181 resultados para C-2


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Two new brominated diterpenes, namely, laurendecumtriol (1) and 11-O-deacetylpinnaterpene C (2), one new polybromoindole, 2,3,4,6-tetrabromo-1-methyl-1H-indole (7), and six known natural products were isolated and identified from the marine red alga Laurencia decumbens. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of detailed spectroscopic and mass-spectrometric analysis as well as by comparison with literature data. Based on 2D-NMR experiments, the previously reported NMR data for pinnaterpene C (3) were reassigned.

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A hybrid coupled ocean-atmosphere model is designed, which consists of a global AGCM and a simple anomaly ocean model in the tropical Pacific. Retroactive experimental predictions initiated in each season from 1979 to 1994 are performed. Analyses indicate that: (1) The overall predictive capability of this model for SSTA over the central-eastern tropical Pacific can reach one year, and the error is not larger than 0.8 degrees C. (2) The prediction skill depends greatly on the season when forecasts start. However, the phenomenon of SPB (spring prediction barrier) is not found in the model. (3) The ensemble forecast method can effectively improve prediction results. A new initialization scheme is discussed.

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本文利用不同的分子标记方法,分别对牙鲆及大黄鱼不同养殖群体的生长、抗病等经济性状的候选基因进行了序列多态性研究,检测到了几个SNP位点和微卫星的多态性位点,并分析了它们与经济性状之间的相关性;同时,利用微卫星的多态性位点对牙鲆2个养殖群体的遗传变异进行了分析,这些均为海水鱼类遗传育种及标记辅助选育工作提供了基础数据。 在牙鲆胶南养殖群体中,以100个个体为实验材料,根据其生长激素(GH)基因的6个外显子序列设计引物,通过SSCP分析技术显示该群体GH基因的第4外显子存在多态性,检测到2种基因型,AA型和AB型。DNA测序结果表明,AB型在第1763位发生碱基突变,c→t,与AA型同源性达到99%。连锁分析结果表明:这2种基因型的个体在体重和头长上表现出显著的差异,AB型个体的体重和头长都明显大于AA型个体(P<0.05),由此推测等位基因B是一个对牙鲆体重和头长都有利的等位基因;这2种基因型个体之间在其体型性状上也存在显著差异(P<0.05);同时,该多态位点的Hardy-Weinberg平衡性检验结果表明,该群体处于Hardy-Weinberg平衡状态。在牙鲆GH基因第1外显子区域还发现了一个微卫星位点,对该位点进行多态性分析,检测到5种基因型、3种等位基因,one-way ANOVA统计结果显示,基因型AC个体的体重、头长和体高明显大于其它基因型个体(P<0.05),C是一个对体重、头长和体高有利的等位基因。 对2个大黄鱼养殖群体的GH基因进行SSCP分析后发现,浙江群体大黄鱼GH基因在第196位存在1个SNP(g→a)位点,检测到2种基因型,AA和AB。t检验结果表明,AA型个体的体高比AB型个体的高(P≤0.05),但AB型个体在体长/体高上占优势(P≤0.05),提示该突变位点可以作为大黄鱼体型性状的候选标记。福建群体大黄鱼GH基因在第692位有1个SNP位点(t→c),共检测到2种基因型,CC型和CD型,其中,CD基因型个体的体重和全长显著大于CC基因型个体(P≤0.01),提示该位点可以作为大黄鱼体重和头长性状的候选标记。 在牙鲆胶南和日照2个养殖群体中,采用牙鲆GHR基因5’端Promoter区的一个微卫星标记,进行了群体遗传变异的研究,并探索了该基因多态性位点与牙鲆生长性状之间的相关性。结果表明,2个群体在该位点检测到的等位基因数为12和9个,有效等位基因数为6.26和5.04个。