The nitrogen isotopic composition of dissolved nitrate in the Yangtze River (Changjiang) estuary, China

The nitrogen isotopic composition of dissolved nitrate (delta N-15-NO3-) in surface water of the Yangtze River estuary was determined in four seasons of 2006. delta N-15-NO3- ranged from 0.4 parts per thousand to 6.5 parts per thousand and varied with seasons and geographic regions, reflecting the dynamics of nitrogen cycling in the estuarine ecosystem. delta N-15-NO3- was markedly lower in February than in other seasons and exhibited conservative mixing, which was probably attributed to the NO3- being sourced from the atmospheric deposition and agricultural fertilizer. In the upper estuary, the influence of riverine inputs was important during all surveys. in the turbidity maximum zone, nitrification was found with nitrate depleted in N-15 in May, whereas denitrification resulting in heavy delta N-15-NO3- played an important role in August. More enriched delta N-15-NO3- values coinciding with losses of nitrate concentrations based on the conservative mixing model were found in the adjacent marine area in May, and may reflect obvious phytoplankton assimilation of dissolved nitrate. In this manner, delta N-15-NO3- may be a sensitive indicator of nitrogen sources and biogeochemical processing existing in this estuary in conjunction with the variations of dissolved nitrate and other environmental factors. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

In vivo antitumor and immunomodulation activities of different molecular weight Lambda-Carrageenans from Chondrus ocellatus

lambda-Carrageenan is a sulfated galactan isolated from some red algae and have been reported to have many kinds of biological activities. lambda-Carrageenan from Chondrus ocellatus, an important economic alga in China and many other parts of the world, was degraded by microwave, and obtained five products that have different molecular weight: 650, 240, 140, 15, 9.3 kDa. Analytical results confirmed that microwave degradation might not change the chemical components and structure of polysaccharides under certain condition. In this study, tumor-inhibiting activities, weight of immune organ, nature killer cells activity, lymphocyte proliferation ratio and pathological slice of spleen and tumor cells from the control group and lambda-carrageenan-treated mice of transplanted S 180 and H22 tumor were investigated. The results indicated that the five lambda-carrageenan samples all showed antitumor and immunomodulation activities in different degree. Molecular weight of polysaccharides had notable effect on the activities. In addition, their antitumor and immunomodulation have some relevance and the five lambda-carrageenans probably inhibited tumor by means of activating the immunocompetence of the body. Among all the experiment results, samples with the highest activities are PC4 and PC5 whose molecular weight are 15 and 9.3 kDa. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

大鸨生长期能量代谢和蛋白质沉积量的初步研究

对不同日龄笼养大鸨(Otis tarda)的能量代谢和蛋白质沉积量进行研究.结果表明,50日龄、70日龄、300日龄和400日龄雄性大鸨的能量日摄入量分别为1 498.9 kJ、2 376.2 kJ、2 397.4 kJ和2 465.9 kJ;能量代谢率分别为82.3%、81.8%、81.8%和83.1%;蛋白质的日沉积量分别为5.8 g、13.4 g、15.8 g和13.5 g. 表3 参9

An inventory of forest relicts in the pastures of Southern Tibet (Xizang AR, China)

An inventory of isolated tree stands surrounded by desert pastures in Southern Tibet (A.R. Xizang, China) revealed more than 50 sites with vigorous trees of Juniperus convallium Rehder & E.H. Wilson and Juniperus tibetica Kom and additional more than 10 records where juniper trees had been destroyed between 1959-1976. The tree stands are not restricted to any specific habitat, and occur within an area stretching 650 km westwards from the current forest border of Southern Tibet. The trees are religious landmarks of the Tibetan Buddhists. The highest trees were found at an elevation of 4,860 m. Vegetation records, rainfall correlations and temperature data collected by local climate stations and successful reforestation trials since 1999 indicate that forest relicts fragmented through human interference could regenerate if current cattle grazing and deforestation practices are halted. The drought line of Juniperus forests in Southern Tibet is approximately 200-250 mm/a. A first pollen diagram from Lhasa shows forest decline associated with the presence of humans since at least 4,600 yr BP. The currently degraded commons developed in the last 600 yr. To date, no findings of remains of ancient forests in the Central Tibetan Highlands of the Changtang have been reported.

