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应用梯度格局法在长白山北坡海拔700m-2600m的坡面上每100 m海拔设置一样地,共计20块样地,通过对同一群落各样方间的相异性测定,对各海拔植物群落的复杂性进行了分析。结果表明,以主林层乔木种的二元数据计算的结果,除亚高山岳桦林外,其它各海拔群落的样方间均表现出较高的相异性,特别是低海拔的阔叶红松林平均相异系数达0.74,明显高于其它植被类型;暗针叶林各群落间差异不大,相对而言1400 m群落样方间的相异性略高于其它群落,表现出过渡性群落树种组成的复杂性;岳桦林树种组成简单,样[(\267\275\274\344\322\262\261\355\317\326\263\366\275\317\270\337\265\304\\317\340\313\306\320\324\241\243)-0.1(\322\324\271\340\304\276\326\326\265\304\266\376\324\252\312\375\276\335\\274\306\313\343\265\304\310\272)]落内的相异性,虽低海拔的阔叶红松林总体上高于其它群落,但差异趋势并不像乔木种那么明显。以各草本植物与所有植物种的二元数据计算的各海拔群落内样方间的相异性,表现出非常相近的趋势,群落内样方间草本植物及所有植物种均以阔叶红松林及高山冻原差异最大,暗针叶林基本稳定于比较相近的水平。图3表1参8。

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根据对林冠上方和林下太阳辐射的观测及气象站资料,分析了长白山阔叶红松林太阳辐射分光谱特征.结果表明,长白山阔叶红松林区太阳总辐射、直接辐射、散射辐射的光合有效辐射系数有一定的日变化和年变化,年平均值分别为046、043、056.阔叶红松林中不同树种的单叶对于太阳总辐射的反射率、透射率、吸收率的平均值分别为270%、234%、496%.单叶的分光谱反射、透射和吸收的特点是,单叶对紫外辐射几乎全部吸收;对光合有效辐射的吸收也很大(718%),透射很小(96%),有一定的反射(186%);对近红外辐射、反射率和透射率接近吸收率小些(269%).林冠分光谱辐射特点是,可见光和紫外辐射主要被林冠吸收(939%、941%),有少量反射和透过;林冠对近红外辐射的吸收较大(592%),有一定的反射(263%),透过较少(144%).

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依据长效碳铵的光谱特征、理化特性及其对影响氨挥发的主要因子的分析 ,建立了土壤中氨挥发的数学模式 ,提出了长效碳铵中DCD与从碳铵中离解出来的游离态氨形成分子间氢键的新观点 ,这种弱相互作用力降低了土壤中氨的表观浓度 ,使土壤 pH在氨挥发期间降低了 0 .2~ 0 .4,延缓了NO-3 N形成时间 ,缓解了N损失 .长效碳铵能够调节N素供应的形态、时间与数量 ,减少施用化肥后引起的地面水和地下水硝酸盐的污染 .

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The fabrication and performance evaluation of a miniature twin-fuel-cell on silicon wafers are presented in this paper. The miniature twin-fuel-cell was fabricated in series using two membrane-electrode-assemblies sandwiched between two silicon substrates in which electric current, reactant, and product flow. The novel structure of the miniature twin-fuel-cell is that the electricity interconnect from the cathode of one cell to the anode of another cell is made on the same plane. The interconnect was fabricated by sputtering a layer of copper over a layer of gold on the top of the silicon wafer. Silicon dioxide was deposited on the silicon wafer adjacent to the copper layer to prevent short-circuiting between the twin cells. The feed holes and channels in the silicon wafers were prepared by anisotropic silicon etching from the back and front of the wafer with silicon dioxide acting as intrinsic etch-stop layer. Operating on dry H-2/O-2 at 25 degreesC and atmospheric pressure, the measured peak power density was 190.4 mW/cm(2) at 270 mA/cm(2) for the miniature twin-fuel-cell using a Nafion 112 membrane. Based on the polarization curves of the twin-fuel-cell and the two single cells, the interconnect resistance between the twin cells was calculated to be in the range from 0.0113 Omega (at 10 mA/cm(2)) to 0.0150 Omega (at 300 mA/cm(2)), which is relatively low. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

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The surface properties, porosities, and adsorption capacities of activated carbons (AC) are modified by the oxidation treatment using concentrated H2SO4 at temperatures 150-270 degreesC. The modified AC was characterized by N-2 adsorption, base titration, FTIR, and the adsorption of iodine, chlorophenol, methylene blue, and dibenzothiophene. The treatment of AC with concentrated H2SO4 at 250 degreesC greatly increases the mesoporous volume from 0.243 mL/g to 0.452 mL/g, specific surface areas from 393 m(2)/g to 745 m(2)/g, and acidic surface oxygen complexes from 0.071 meq/g to 1.986 meq/g as compared with the unmodified AC. The base titration results indicate that the amount of acidic surface oxygen groups on the modified AC increases with increasing the treatment temperatures and carboxyls and phenols are the most abundant carbon-oxygen functional groups. The carboxyl groups, COO- species, and hydroxyl groups are detected mainly for the sample treated at 250 degreesC. The mesoporous properties of the AC modified by concentrated H2SO4 were further tested by the adsorption of methylene blue and dibenzothiophene. The AC modified by concentrated H2SO4 at 250 degreesC has much higher adsorption capacities for large molecules (e.g., methylene blue and dibenzothiophene) than the unmodified AC but less adsorption capacities for small molecules (e.g., iodine). The adsorption results from aqueous solutions have been interpreted using Freundlich adsorption models.