两个群体该位点的Hardy-Weinberg遗传偏离指数均为正值,并没有显示出杂合子缺失,但各基因型分布频率都在一定程度上偏离Hardy-Weinberg平衡(P<0.01)。连锁分析发现,在胶南群体中,IM基因型对应的个体在全重、全长、体长、头长、体高和眼径形态学数据中均是最大的,但仅在体重上极其显著的大于全部其它基因型个体;在日照群体中,BC基因型对应的个体在全重、全长、体高、尾柄高、尾柄长和眼径数据中均是最大的;而CJ基因型对应的个体在体长和头长这两组数据中是最大的。由此认为,该位点IM基因型可以作为牙鲆体重性状的潜在标记。 在进行牙鲆抗病性状标记的筛选时,利用迟缓爱德华氏菌(Edwardsiella tarda)LSE40对牙鲆鱼进行攻毒感染实验,得到死亡群体和未死亡群体。选择Toll样受体基因中的TLR2、TLR3和TLR9基因作为候选基因,分别对这3个基因中的部分序列共设计7对引物进行扩增,同时对扩增产物进行RFLP多态性分析,目前只在TLR3基因内检测到一个EcoRI的酶切多态性位点,测序后发现,这是由于在TLR3基因第3806位的EcoRI酶切位点在某些个体中缺失所致。酶切产物共呈现出3种基因型,分别定义为AA,AB和BB。χ2检验证明该多态性位点与牙鲆抗迟缓爱德华氏菌LSE40的能力有一定关系。利用多因素非条件Logistic回归分析对死亡组和存活组牙鲆的各种形态学数据以及不同基因型之间进行了分析,发现体长、头长和体高均具有显著的相关性(P<0.05),而这几个因素与体重的相关性不显著(P>0.05)。多因素非条件Logistic分析后发现:AA基因型对死亡率具有显著的影响(P<0.05),是主要的危险因素,而AB基因型的作用不显著(P>0.05);头长是主要的保护因素(P<0.05),体重对死亡率的影响很小。χ2检验证明,等位基因A是对死亡的主要危险等位基因,B是对存活有利的主要等位基因。推测该位点可以作为牙鲆抗迟缓爱德华氏菌的潜在标记。

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本研究应用显带技术和荧光原位杂交(Fluorescence in situ hybridization,FISH)技术,鉴定了牡蛎的染色体;应用FISH方法定位了一系列的重复序列和大分子的P1克隆DNA;制备了染色体特异性探针。应用FISH特异性探针成功地鉴定了长牡蛎的三体10。结果如下:1.分析了G带和C带在美洲牡蛎染色体上的分布。G带在每一条染色体上的带型不同,某些染色体间(如第1对和第4对染色体,第7对和第9对染色体)的带型差别不是很明显。G带型容易受染色体收缩程度的影响。C带型重复性较好,染色体带型较清楚,分布在染色体的端粒区域和着丝粒区域。G带和C带带型能够用来鉴定牡蛎的染色体,但是重复性低和带型差异不显著,并不适合常规的染色体鉴定。2.早期胚胎和担轮幼虫制备的染色体适合于FISH分析。染色体制备方法重复性好,可适用于其它贝类的染色体制备。3.研究了重复序列基因--rDNA的定位:1)18S-5.8S rDNA在研究的五种巨蛎属Crassostrea牡蛎均只有一个位 点。太平洋种(C.gigas,C. ariakensis和C. plicatula)中,杂交信号位于最短的染色体一第10对染色体长臂的端粒区域,在大西洋种(C. virginica和C. rhizophorae)中,同一序列定位在第2对染色体短臂的端粒区域。2)18S-28S rDNA在两种蛤中有两个位点。rDNA探针定位在侏儒蛤(Mulinis Lateralis)的第15对和第19对染色体的端粒区域,同一序列定位在硬壳蛤(Mercenaria mercenaria)的第10对染色体的长臂和第12对染色体短臂的端粒区域。信号强度在两对染色体之间有差异。 3)5s rDNA位于美洲牡蛎的第5对染色体的短臂上靠近着丝粒区域和第6 对染色体的短臂的中间区域。信号强度在两对染色体之间没有显著差异。5S rDNA探针可以作为鉴定和识别第5对和第6对染色体的特异性探针。4.研究了一些重复序列的定位1)两个短的重复序列1G8,1P2均产生很强的荧光信号分布在美洲牡蛎所有的染色体上。在低严谨条件下,这些序列均产生很强的信号散布在所有的染色体上。在高严谨条件下,信号强度大大减弱,但是信号仍散布在所有的染色体上。这些重复序列散布在美洲牡蛎的整个基因组中。2)高度重复序列Cgl70产生的信号分布在长牡蛎的7对染色体的着丝粒区域,没有发现间区信号。在第1对,第2对,第4对和第7对染色体上的荧光信号强且稳定。在第5对,第8对和第10对染色体上的信号相对弱且不稳定。在剩余的染色体上(第3对,第6对和第9对染色体)没有检测到荧光信号。结果表明此卫星序列是一个着丝粒卫星序列。在美洲牡蛎的染色体上没有检测到荧光信号,表明了这个着丝粒卫星序列在这两种牡蛎中的分布存在着显著的差异。3)脊椎动物端粒序列(TTAGGG)n的FISH信号局限在四种双壳贝类(美洲牡蛎,the mangrove oyster,硬壳蛤,侏儒蛤)所有染色体的端粒区域,没有发现间区信号的存在。研究结果与已报道的研究结果表明脊椎动物端粒序列或许存在于所有双壳贝类的染色体末端。双壳贝类是目前研究过的唯一含有脊椎动物端粒序列DNA的无脊椎动物。4)研究了RAPD探针在美洲牡蛎染色体上的定位。大多数RAPD探针产生了多个信号散布在间期细胞核和所有的染色体上。引物OPX-03,OPX-04,OPX—06,OPG-02,OPM—04,OPM-11,0PS-02制备的探针在适宜的条件下产生特异性荧光 信号,分布在牡蛎的特定的染色体上。PCR特异性带产生的探针OPX—06—310和0PG-02—300产生了特异性的荧光信号:OPX—06—310产生的信号位于第5对染色体的短臂的近端粒区域,0PG—02—300探针定位到第3对染色体的短臂上。