元谋盆地河湖相沉积记录的上新世印度季风转型事件

The Indian monsoon, an integral part of the global climate system, has been extensively investigated during the past decades. Most of the proxy records are derived from marine sediments and focused on time periods of the late Miocene and Pleistocene. The Pliocene represents a period when Earth’s boundary conditions underwent dramatic changes. However, variations of the Indian monsoon during the Pliocene and its forcing mechanisms have remained unclear. The Yuanmou Basin, located in the region of the Indian monsoon, provides an ideal target for understanding the Pliocene history of Indian monsoon variations. Detailed investigations on the lithostratigraphy, magnetostratigraphy and limnology of a 650-m-thick fluvio-lacustrine sedimentary sequence from the basin are carried out in the present study. The clay and clay-plus-fine-silt fractions of the sediments are referred to the midlake-facies components, and changes in the percentages of both fractions generally reflect changes in the water level of the lakes developed in the basin closely related to variations in the intensity of the Indian monsoon. Whereas the greenish-gray lacustrine mud beds represent the environment of deep-water lakes, and the frequency of individual lacustrine mud beds is considered to indicate the frequency of the deep-water lakes developed in the basin associated with the variability of the Indian monsoon. The proxy data suggest that the Indian monsoon experienced abrupt shifts at 3.53, 3.14, 2.78 and 2.42 Ma, respectivey. 1) Since 3.53 Ma, the midlake-facies components displayed a general trend of increase in the concentrations, accompanied by an increase in the sedimentation rate from an average ~10 to 25 cm ka–1. The data suggest that high stands of the lakes in the basin rose progressively, implying a gradual intensification of the Indian monsoon since that time. This shift occurred coeval with the accelerated uplift of the northern Tibetan Plateau, denoting a close link between the Indian monsoon strengthening and the Tibetan Plateau uplifting. 2) 2.78 Ma ago, the concentrations of the midlake-facies components decreased abruptly and the dominant fraction of the sediments turned to fluvial sands. The data indicate that lakes in the basin disappeared, reflecting a dramatic decline in the intensity of the Indian monsoon at that time. This shift coincided with the formation of extensive Northern Hemisphere ice sheets, implying a quick response of the low-latitude monsoon regime to the high-latitude glaciation. 3) At 3.14 Ma, the initial appearance of blackish-grey mud beds with long durations and occasional occurrences of lacustrine mud beds indicate that the basin was overall dominated by shallow lakes, implying a shift to decreased variability of the Indian monsoon at that time. At 2.42 Ma, an increase in the frequency and a decrease in the duration of the lacustrine mud beds suggest that deep-water lakes were frequently developed in the basin, denoting a shift to increased variability of the Indian monsoon at that time. The former shift coincides with the onset of large-scale glaciation in the circum Atlantic region and the latter corresponds to the inception of predominance of the 41 ka periodicity in Northern Hemisphere ice-sheet cover fluctuations, presumably suggesting a physical link between the Indian monsoon system and the high-latitude ice sheets in the Northern Hemisphere.

内蒙古白云鄂博超大型REE-Nb-Fe矿床脉状矿化时代与成矿流体特征

Bayan Obo REE-Nb-Fe ore deposit is the largest REE deposit in the world. Owing to its unique type and tremendous economic value, this deposit has widely attracted interests from geological researchers and vast amount of scientific data have been accumulated. However, its genesis, especially ore-forming age and REE sources, have been under dispute for a long time. On the basis of previous research works, this paper mainly conducts studies on the Early Paleozoic ore-forming event in the Bayan Obo deposit. The following results and conclusions can be suggested: Sm-Nd isotopic analytical results of bastnaesite, beloeilite, albite and fluorite samples from a coarse-crystalline ore lode present an isochron age of 436±35Ma. Besides, Rb-Sr isotope dating of the coarse-crystalline biotite lode that intruded into banded ores gives an isochron age of 459±39Ma. The two ages verify the exist of Early Paleozoic ore-forming event at Bayan Obo, which characterized by extensive netted mineralization of REE fluorocarbonates, aeschynite and monazite, accompanied by widely fluorite-riebeckite-aegirine-apatite alteration. Sr-Nd isotope composition of vein minerals is located between EMI and ancient lower crust component in the ISr(t)-εNd(t) correlation diagram, indicating that there is a crustal contamination during veined mineralization. A large area late Paleozoic granitoids are distributed in the southeast region of east open pit of the mine. The granitoids intruded directly into the ore-bearing dolomite, and produced intense skarnization. Moreover, at 650-660m of the drill core on 22 line and 1598m level flat in the south of East Open Pit, we firstly found skarnization rocks. Single grain and low background Rb-Sr isochrone dating on phlogopite in skarn gives 309±12Ma. Considering the intruded contacting relationship, the late Paleozoic granitoids, already extended to the under part of REE ore bodies, must be posterior to the latest intense REE mineralization, and is only a destructive tectonic and magmatic activity. Fluid inclusion types of fluorite in the Bayan Obo deposit consist of multiphase daughter mineral-bearing inclusion, two or three phase CO2-bearing inclusion and two phase aqueous inclusion. Petrography, laser Raman analysis and microthermometry study indicate that the fluids involving in REE-Nb-Fe mineralization at Bayan Obo might be mainly of H2O-CO2-NaCl-(F-REE) system. The presence of REE-carbonate as a daughter mineral in fluid inclusions shows that the original ore-forming fluids are rich in REE elements.

