常，指示环境处于氧化程度相对较高状态；稀土元素北美页岩标准化模式曲线为帽状形态，指示在磷矿岩形成过程中有生物或有机质参与作用；磷矿岩普遍具Eu正异常、稀土总量较高、∑IREE／∑HREE比值较高的特征，暗示戈仲伍组磷矿岩具有正常海相沉积伴有海相热水沉积混合成因的特征.

中国地下工程氡污染健康影响与防护研究-以内蒙古自治区为例

由于对人体健康的危害，氡越来越受到世界各国的广泛关注。经济的发展，使我国地下公共场所大量涌现，但其空气中氡浓度的大规模调查及系统研究还属空白。本论文采取瞬时法（美国SUN公司的1027型连续测氰仪）与累积法（CR一39SSNTD）相结合的测量方法，对我国23个城市的地下工程进行了为期一年的监测，获得了实测数据700多个。在监测的同时，收集了每个测点的各种相关情况资料。论文以内蒙古自治区的呼和浩特、包头、集宁、鄂尔多斯四个城市为例，从环境地球化学角度出发，在研究了各个测点的各种情况之后，探讨了氧在不同类型工程和不同城市的浓度规律。对长期有人在内工作的地下工程内氛所致工作人员的有效剂量当量进行了估算。最后对氨异常的测点进行了原因分析，并提出了地下工程内氰污染的治理和防范措施。本次研究主要得出以下结论：1、地下工程中氰浓度的季节变化规律为：从总平均值看，夏高冬低。与前人对坑道的调查结果一致，与地上氨浓度的变化规律相反。从两季浓度差来看，两季浓度差从大到小依次为：隧道类工程）单建式铜室类工程＞结建式嗣室类工程。2、总体来看内蒙三类工程的氰浓度值：隧道类工程）结建式铜室类工程）单建式铜室类工程。不管是单季还是年平均值，各城市三类工程的氧浓度都遵循隧道类．工程远大于结建式铜室工程和单建式铜室工程的规律。通过对结建式桐室工程和单建式铜室工程的对比分析，发现在地下工程内工程上部有无建筑物阻隔，并不是影响氨浓度高低的重要因素，即氰的纵向扩散作用小于横向扩散作用。3、呼和浩特、包头、集宁、鄂尔多斯四个城市的氛浓度年平均值分别为：190Bq／m3、700Bq／m3、190Bq／m3、270Bq／m3。去掉仅有一季结果的侧点值，包头、鄂尔多斯的氨浓度年平均值为：62oBq／m3、250Bq／m3。呼和浩特、包头、集宁、鄂尔多斯四个城市的氛浓度单季值的范围分别为：31-830Bq／m3、57-3500Bq／m3、26一65oBq／m，、64一69OBq／m'，；年平均值的范围分别为：39一580Bq／m：'、94一210oBq／m：，、35-460Bq／m3、110-390Bq／m3。呼和浩特、包头、集宁、鄂尔多斯四个城市分别有30.0%、44.4%、33.3%、50.0%的工程年平均氧浓度在200Bq／时以上。四个城市氦浓度的普遍水平：包头）鄂尔多斯）集宁）呼和浩特。4、对所有单建式铜室类地下工程和结建式铜室类工程内工作人员所受剂量当量进行了估算。单建式地下工程内工作人员所受剂量当量的范围是1.247mSv-6．SOgmsv，平均值是2.610Sv。结建式地下工程内工作人员所受剂量当量的范围是1．195Sv-8.531mSv，平均值是2.572mSv。两类地下工程内工作人员所受氨照射剂量当量都很高，有一半的工程剂量当量是地面上公众人员剂量当量0.924mSv的两倍以上。5、不管是从浓度角度还是从剂量估算角度分析，地下工程内的氛水平都比较偏高，需要采取一定防护措施，对现有状况进行改善。6、通风是地下工程防治氡污染最简便易行、见效最快的措施。使用防氡涂料是最经济的措施。