这两个探针是鉴定美洲牡蛎单条染色体的特异性探针。5.研究了大分子Pl克隆DNA(插入片断为80~100 kb)在美洲牡蛎染色体上的定位。Pl克隆DNA通过切口平移方法标记digoxigenin—11-dUTP用作FISH的探针。Cot-1 DNA作为竞争剂有效地抑制了Pl克隆序列中的重复序列产生的信号。杂交信号用fluorescein标记的anti—digoxigenin抗体来检测,用两层抗体rabbit-anti-sheep抗体和FITC anti—rabbit抗体来扩增信号。9个P1探针成功地定位在特定的染色体上。46—1探针杂交到第1对染色体的长臂靠近着丝粒区域;47-10探针定位到第2对染色体的长臂近端粒区域;Cvpl和48-13两探针定位到第3对染色体上:Cvpl位于短臂的端粒区域,48-13探针位于长臂的近着丝粒区域;48—10探针杂交到第4对染色体的长臂上;48-1探针杂交到第5对染色体长臂的近着丝粒区域;49-11探针位于第7对染色体长臂上;探针49-10和44-11位于第8对染色体长臂上。同时我们成功地将2个P1探针杂交到同一染色体分裂相中,进一步确定了Pl探针在美洲牡蛎染色体 上的定位。6.应用18S-28S rDNA探针成功地鉴定出长牡蛎非整倍体中的三体10。经鉴定AF-35,AF-39和AF-3三体家系属于三体10家系。rDNA探针分布在三条染色体上,即多出的一条染色体为染色体10。相应地在间期细胞核上有三个信号出现。AF-34和AF-36家系不属于三体10家系。rDNA探针分布在两条染色体上,相应地在间期细胞核上有两个信号出现。FISH和染色体特异性探针为非整倍体的鉴定提供了一个快速准确可靠的方法和途径。

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过量氮和磷引起的海水富营养化引起了一系列的生态环境效应,探讨二者的耦合关系对阐明全球海洋生态环境变化机制意义重大。本论文首次探讨了过量氮和磷引起的富营养化对海水无机碳体系的影响,通过室内系统模拟实验,构筑了过量氮和磷与无机碳体系变化的定量耦合关系,在此基础上获得了中国近海典型海域特别是南黄海近十年氮和磷演变引起的无机碳源汇格局变化,获得了以下一系列新的结果和认识: 1、不同营养盐(NO3-、NH4+、NO2-和PO43-)对水体溶解无机碳体系均有重要影响,且影响程度有较大的差异。 在模拟实验中,当NO3-<188 μmol/L,NH4+<126 μmol/L,NO2-<39.5 μmol/L时均可明显提高水体的固碳能力,相应水体中的DIC、HCO3-和 pCO2均较空白对照组时有一定程度的下降。当N浓度达到一定值后,其固碳能力减弱,DIC、HCO3-和pCO2出现相反变化。当NH4+>126 μmol/L和NO2->39.5 μmol/L时pCO2增加,向大气释放CO2。在PO43-添加组中,当浓度小于19.5μmol/L时DIC、pCO2较空白对照组下降,水体表现为大气CO2的汇,其固碳能力高于N组。在孔石莼添加组中,各营养盐组水体的固碳能力均高于空白对照组,相应水体中DIC、HCO3-和pCO2的下降明显。其中,同一营养盐浓度水平下,NH4+组中各无机碳组分的变化幅度明显高于NO3-和NO2-组,PO43-组的无机碳体系变化幅度低于N组。其中,当NO3-、NH4+和NO2-浓度分别在71 μmol/L,49.7 μmol/L和11.7 μmol/L时,pCO2下降明显,水体表现为大气CO2的强汇。对无机碳各参数的变化量与营养盐进行多元回归分析,得到以下统计关系: ⊿DIC=-0.937(⊿PO43-)-0.34(⊿NO3-)-0.46(⊿NH4+)+0.11(⊿NO2-)(R2=0.69, n=30,Sig.<0.05) ⊿HCO3-=-1.357(⊿PO43-)-0.35(⊿NO3-)-0.57(⊿NH4+)-0.013(⊿NO2-)(R2=0.76, n=32, Sig.<0.05) ⊿CO32-=0.344(⊿PO43-)+0.16(⊿NO3-)+0.18(⊿NH4+)+0.076(⊿NO2-)(R2=0.69, n=32, Sig.<0.05) ⊿pCO2=-1.321(⊿PO43-)-0.12(⊿NO3-)-0.31(⊿NH4+)-0.032(⊿NO2-)(R2=0.84, n=35, Sig.<0.01) 2.氮、磷对海水无机碳体系的源汇格局影响主要受控于水体浮游藻类对营养盐的利用。 模拟实验各种情况下Chl-a的浓度均有不同程度的变化。在N组中,当NH4+<126 μmol/L,随着NH4+浓度的增加,Chl-a浓度增加,而高浓度(NH4+>126 μmol/L)的实验组中,Chl-a则随浓度的增加而下降。当NO2-和PO43-的浓度分别大于39.5 μmol/L和19.5 μmol/L时,水体中Chl-a随营养盐浓度的增加而出现下降趋势,不同的是NO3-添加组在实验浓度范围内藻类均出现了不同程度的增长,这可能与浮游藻类对过量营养盐的耐受性不同有关。在低浓度时,PO43-组pCO2的下降最为明显,这与 PO43-组Chl-a的含量较高相一致,其次为NH4+,NO3-高于NO2-,可见在实验水体中PO43-对于藻类新陈代谢作用影响明显,从而作用到无机碳上的影响也就最为明显。对各实验水体⊿Chl-a与无机碳各组分作相关性分析发现,⊿Chl-a与⊿pCO2的相关性最为明显(R2=0.75,p<0.0001),这可能是因为浮游藻类光合作用和分解作用消耗或生成的首先是海水中的游离CO2(即pCO2)。在孔石莼组中,由于大藻对过量营养盐的耐受性较强,因此各组中藻类干重均有一定程度的增长。藻类干重的增加以NH4+最为明显,其次为NO3-和NO2-,这可能与其对N盐的优先吸收顺序NH4+>NO3->NO2-有关。