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综述了固氮植物菌根研究的概况 ,并对固氮植物形成菌根的普遍性、固氮植物联合共生的增效作用及逆境条件下菌根技术在固氮植物上的应用前景进行了总结和评述 ,初步探讨了联合共生体中菌根菌促进固氮植物结瘤固氮的机理

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用土壤肥力指数评价法评价了河南温孟滩移民安置区淤改土壤的肥力状况。结果表明,温孟滩移民安置区淤改土的土壤肥力已经达到该区周边农田平均土壤肥力的水平。

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通过田间试验研究了沙打旺、紫花苜蓿和达乌里胡枝子3种豆科牧草在黄土旱塬以不同密度单播、混播时的竞争生长能力及水分利用效率。单播时苜蓿生长次年3个密度的生产力分别为15349kg·hm-2、20582kg·hm-2、21531kg·hm-2,沙打旺和胡枝子3个密度的生产力分别为7979kg·hm-2、16 440 kg·hm-2、21055kg·hm-2和2412kg·hm-2、5270kg·hm-2、7102kg·hm-2。混播草地生产力以苜蓿+胡枝子最高(平均19227kg·hm-2),沙打旺与胡枝子混播的生产力最低(平均11977kg·hm-2)。和生产力较高的参混种苜蓿、沙打旺单播相比,苜蓿与沙打旺混播及沙打旺与胡枝子混播的生产力在3种密度下均有不同程度的降低。苜蓿主根下扎深度2m,0~60cm根系占总根量的66%,沙打旺和胡枝子根系最大下扎深度分别为1.8 m和1.5m,0~60cm根系占总根量比例分别是80%、91%。3种牧草中苜蓿的平均水分利用效率最高,为25.75kg·mm-1·hm-2,胡枝子最低为7.71kg·mm-1·hm-2,沙打旺居中。苜蓿群体种内个体间竞争强度高于沙打旺和胡枝子。结果...

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通过基质磷素等温吸附实验,研究了砂子、水淬渣、钢渣3种人工湿地基质净化磷素的效果.结果表明:Freundlich和Langmuir等温吸附曲线方程均能较好地描述上述基质磷素吸附的过程,其磷素理论饱和吸附量依次为钢渣12 500 mg.kg-1,水淬渣3 333 mg.kg-1,砂子270 mg.kg-1.基质吸附饱和后,磷素解吸实验表明:水淬渣磷素解吸率最低,为0.68%;砂子的解吸率最高,为7.59%.虽然钢渣的吸附量最大,但其水溶液pH显强碱性,不适合湿地植物的生长;水淬渣作为一种工业废料,磷素吸附量为砂子的12倍左右,解吸率为砂子的1/10,而且对植物生长无明显危害,是一种比较有应用前景的湿地除磷材料.

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[目的]研究沈阳张士灌区几种常见木本植物对镉的积累特征。[方法]以位于沈阳市张士灌区的德胜乡苗圃为研究样地,比较分析6种木本植物对镉的吸收和累积特性以及对土壤镉的去除能力。[结果]木本植物对土壤中镉的吸收在分类学上表现出规律性差异,即杨、柳>杏、李>刺槐、侧柏。镉在木本植物组织或器官中的分布特征为:根系镉含量低于茎叶,木质部镉含量低于叶片和韧皮部;杨、柳地上部的镉富集系数高(分别为2.19和6.23),在土壤中镉的平均含量为4.56 mg/kg的情况下,每年至少可分别累积20.20和32.68mg/m2的镉,分别占土壤总镉量的1.64%和2.66%。[结论]杨树和柳树是较为理想的修复张士灌区污染土壤的植物种类。

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天然色素生产废水是一种色度大、难处理的高浓度有机废水,为了寻找该废水的有效处理方法,本文作者采用由升流式厌氧污泥床(UASB)、生物接触氧化、混凝吸附组成的废水处理工艺,对该废水进行了处理试验,结果表明,对稀释4倍的原水,当进水COD为14900mg/L左右时,UASB经过36h的水力停留时间,COD的去除率为58.2%~60.2%、出水色度为180~270倍,SS为119~126mg/L,pH值为6.5~6.8;UASB出水经过24h好氧生物接触氧化反应,COD的去除率超过90%,SS<70mg/L;最终经过Ca(ClO)2氧化和煤渣吸附深度处理,脱色可至无色,出水COD为200mg/L以下。UASB生物接触氧化氧化吸附组合处理工艺处理该类天然色素生产废水是可行的。

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通过对西气东输工程河南—上海段沿线的土壤和植被进行勘察、取样和测试,分析同一地点作业带和非作业带的土壤质量状况、农作物的生长对比情况,进而分析工程施工过程中对土壤扰动的情况,及其给农田生态系统带来的影响。结果表明,在施工过程中,机械装置对土壤产生的压实效应及弃土弃渣的推放等,对土壤生态环境带来一定的破坏,土壤质量有不同程度的下降,进而影响了作物的生长,使相关的生态系统也遭到不同程度的破坏。提出了应加大对作业带土壤有机肥(尤其是作物秸秆)的施用,以改善、恢复和提高土壤生态环境质量。