芙蓉锡矿田骑田岭花岗岩黑云母矿物化学组成及其对锡成矿的指示意义

芙蓉锡矿田骑田岭复式岩体主要由早阶段角闪石黑云母花岗岩和晚阶段黑云母花岗岩组成.电子探针分析结果表明角闪石黑云母花岗岩中的黑云母属于铁黑云母,黑云母花岗岩中的黑云母属于铁叶云母.相对于黑云母花岗岩,角闪石黑云母花岗岩中黑云母的MgO、TiO2含量偏高,Al2O3含量偏低.矿物化学研究结果显示,角闪石黑云母花岗岩中黑云母的结晶温度、氧逸度(logfO2)分别为680℃～740℃、-16.00～-15.31,黑云母花岗岩中黑云母的结晶温度、氧逸度分别为530℃～650℃、-19.20～-17.50.从角闪石黑云母花岗岩到黑云母花岗岩,岩浆结晶温度和氧逸度逐渐降低.与花岗岩有关的共存流体性质的研究发现,与角闪石黑云母花岗岩共存的热液流体log(fH2O/fHF)fluid,log(fH2O/fHCl)fluid,log(fHF/fHCl)fiuid值分别为4.22～4.39,2.78～3.24,-1.82～-1.73,而与黑云母花岗岩共存的热液流体log(fH2O/fHF)fluid,log(fH2OfHCl)fluid,log(fHF/fHCl)fluid值分别为3.27～3.53,2.85～3.22,-0.75～-0.22,可见与两种岩石类型共存热液流体的性质存在明显差异,且热液中Cl、Sn含量变化与岩浆结晶分异指数呈正相关关系.骑田岭岩体从角闪石黑云母花岗岩到黑云母花岗岩,随着岩浆的演化.岩浆结晶期后分异出的热液流体向富Cl和Sn方向演化.芙蓉锡矿田的成矿流体应主要来源于黑云母花岗岩岩浆结晶期后分异出的岩浆热液.