加PO43-组中藻类的干重增加量低于NH4+和NO3-组,这与大藻的生理特性有关。对藻类干重增加量⊿m与⊿DIC作相关性发现,二者相关性明显(R2=0.64,p<0.01),这是由于孔石莼光合作用同时吸收HCO3-和CO2为碳源有关。 3、近年来,中国近海由于海水过量氮磷引起的富营养化,可使大部分海域海水无机碳汇强度增加 应用室内模拟获得的无机碳与氮、磷之间的定量耦合关系,估算了过量氮、磷引起的富营养化条件下,中国近海水体无机碳源汇的变化情况。结果表明,近十年来,由于氮、磷浓度的增加而导致渤海、南黄海、北黄海和东海每年从大气中多吸收0.197×106t C、0.302×106t C、0.039×106t C和2.233×106t C,东中国近海营养要素的含量的变化及组成比例的时间性和地区性差异是造成各海区碳通量差异的重要因素;对2006年南黄海水文、化学、生物与无机碳体系之间的相互关系进行综合分析,可知水体无机碳体系与营养盐水平密切相关。

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对虾病害在世界范围内的广泛传播,给水产养殖和沿海农村经济造成了重大损失。自1993 年对虾白斑病暴发以来,中国明对虾的养殖一直一蹶不振。引起对虾大规模死亡的原因是多方面的,其主要原因是养殖环境恶化、对虾种质退化和抗病力下降。因此,深入开展对虾免疫机制研究,并在此基础上寻找对虾疾病防治的有效方法,改良种质和培育抗病品系,已成为对虾养殖业走可持续发展之路的当务之急。 Toll 样受体(Toll-like receptors, TLRs)家族是进化保守的哺乳动物模式识别蛋白(pattern recognition receptors, PRR),在先天免疫系统中起着非常重要的作用。本研究采用同源克隆和RACE(rapid amplification of cDNA ends)技术从中国明对虾中克隆到Toll 样受体同源基因,并将其命名为FcToll。它全长4115 bp,3’UTR 包含16 个poly A 尾巴,开放阅读框编码931 个氨基酸的多肽。预测的该多肽包含典型的Toll 样受体结构,分为胞外区、跨膜区和胞内区。其中胞外区有信号肽,有16 个富含亮氨酸的重复序列eucine-rich repeats, LRR),并含有2个LRR-C 末端基序和2 个LRR-N 末端基序;跨膜区是23 个氨基酸的一次跨膜结构域;胞内区是含有139 个氨基酸的TIR 结构域(Toll/Interleukin-1R)。克隆 发现FcToll 的基因组结构包含5 个外显子和4 个内含子。系统发生分析揭示FcToll归属于“昆虫型”的无脊椎动物Toll 样受体家族。组织分布研究发现FcToll 在中国明对虾中是组成型表达的,在淋巴器官中表达量较显著。分别利用不同病原体刺激健康的中国明对虾,Real-time PCR 发现该基因在刺激后表达水平呈现不同的表达谱:灭活鳗弧菌(Vibrio anguillarum)注射后5 小时,该基因表达显著 上调;而WSSV(white spot syndrome virus)注射后该基因表达则迅速下调,感染后23 小时内其表达水平均低于对应时间点的对照组。这就表明FcToll 可能参与中国明对虾的先天免疫防御,尤其可能参与入侵弧菌的免疫应答。

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The sulfated galactan fraction F1 isolated from the red seaweed, Porphyra haitanensis, showed typical porphyran structure. It has a linear backbone of alternating 3-linked beta-D-galactosyl units and 4-linked alpha-L-galactosyl 6-sulfate and 3,6-anhydro-alpha-L-galactosyl units. The L-residues are mainly composed of alpha-L-galactosyl 6-sulfate units, and the 3,6-anhydrogalactosyl units are minor. Partial methylation occurred at the C-6 position of the D-galactosyl units and at the C-2 position of the 3,6-anhydro-alpha-L-galactosyl units. Intraperitoneal administration of F1 significantly decreased the lipid peroxidation in aging mice. F1 treatment increased the total antioxidant capacity and the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) in aging mice. The results indicated that F1 had significant in vivo antioxidant activity. