297 resultados para Soil Pollutants


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A column method was developed to conveniently and reliably determine the soil organic partition coefficients (K-oc) of three insecticides (methiocarb, azinphos-methyl, fenthion), four fungicides (triadimenol, fuberidazole, tebuconazole, pencycuron), and one herbicide (atrazine), in which real soil acted as a stationary phase and the water solution of pesticide as an eluent. The processes of sorption equilibrium were directly shown through a breakthrough curve(BTC). The log K-oc values are 1.69, 1.95, 2.25, 2.55, 2.69, 2.67, 3.10, and 3.33 for atrazine, triadimenol, methiocarb, fuberidazole, azinphos-methyl, tebuconazole, fenthion and pencycuron, respectively.

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The leaching of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) was measured in soil and standard fly ash column eluted with pure water and linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS)- water. The data obtained were used to evaluate the leachability of PCDD/Fs from waste dump like incineration residual slag and fly ash deposition. The leaching rate was shown to be increased significantly by using LAS water. The leachate contents of PCDD/Fs were above their known water solubility. Concentration of PCDD/Fs in the leachates as well as the relative leaching (calculated on the fly ash content) increased with increasing chlorinating degree and decreasing water solubility. LAS above the critical micelle concentration (CMC) probably enhances PCDD/Fs solubility.

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土壤养分、污染物的生物有效性与其固液相分配规律密切相关。本研究通过室内模拟试验,设置不同的水、热、肥条件和培养时间序列,采用高速离心法对红壤、黑土、潮土、黑垆土、塿土5种典型土壤的磷素固液相分配规律及其影响因素进行了探讨。结果表明,质地不同土壤磷素固液相分配系数(Kd)值差别很大,整体变化趋势是红壤>黑垆土>塿土>黑土>潮土。不同培养条件下土壤磷素固液相分配系数(Kd)值变化特征表现出随着培养时间延长,土壤磷素Kd值增大,土壤磷素生物有效性逐渐降低。水吸力、浓度与之相反,随着水吸力的增加土壤磷素Kd值变小,随着施入磷素浓度的增加而Kd值降低。在整个温度梯度中,当温度处于20 ̄25℃左右时,土壤磷素Kd值达到最小值,液相磷素含量相对增多,养分有效性增强。

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人工合成麝香作为一种新型污染物,其生态行为及生态效应已经越来越受到关注。城市土-水界面污染流是除农业面源污染以外第二大面源污染,其成分复杂,采用常规的理化监测方法很难对其生态安全性加以评价。本研究在水生生态毒理实验基础之上,利用城市标识污染物-重金属镉(Cd)、铅(Pb)、佳乐麝香(HHCB)和城市土壤模拟城市土-水界面污染流,并以斑马鱼、草鱼为对象,以超氧化物岐化酶(SOD),过氧化物酶(POD),过氧化氢酶(CAT),丙二醛(MDA),可溶性蛋白(SP)为生物标志物,对其急性和亚急性生态毒理过程进行模拟研究,并通过对联合毒性实验的开展,系统研究了Cd、Pb和HHCB的单一与联合毒性效应、机理和过程。主要结论如下: HHCB和Cd均为中等毒性污染物,Cd和HHCB对斑马鱼的96h-LC50值分别为30.33和4.45 mg/L;在HHCB和Cd的等毒性复合急性实验中,联合作用类型随暴露时间的延长从联合变为拮抗,HHCB是复合污染中的主要污染物。 对水体中总浓度0.95-15.16 mg/L 的Cd和0.14-2.22mg/L的HHCB7天急性毒性机理实验显示,暴露于单一Cd污染斑马鱼体内抗氧化酶活性升高,暴露4天后,其体内MDA含量升高;而在HHCB胁迫2-4天后抗氧化酶活性和MDA含量均降低;联合作用中Cd在暴露的前1-4天对抗氧化酶的变化起主要作用,而之后HHCB开始起主导作用;斑马鱼急性胁迫下,抗氧化系统的诱导是斑马鱼对Cd胁迫的最初反应之一,而对于受HHCB胁迫的斑马鱼,蛋白含量的降低相对于抗氧化系统来说是斑马鱼受到损害的更重要原因。 对水体中总浓度0.005-0.05mg/L的Cd、0.5-4mg/L的Pb和0.01-0.2mg/L的HHCB对草鱼不同器官的14天亚急性毒性机理研究显示:肝脏受污染物的毒性作用最为显著,体内生物标志物也最为敏感;在Cd和Pb胁迫下,肝脏和肾脏内抗氧化酶随浓度的升高被显著抑制,而HHCB对各器官SOD和CAT活性产生诱导作用; MDA在重金属胁迫下其含量变化均不明显,SP含量轻微降低,而在HHCB胁迫下却分别呈现显著的升高和降低的趋势,所以MDA和SP含量可以作为检测HHCB的生物标志物;复合作用下HHCB的加入能使草鱼各器官中抗氧化酶的活性有所升高, MDA含量显著大幅度升高,SP含量显著大幅度降低,HHCB和Cd表现出很强的协同作用,而且HHCB在复合污染中起主导作用。