广西贺县龙水金矿床的同位素地球化学研究及成因探讨

广西贺县龙水金矿位于湘桂稳定区，桂粤交界山脉的北段，博白-茶陵深断裂的西侧，区内广泛发育加里东期到燕山期的花岗岩，出露的基底地层主要为震旦系到寒武系。本文主要研究龙水金矿II号矿化带。该带位于寒武系水口群清溪亚群和大宁花岗闪长岩体的接触带附近，围岩为寒武系的碳质板岩，矿脉为硫化物石英脉，主要有黄铁矿、方铅矿、闪锌矿和石英等矿物。金矿化与硫化物密切相关。主要的金矿物为银金矿，少许自然金。确定金矿床的成矿年龄一直是个比较刺手的问题。本文选择矿脉中信为是成矿期的石英作为Rb-Sr等时年龄测定的对象，是基于其纯净和其中的原生气液包体基本可代表成矿热液的特征。结果表明其Rb-Sr等时年龄为120.5Ma，并认为此年龄代表了成矿年龄。有石英Rb-Sr等时线的~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr初始比为0.732089, 与矿脉中碳酸相加矿物的Sr同位素比值（约为0.7337-0.7402）一起，表明Sr应是来自地壳的富Rb盐矿物的Sr源区。另外，为了与围岩的蚀变年龄对比，测定了近矿围岩的Rb、Sr同位素组成，结果形成两条等时线，年龄分别为245.9 Ma和173.6 Ma，表明成矿以前至少发生了两次地质事件，导致了Sr同位素的均一化。这两次地质事件分别与华南的东吴运动及燕山运动第一幕相对应。矿石Pb同位素的~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb、 ~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb 和~(208)Pb/~(204)Pb 分别在18.4-18.9、15.6-16.1和38.4-39.6的范围内，并在~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb vs ~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb坐标图上呈现出斜率为1左右的线性排布。只有个别数据点要以得出依据Doe模式的模式年龄，约为200 Ma。在Zart,am Pb构造模式中，矿石Pb同位素数据大部分位于上地壳Pb线以上，呈现出富放射性成因Pb的特征。为了解释异常Pb的成因，本文进行了定量计算。结果表明矿石Pb为古老的存留地壳Pb与少地幔源Pb的混合，即矿石Pb同位素经历了这样的演化过程：在39-29.8亿年间由地幔分异出的地壳 Pb，未参与壳幔循环作用，一直到燕山期，与少量幔源Pb混合，并加入成矿。混合μ值为9.85-10.22。矿石的地质情况及矿石Pb同位素的Δα-Δβ-Δγ示踪结果均支持这一结论。本文初次研究了脉石英中的U、Pb同位素组成。脉石英中Ｕ含量很低。Pb同位素组成基本可以划分为两组，一组为与方铅矿数据近似的普通Pb组成，另一组则较富放射性成因Pb，并向围岩的Pb同位素组成漂移，可能是随着热液的演化和大气降水的加入，受围岩Pb的影响所致。矿脉中硫化物样品的S同位素比值（加权平均为0.16‰）和碳酸盐矿物样品的C同位素比值（在-0.1～-4.1‰的范围内），表明其应为内生来源。根据脉石英的气液包体均一温度（180-250 ），计算与脉石英存在0同位素平衡的热液的同位素的同位素组成，结果为1.2～-4.8‰，表明有大气降水的参与。石英气液包体水溶液为弱碱性，其成分分析表明其中K_2O/Na_2和CaO/MgO（分别根据K~+/Na~+和Ca~(2+)/Mg~(2+)的换算）与围岩相差很大。另外，矿石中微量元素主要为Au、A2g、Cu、Pb、Zn、Co、Ni、Mo、Bi、Ga、As、Sb、和Hg，而围岩中微量元素则主要为Cu、Ni、Mn、V、Zr、Ti、Cr和Ba。因此，热液中成矿元素主要不是来自围岩。黄铁矿的Co/Ni、S/Se/的比值可以指示热液化的来源。龙水金矿矿脉中黄铁矿的Co/Ni > 1，S/Se < 15000，均在与岩浆作用有关的热液范围内。因此，热液活动应主要与岩浆岩有关。矿石、围岩和花岗闪长岩的稀土配分模式相似，均呈现向右倾斜的V字型，并且类似于太古代后沉积岩。结合Pb、Sr同位素的研究，推测花岗闪长岩的源岩主要为古老的地壳物质。概括起来，龙水金矿床为约120.5 Ma形成的中低温热液矿床；热液中成矿物质主要来自花岗闪长岩。由于围岩与矿床紧密的空间联系及围岩中的高Au含量，围岩可能提供了一部分Au及其他成矿物质。

长石及其伴生矿物的~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar法对比研究

~(40)Ar-~(39)Ar法是继K-Ar法后发展起来的一个新的年代学分支，自1962年Sigurgeirssion正式提出~(40)Ar-~(39)Ar计时理论以来，经C. M. Merrihue, G. Turner, G. B. Dalrymple, M. A. Lanphere, I. McDougall, J. G. Mitchell等人的不断改造和完善，现已发展成为一门较为成熟的学科。~(40)Ar-~(39)Ar法以其独特的优点而倍受地质学家的偏爱，其中阶段加热技术是~(40)Ar-~(39)Ar法得以广泛应用的关键，它不仅可以提供一般的年代学资料，同时，还提供诸如样品的受热历史、过剩Ar、封闭温度以及岩体的隆起速率等许多信息。近十年来，对这一领域的研究，无论是在理论方面，还是在实验技术方面，都取得了可喜的进展。