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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A low molecular weight fucogalactan, obtained from the brown seaweed Laminaria japonica, was separated into three fractions (LF1, LF2 and LF3) by DEAE-Sepharose FF column chromatography. All three fractions contained predominantly fucose, sulfate group and galactose. The results showed that the main fraction LF2 consisted of L-fucose, D-galactose and sulfate at a molar ratio 6:1:9. Structural study on the LF2 was carried out by NMR spectroscopy. The backbone of LF2 was primarily (1 -> 3)-linked alpha-L-fucopyranose residues (75%) and a few (1 -> 4)-alpha-L-fucopyranose linkages (25%). The branch points were at C-4 of 3-linked alpha-L-fucopyranose residues by beta-D-galactopyranose unites (35%, molar ratio) or at C-2 of 3-linked alpha-L-fucopyranose residues by non-reducing terminal fucose unites (65%, molar ratio). Sulfate groups occupied at position C-4 or C-2, sometimes C-2, 4 to fucose residues, and C-3 and/or C-4 to galactose residues. The structure of LF2 was supposed as following: [GRAPHICS] (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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富磷过铝质岩浆是过铝质岩浆体系中的一个重要类型,它通常以富P,高ASI[铝饱和指数,Al2O3/(Na2O+K2O+CaO)摩尔比值],贫Fe、Mg、Ca,强烈亏损REE、Th、Y,与稀有金属(W、Sn、Be、Nb、Ta)矿化具有成因联系为特征。富磷过铝质岩浆体系的性状及其演化的地球化学特征、岩浆液态分离、磷酸盐-硅酸盐矿物对平衡对熔体相中磷的制约以及富磷过铝质岩浆-热液体系中微量元素(包括REE)地球化学行为等科学问题尚未得到系统解决,目前更缺乏实验地球化学的直接证据。对上述科学问题的研究、探索,将有助于了解富磷过铝质岩浆体系形成和演化的地球化学特征,有助于揭示磷对微量元素(包括稀有、稀土元素)地球化学行为的影响,这对于理解过铝质岩浆体系成岩、成矿作用过程具有重要的理论和实际意义。 本文以天然钠长花岗岩为初始物,针对上述内容,开展了不同PTX条件下高温高压下实验研究,获得了如下重要认识: 1) 确定了100 MPa条件下磷对过铝质岩浆液相线温度的影响。随着体系中P2O5的含量增大,液相线温度由1.91 wt%P2O5的780 C降至4.83 wt%P2O5的760C、7.71 wt%P2O5的740 C,即体系中每增加1 wt%P2O5,液相线温度降低约7~10 C; 2) 不同PTX条件下的实验产物中均未见不混溶球粒结构、乳滴结构或流动构造,初步推断富磷过铝质岩浆体系中可能不存在单纯由磷引起的岩浆液态分离现象; 3) 锰铝榴石-磷灰石矿物平衡反应制约着形成过铝质初始岩浆中P2O5含量,熔体相中P2O5含量在750 C的0.47~0.80 wt%、830 C的0.35~2.26 wt%范围内。熔体相中的P2O5含量与ASI之间存在二次函数关系(P2O5 wt%=3.5×ASI2-11.3×ASI+9.5 )。锰铝榴石溶解,促使体系中Al2O3活度增大,含锰氟磷灰石的溶解及其端元磷灰石结晶之间的化学平衡,导致熔体相中P2O5的降低,很可能是熔体中P2O5随体系ASI增大而降低的机制。 4) 不同PTX条件下稀有金属元素(W、Sn、Be、Nb、Ta)在流体/熔体相间的分配系数(Dif/m)<<0.1,预示着W、Sn、Be、Nb、Ta强烈富集在富磷过铝质熔体相中。由此,可推测富P过铝质岩浆体系的演化晚期,不太可能分异出富含上述成矿元素的成矿流体。随着岩浆分异演化的进行,残余熔体相中最终导致绿柱石、锆石、锡石、铌钽矿物等矿物饱和结晶,形成有经济意义的花岗岩型或伟晶岩型稀有金属矿床。 5) 不同PTX条件下REE在流体/熔体间的分配系数(DREE)随REE的原子序数增大而逐渐降低,构成右倾的平滑曲线,不存在在Nd-Pm、Gd、Ho-Er处的拐点;Y与Ho在流体/熔体相间分配系数的比值(DY/DHo)约为1,不受体系温度、压力和P2O5含量变化的影响。上述实验结果揭示,富磷过铝质量岩浆演化至岩浆-热液过渡阶段,熔体-流体作用不会导致Y-Ho间的分异,不会引起REE间的分异,因此,富磷过铝质岩浆演化晚期的熔体-流体作用过程不可能是产生稀土“四分组”效应的根本机理。