云南兰坪金顶超大型铅锌矿区镉的环境地球化学研究

矿产资源开采利用过程中导致的重金属环境污染问题日益严重。我国铅锌矿资源丰富，其开采利用过程中镉的环境污染也日益突出。本文通过对云南兰坪金顶Pb-Zn矿区矿床开采利用过程中镉等重金属元素的环境地球化学行为及矿区生态环境的研究，得出如下主要结论。 1. 矿石淋滤实验表明矿区部分氧化铅锌矿石可以很快被再次氧化或者被溶解并释放出大量镉等有害元素，滤出元素可以迅速发生沉淀或被沉淀物包裹，其释放能力表现为Zn>Pb>Cd。铅锌氧化矿石中菱锌矿组分含量是影响镉淋失的主要因素。在开放体系的水-岩作用下，矿区岩石、矿物的自然风化极易造成当地水系统中镉污染。 2. 矿区不同岩（矿）石中镉含量分布差异比较大，围岩中镉含量为50-650 ppm，平均310 ppm，原生矿中镉含量为14-2800 ppm，平均767 ppm，氧化矿中镉含量为110-8200 ppm，平均1661 ppm，其平均值最高。Zn、Cd地球化学性质的差异导致了二者在原生矿和氧化矿中的不同地球化学分配特点，原生矿Zn/Cd高于氧化矿Zn/Cd，表明氧化环境中镉更容易在氧化矿中富集，而锌更容易被氧化析出到环境中。氧化矿中Cd与Ca呈负相关，这表明Cd的富集和Ca的氧化淋失是同时进行的，并且还可能有Cd对Ca的类质同像代替存在。 3. 矿区上游对照区土壤中的高含量Cd浓度是因土壤母质层重金属高背景值造成的，而非人为污染。矿区中心区土壤受到严重Cd污染，可能与选厂、采场废石堆、尾矿库和露采矿山大范围暴露有关。矿区沿沘江下游两岸土壤中Cd含量远远超出上游土壤背景值和金顶全区土壤背景值，这可能是与污水灌溉有关。通过加权综合污染指数评价法发现矿区土壤污染的主要因子是Cd，其次是Zn和Pb，矿区土壤重金属污染贡献顺序为：Cd>Zn>Pb。矿区土壤污染主要表现为：矿区土壤污染有从中心区向沘江下游扩散区土壤中蔓延的趋势。 4. 矿区水体中出现较高含量的镉，高出天然河流中镉含量的50-100倍。矿区架崖山、北厂和跑马坪等采矿区水体中镉浓度范围在15-30 µg/L之间。矿区水体中镉含量水平表现为：矿山浅层地下水>矿山溪流水>沘江河水。研究结果表明，矿区沘江下游河段水体明显受镉污染，其中水体中镉的平均含量为15.7 µg/L，悬浮物中镉含量为49.3 mg/kg，沉积物中镉含量为203.7 mg/kg。矿区载镉岩石和矿物的自然风化是造成矿区水环境中镉污染的直接原因。 5. 跑马坪采场的废弃石具有较低的Cd含量，而北厂、架崖山采场的废弃石具有较高的Cd浓度，可能与废弃矿石类型本身差异有关。尾矿剖面中的Cd含量，在表层中随剖面深度呈递减趋势，在中层随剖面深度变化不明显，而在底层中明显富集。尾矿库表层尾矿样品中弱酸提取态和可还原态Cd高于底层尾矿样品，相比之下，表层尾矿中Cd等重金属元素易于释放到环境中，对环境的潜在危害大。老尾矿库尾矿砂中Cd金属总量高于新尾矿库尾矿砂，可能还是因为选矿工艺、技术的差异造成的。 6. 矿区污染段水体中硫同位素值较低，远远低于上游非污染区硫同位素值。矿区水体中δ34S值保持了金顶铅锌矿山源区矿山物质硫同位素的特征，显示了矿山来源物质的影响。根据水体硫酸盐中硫同位素稀释原理，研究发现沘江下游水体SO42-中85 %的硫来源于矿山物质。 7. 从矿区筛选出Cd、Zn、Pb的超富集植物共有4种：其中Cd超富集植物有2种，分别是本地生条裂萎陵菜（Potentilla lancinata Card. In Lecomte）和辣子草（Galinsoga parviflora Cav.）；Zn超富集植物仅发现有1种植物，为节节草（Equisetum ramosissmum Desf.）；Pb超富集植物发现了1种植物，为毛莲菜（Picris hieracioides L.）。这些植物均具备了超富集植物的基本特征，在污染土壤治理与修复方面具有一定的实践意义。 8. 建立了金顶铅锌矿山（床）地质环境模型。Cd的释放、迁移扩散模式为：雨水淋滤时，矿山固体废弃物产生富Cd的酸性或弱酸性矿山排水，通过下渗淋滤发生测向和垂向迁移，进入周边水体和土壤，然后被水系沉积物中针铁矿、方解石等吸附，并在沉降物中沉淀富集，导致矿区主要河流沘江水体的自净能力下降，加速水体的进一步恶化，破坏生物生存环境。矿区受污染水体、土壤和大气中的有害物质通过生物链进入动植物体内，进而危害人类健康。

高温高压下花岗闪长质熔体结晶作用的实验研究

岩浆的分离结晶作用是岩浆演化的重要过程，与许多火成岩石的形成密切相关。自二十世纪50年代以来，采用实验手段研究岩浆的形成、演化一直受到地质学家的高度重视。 本文在0.5-2.0GPa、650-750℃和一定水含量条件下，以东准噶尔花岗闪长岩为初始物，进行了花岗闪长质岩浆结晶作用的实验研究。其结果可为东准噶尔地区A型花岗岩的成因提供一定的实验依据。通过对实验产物详细的岩相学观察和电子探针分析，获得以下主要认识： （1）熔体的含水量对矿物开始结晶的温度和晶出矿物的形状、颗粒大小有重要影响。相同时间内熔体含水量高时结晶出的矿物自形程度更好、粒度增大；随着熔体含水量的增加，斜长石的液相线温度降低；保持熔体含水量不变的情况下，随着压力的增加斜长石从熔体中结晶的温度降低。 （2）在压力为0.5GPa、熔体水饱和的条件下，花岗闪长质熔体中斜长石在675℃时开始结晶。结晶的斜长石与原岩的斜长石相比，其成分相对富钠长石而贫钙长石。在温度和熔体水含量一定的条件下，从花岗闪长质熔体中晶出的斜长石随着压力的增加，其钙长石组分增加。 （3）实验产物中的角闪石属于钙角闪石类，具体以普通角闪石为主。与初始花岗闪长岩的角闪石相比，实验产物的角闪石SiO2含量低，Fe3+很少。结晶形成的黑云母为铁叶云母，在2.0GPa压力时没有黑云母晶出而出现多硅白云母。 （4）花岗闪长质熔体发生矿物结晶后的残余熔体的成分受温度、压力和含水量的变化而变化。残余熔体中SiO2含量随着矿物从熔体中结晶程度的增加而升高。与无斜长石结晶的情况相比，有斜长石结晶时残余熔体的SiO2含量要高。在Na2O+K2O-CaO、FeO/(FeO+MgO)分别与SiO2的协变图中，残余熔体成分均落入A型花岗岩区，反映了它们与A型花岗岩在主量元素组成上的近似。因此，本文的实验证明，东准噶尔地区的A型花岗岩浆可以通过花岗闪长质岩浆发生角闪石、黑云母、斜长石的分离结晶作用形成。

Oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane and propane over Mn-based catalysts

The catalytic performances of Mn-based catalysts have been investigated for the oxidative dehydrogenation of both ethane (ODE) and propane (ODP). The results show that a LiCl/MnOx/PC (Portland cement) catalyst has an excellent catalytic performance for oxidative dehydrogenation of both ethane and propane to ethylene and propylene, more than 60% alkanes conversion and more than 80% olefins selectivity could be achieved at 650 degrees C. In addition, the results indicate that Mn-based catalysts belong to p-type semiconductors, the electrical conductivity of which is the main factor in influencing the olefins selectivity. Lithium, chlorine and PC in the LiCl/MnOx/PC catalyst are all necessary components to keep the excellent catalytic performance at a low temperature.

Capillary zone electrophoresis investigation of interactions between granulocyte-colony stimulating factor and dextran sulfate/carrageenan oligosaccharide

The interactions between granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) and dextran sulfate/kappa-carrageenan oligosaccharide were studied by capillary zone electrophoresis. Dextran sulfate could strongly interact with G-CSF and the complex was detected. The binding constant and stoichiometry were determined to be 1.2x10(6) (mol/L)(-1) and 3:1, respectively. However, the interaction between K-carrageenan oligosaccharide and G-CSF was not found.

Production of light olefins and aromatic hydrocarbons through catalytic cracking of naphtha at lowered temperature

Naphtha catalytic cracking were carried out at 650 degrees C over modified ZSM-5. Light olefins and BTX could be obtained over the catalysts. The products showed variable distribution with different catalyst modification. Some modification, such as Fe, Cu and La favored the BTX generation and P and Mg modification favored the light olefins production. In N-2 stream cracking catalyzed by LaZSM-5, more than 50% naphtha feed were converted to BTX, while in steam cracking, with an improved modified catalyst, P, La/ZSM-5, naphtha can be converted to light olefins with high activity and long-term stability.

Investigation of LSM1.1-ScSZ composite cathodes for anode-supported solid oxide fuel cells

La0.8Sr0.2Mn1.1O3 (LSM1.1)-10 mol% Sc2O3-Stabilized ZrO2 co-doped with CeO2 (ScSZ) composite cathodes were investigated for anode-supported solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) with thin 8 mol% Y2O3-stabilized ZrO2 (YSZ) electrolyte. X-ray diffraction (XRD) results indicated that the ScSZ electrolytes displayed good chemical compatibility with the nonstoichiometric LSM1.1 against co-firing at 1300 degrees C. Increasing the CeO2 content in the ScSZ electrolytes dramatically suppressed the electrode polarization resistance, which may be related to the improved surface oxygen exchange or the enlarged active area of cathode. The 5Ce10ScZr was the best electrolyte for the composite cathodes, which caused a small ohmic resistance decrease and the reduced polarization resistance and brought about the highest cell performance. The cell performances at lower temperatures seemed to rely on the electrode polarization resistance more seriously, than the ohmic resistance. Compared with the cell impedance at higher temperatures, the higher the 5Ce10ScZr proportion in the composite cathodes, the smaller the increment of the charge transfer resistance at lower temperatures. The anode-supported SOFC with the LSM1.1-5Ce10ScZr (60:40) composite cathode achieved the maximum power densities of 0.82 W/cm(2) at 650 degrees C and 2.24 W/cm(2) at 800 degrees C, respectively. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.