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This paper gives a brief review of R&D researches for light olefin synthesis directly and indirectly from synthesis gas in the Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics (DICP). The first pilot plant test was on methanol to olefin (MTO) reaction and was finished in 1993, which was based on ZSM-5-type catalyst and fixed bed reaction. In the meantime, a new indirect method designated as SDTO (syngas via dimethylether to olefin) was proposed. In this process, metal-acid bifunctional catalyst was applied for synthesis gas to dimethylether(DME) reaction, and modified SAPO-34 catalyst that was synthesized by a new low-cost method with optimal crystal size was used to convert DME to light olefin on a fluidized bed reactor. The pilot plant test on SDTO was performed and finished in 1995. Evaluation of the pilot plant data showed that 190-200 g of DME were yielded by single-pass for each standard cubic meter of synthesis gas. For the second reaction, 1.880 tons of DME or 2.615 tons of methanol produced 1 ton of light olefins, which constitutes of 0.533 ton of ethylene, 0.349 ton of propylene and 0.118 ton of butene. DICP also paid some attention on direct conversion of synthesis gas to light olefins. A semi-pilot plant test (catalyst 1.8 1) was finished in 1995 with a CO conversion > 70% and a C(2)(=)-C(4)(=) olefin selectivity 71-74% in 1000 h. (C) 2000 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

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A mixed-conducting perovskite-type Ba0.5Sr0.5Co0.8Fe0.2O3-delta (BSCFO) ceramic membrane reactor with high oxygen permeability was applied for the activation of methane. The membrane reactor has intrinsic catalytic activities for methane conversion to ethane and ethylene. C-2 selectivity up to 40-70% was achieved, albeit that conversion rate were low, typically 0.5-3.5% at 800-900 degreesC with a 50% helium diluted methane inlet stream at a flow rate of 34 ml/min. Large amount of unreacted molecular oxygen was detected in the eluted gas and the oxygen permeation flux improved only slightly compared with that under non-reactive air/He experiments. The partial oxidation of methane to syngas in a BSCFO membrane reactor was also performed by packing LiLaNiO/gamma -Al2O3 with 10% Ni loading as the catalyst. At the initial stage, oxygen permeation flux, methane conversion and CO selectivity were closely related with the state of the catalyst. Less than 21 h was needed for the oxygen permeation flux to reach its steady state. 98.5% CH4 conversion, 93.0% CO selectivity and 10.45 ml/cm(2) min oxygen permeation flux were achieved under steady state at 850 degreesC. Methane conversion and oxygen permeation flux increased with increasing temperature, No fracture of the membrane reactor was observed during syngas production. However, H-2-TPR investigation demonstrated that the BSCFO was unstable under reducing atmosphere, yet the material was found to have excellent phase reversibility. A membrane reactor made from BSCFO was successfully operated for the POM reaction at 875 degreesC for more than 500h without failure, with a stable oxygen permeation flux of about 11.5 ml/cm(2) min. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

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Different mechanisms for the formation of acetaldehyde and ethanol on the Rh-based catalysts were investigated by the TPR (temperature programmed reaction) method, and the active sites were studied by CO-TPD, TPSR (temperature programmed surface reaction of preadsorbed CO by H-2) and XPS techniques. The TPR results indicated that ethanol and acetaldehyde might be formed through different intermediates, whereas ethanol and methanol might result from the same intermediate. Results of CO-TPD, TPSR, and XPS showed that on the Rh-based catalyst, the structure of the active sites for the formation of C-2-oxygenates is ((RhxRhy+)-Rh-0)-O-Mn+ (M=Mn or Zr, x>>y, 2 less than or equal ton less than or equal to4). The tilt-adsorbed CO species is the main precursor for CO dissociation and the precursor for the formation of ethanol and methanol. Most of the linear and geminal adsorbed CO species desorbed below 500 K. Based on the suggested model of the active sites, detailed mechanisms for the formation of acetaldehyde and ethanol are proposed. Ethanol is formed by direct hydrogenation of the tilt-adsorbed CO molecules, followed by CH2 insertion into the surface CH2-O species and the succeeding hydrogenation step. Acetaldehyde is formed through CO insertion into the surface CH3-Rh species followed by hydrogenation, and the role of the promoters was to stabilize the intermediate of the surface acetyl species. (C) 2000 Academic Press.

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The structure and properties of Sm overlayer and Sm/Rh surface alloy have been investigated with Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), low energy electron diffraction (LEED), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and temperature programmed desorption spectroscopy (TDS). The growth of Sm on Rh(100) at room temperature (RT) appears following the Stranski-Krastanov growth mode and only the trivalent state Sm is observed from XPS results. Thermal treatment of the Sm film at 900 K leads to the formation of ordered surface alloy which shows the c(5 root2 x root2)R45 degrees and c(2 x 2) LEED patterns. Annealing the Sm film at temperature above 400 K makes the binding energy (B.E.) of Sm 3d(5/2) shift to higher energy by 0.7 eV, which indicates charge transfer from Sm to Rh(100) substrate, causing the increase of CO desorption temperature.

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In this paper, oxygen permeable membrane used in membrane reactor for selective oxidation of alkanes will be discussed in detail. The recent developments for the membrane materials will be presented, and the strategy for the selection of the membrane materials will be outlined. The main applications of oxygen permeable membrane in selective oxidation of light alkanes will be summarized, which includes partial oxidation of methane (POM) to syngas and partial oxidation of heptane (POH) to produce H-2, oxidative coupling of methane (OCM) to C-2, oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane (ODE) to ethylene and oxidative dehydrogenation of propane (ODP) to propylene. Achievements for the membrane material developments and selective oxidation of light alkanes in membrane reactor in our group are highlighted.

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Silica-supported Rh catalysts with different Rh particle dimensions were investigated for CO hydrogenation. The catalysts were characterized by various techniques such as TEM, H-2-TPR and N-2 adsorption to study the catalyst morphology, the size distributions of Rh particles and the silica pores. It was found that the distribution and the size of Rh particles were affected by the silica pores, and the metal grains were enclosed in the pores of the support, and thereby their growth was limited. The catalytic activity and selectivity to C-2-oxygenates for CO hydrogenation were found to be significantly controlled by the Rh particle sizes, and the higher activity and selectivity to C2-oxygenates were obtained over bigger Rh particles, within the range of the reported particle sizes.